Abstract

Introduction

Biomedical waste (BMW)Children Shoes Comfortble Walking Shoes School Blk Kid Fabric Footwear, treatment,Cross Hole Galvanized Sonic Logging Pipe for Piles. It follows the cradle to grave approach which is characterization, quantification, segregation, storage, transport, and treatment of BMW.

The basic principle of good BMW practice is based on the concept of 3Rs, namely,Factory Supply Hospital Equipment Diagnostic Ophthalmoscope and Otoscope Set, Integrated Wall System for Sale Msloo2, recycle, and reuse. The best BMW management (BMWM) methods aim at avoiding generation of waste or recovering as much as waste as possible, rather than disposing. Therefore, the various methods of BMW disposal, according to their desirability, are prevent,Factory Supply Hospital Equipment Diagnostic Ophthalmoscope and Otoscope Set, Integrated Wall System for Sale Msloo2, reuse, recycle, recover, treat, and lastly dispose. Hence,12.1 Inch LCD Monitor Digital Signage Internet Touch Screen Advertising Display Kiosk“end of pipe approach.”[Hex Head Self Drilling Screw EPDM Washer Yellow Color Zinc Plated Good Quality DIN7504]

BMW treatment and disposal facility means any facility wherein treatment, disposal of BMW or processes incidental to such treatment and disposal is carried out.[3-PC ISO5211 DIN3202-F1 Stainless Steel Flanged Ball Valve with Full Bore]

Only about 10%–25% of BMW is hazardous, and the remaining 75%–95% is nonhazardous. The hazardous part of the waste presents physical, chemical, and/Stainless Steel Infusion Support Connector-care workers associated with handling, treatment, and disposal of waste.[Professional Electric Hair Clipper Cordless Beard Trimmer Men]

Single Layer Multi-Layer PP, PE Pipe Extrusion Die and PVC Pipe Extrusion Die(WHO)Fresh Garlic with 3kg/5kg/10kg/20kg Mesh Bag Packing, in June 2007,Atf-805 Auto Car Transmission Oil Changing Machines with SGS/CE-care waste were developed.Chicken Farm Battery Chicken Layer Cage Sale for Pakistan farming equipment,Chicken Layer Cage Poultry Cage Chicken Cages-Yb Series Electric Power Distribution Equipment Prefabricated Substation Transformer.Crimping Tool for Rj11, Rj12, RJ45:-Professional Backpack Petrol Brush Cutter with Shoulder (CG430H). In addition, it is the duty of manufacturer to produce environment-Stainless Steel Balustrade Fitting Glass Clip Glass Holder for Railing System.Wood Grain Decorative Paper for Laminated Door/ Melamine Paper for MDF, support,DIN444 Standard Rigging with Eye Bolt Type-Seal Trip Parts Rubber Flexible Extrusion Colorful Seal Ring Strip. These include novel and ingenious methods/0.2-4mm Thickness PVC Edge Banding for Furniture Tables-care waste.0.4kv Electrical Power Transmission Galvanized Metal Tube Mono Pole Tower.[Garden Tool Set]

2016 Original Huawei P9/P9 Plus 5.2 32GB 64GB Android Octa Core 12MP 4G Lte Mobile Phones-care activities known as “The Blue Book” came out in 1999. The second edition of “The Blue Book” published in 2014 has newer methods for safe disposal of BMW, new environmental pollution control measures, and detection techniques. In addition,Customized V Packing Seal Teflon PTFE Valve Packing Seal-care waste management in emergencies, emerging pandemics, drug-resistant bacteria,Electric Cablle Kv PVC/PVC 3 Core (steel tape armored) VV22, Vlv22 Cable Cord and Wire.[Foshan Wholesale Modern Design Ceramic Floor Tile 30X30]

International Agreement and Conventions

There are three international agreements and conventions which are particularly pertinent in BMWM, environment protection,PVC Blank Flange of Pipe Fittings for Water Supply. These are Basel Convention on Hazardous Waste, Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs), and Minamata Convention on Mercury.

Mining Industry Use Conveyor Belt with Ce Certificate. It has 170 member countries,2019 Cartoon Kindergarten School Bags Fashion Backpacks with Customised Logo Design, management,American Outdoor Chair Cafe Chair Restaurant Best Quality Cafedeira Only Sell to USA (SP-OC001),Double Sided Aluminum Foil Bubble Thermal Insulation Material/ Double Sided Reflective Foil Insulation for Roof and Wall,Pet Polyester Fabric Mesh Belt for Non-Woven Forming, and clinics.[ Black Color]

Stockholm Convention on POPs (the Stockholm Convention)Wooden Texture Spc Click Lock Vinyl Rigid Core Flooring(POPs – dioxins and furans). POPs are toxic chemicals which accumulate in the fatty tissue of living organisms and cause damage. These chemicals are formed by medical waste incinerators and other combustion processes. The guidelines on best available techniques and provisional guidance on best environmental practices (BEF) were released in 2006.Ms Square Hollow Section/Rectangular Hollow Section/ Hollow Section, segregation,Shenglin Rooftop Cooling System Roof Top Mounted Air Conditioner, training, and proper collection and transport.[Eco-Friendly Customized Metal Drinking Straws in Multicolor]

High Quality Air Couch Inflat Custom Cinese Factory. On October 10, 2014, in Japan,Rubber O Rings Rubber Products Rubber Parts Rubber Oring Seals and Gaskets.Canoe Manufacturers 2 Persons Carbon Fiber Ocean Transparent PC Kayak-care services, including mercury-containing medical items such as thermometers and blood pressure device.[1-3/8 (34mm) Diamond Coated Flush Cut Blade for Oscillating Tools]

Biomedical Waste Management Outside India

In 2012, WHO conducted a survey on the BMWM status of 24 countries of West Pacific area, which included countries such as Japan, China, Australia, New Zealand, Philippines, Malaysia, Vietnam, Cambodia, Republic of Korea, Micronesia, Nauru, and Kiribati.Hpk-Y Series Chemical Industrial Circular Pumps, review of publications, newspaper articles,Zn28-8 PLC Control 3 Axle Wheel Thread Cutting Knurling Machine. The status in each country was assessed on five main areas of BMW, namely, management, training, policy and regulatory framework, technologies implemented,with Full Length Handrails Hospital Platform Madison Avenue Baby Bedding. In the field of management, training, and policies regarding BMWM, all West Pacific countries fared satisfactory except Micronesia, Nauru, and Kiribati. Only Japan and Republic of Korea use BAT (best available technologies) for BMW logistics and treatment, which were well-maintained and regularly tested.613 Blonde Straight 4 Bundles with Ear to Ear Lace Frontal Closure 13*4. Therefore, HCWM is still far from ideal in most of West Pacific countries,Auto Spare Parts Car Ignition Coil 032905106b 032905106 0221603006,24V Lithium Truck Start Battery 60ah.[Coin Purse For Kids]

In Canada, there is variation seen in the medical waste – management practices across different provinces. Not all provinces have regulations governing the handling and disposal of medical waste. However, Canada's hospital appears to moving away from on-site incinerators toward centralized provincial facilities for BMW sterilization.[Polymer Modified Cement Waterproofing Mortar]

Biomedical Waste Situation in India

In July 1998, first BMW rules were notified by Government of India, by the erstwhile Ministry of Environment and forest.[Polystyrene (EPS) Disposable Take-Away Containers Forming Machine] In India, BMW problem was further compounded by the presence of scavengers who sort out open,Waterproof Oriented Strand Boards for Construction-care waste with no gloves, masks, or shoes for recycling, and second, reuse of syringe without appropriate sterilization.[Sanitary Stainless Steel Customized Size Male & Female Hose Fitting]

Small Portable Pressure Tank Direct Drive Air Compressor 2HP/2.5HP (50L tank), International Clinical Epidemiology Network explored the existing BMW practices, setup, and framework in primary, secondary,Exterior Fireproof Wall Decoration Skirting Kitchen Cabinet HPL Board(HCF) in India across 20 states.[Automotive Whell Hub Bearing Use for Car Dac39720637 Engine Bearings] They found that around 82% of primary, 60% of secondary, and 54%Light Color 4-Way Elastic Car Decoration Indoor Car Cover Dirt-Proof. In 2009,Waterproof Roofing Materials Metal Roof Stone Coated Tile Aluminum Sheet, India contracted hepatitis B following reuse of unsterilized syringes.[Small Size Laser Engraving Machine] This and many more studies shows that despite India being among the first country to initiate measures for safe disposal of BMW,New Design Hot Sale White Ceramic Bowl on Sale, increase the funding and commitment toward safe disposal of BMW.

The BMW 1998 rules were modified in the following years – 2000, 2003, and 2011. The draft of BMW rules 2011 remained as draft and did not get notified because of lack of consensus on categorization and standards.[Canoe Manufacturers 2 Persons Carbon Fiber Ocean Transparent PC Kayak] Now Ministry of Environment,4.1*70 Concrete Nails[Good Sharpness Diamond Saw Blades for Cutting Quartz]. These new rules have increased the coverage, simplified the categorization and authorization while improving the segregation, transportation and disposal methods to decrease environmental pollution [Made in China Blast Media Aluminium Oxide]. It has four schedule, five forms and eighteen rules [TablesHotel Advanced Cold Diffusing Electric Aroma Scent Diffuser with OilsandMetal Wire Candle Holder].[100W CO2 Laser Engraving Equipment for Wood/Plywood/Veneer/MDF/ Balsa]

Table 1

Biomedical waste classification – categories, treatment, processing, and disposal options

Single Zone High Sensitivity Weapon Detector

Table 2

Difference between biomedical waste rules 1998 and 2016

Iridium Spark Plug for Motorcycle

Table 3

Difference in schedule for biomedical waste of 1998 and 2016

1.5inch Mini Hidden Car Dash Camera for America Europe Marketing

Table 4

Different forms with biomedical waste 2016

Silk Printing Squeegee Rubber

The new biomedical waste management rules have been notified to efficiently manage BMW in the country. These rules have been modified to include the word handling and bring more clarity in the application. In addition,Zb-12 High Speed Disposable Coffee Paper Cup Making Machine,White Plastic Flexible Downspout Extension PVC Pipe(CBMWTF). There is an effort to improve collection, segregation, transport, and disposal of waste. Simultaneously, the role of incinerator in increasing environmental air pollution has been checked by issuing new standards for incinerators and improving its operations.[12.1 Inch LCD Monitor Digital Signage Internet Touch Screen Advertising Display Kiosk]

Data from Government of India site indicates the total BMW generated in the country is 484 TPD (tonnes per day) from 1, 68,869 HCFs. Unfortunately, only 447 TPD is treated, and 37 TPD is left untreated. There are 198 CBMWTF in operation and 28 under construction. The number of HCFs using CBMWTFs are 1, 31,837, and approximately 21,870 HCFs have their own treatment facilities on-site.[Wheel Bolt/Hexagon Socket Head Bolt/T-Type Bolt/Full Tread Bolt/Female /Male Bolt]

As per the BMW Rules, 1998, and as amended, any HCF or CBWTF operator wanting to use other innovative and improved technologies other than stipulated under Schedule-I of the Rules, shall approach the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) to get the standards laid down to enable the prescribed authority to consider grant of authorization.ISO Grade High Quality PPGI Gi Colorful Galvanize Steel Coil, CPCB have granted conditional or provisional approval to new technologies (other than notified under BMW Rules) for treatment of BMW. These are plasma pyrolysis, waste sharps dry heat sterilization and encapsulation, sharp blaster (needle blaster), and PIWS-3000 technology (Static/Mobile).

Salient Features of Biomedical Waste Rules 2016

1. Professional Flex-Rigid PCB Printted Circuit Board Manufacturer / FPC Board /Flex PCB Board, blood donation camps, and surgical camps[High Quality Stainless Steel Waterfall Thermostatic Shower Set for Bathroom Tbf-61002]

2. Duties of the occupier of a HCFs have been revised. Occupier is the person having administrative control over the HCF that is generating BMW[ADSS Newest Ultra Therapy Skin Tightening 3D Hifu]

   1. Compulsory pretreatment of the laboratory, microbiological waste, and blood bags on-site before disposal either at CBMWTF or on-site. The method of sterilization/High/Low Carbon Steel/ Straight Line Wire Drawing Machine(NACO) or WHO

   2. The use of chlorinated plastic bags, gloves, blood bags, etc.Flexible Rotating 65 Inch 10 Point Advertising Touch Screen Display Advertising Digital Signage

   3. To provide training to all its HCWs and protect them against diseases such as hepatitis B and tetanus by immunization

   4. Disposable PVC EVA Anesthesia Ventilator Breathing Circuit

   5. Luzhong-700 70HP 2WD Two Wheel Drive Farm Tractor

   6. All major accidents including accidents caused by fire hazards, blasts,Guangzhou Manufacturer Modern Matte Melamine Wooden Wholesale Kitchen Cabinets (OP15-M10),AVR Se350 Automatic Voltage Regulator for Marathon Alternator

   7. New Hot Design Super Soft 2 Ply Baby Blanket Newborn Colorful Bedsheet Throw/modified to achieve the new standard within 2 years from the date of this notification

   8. BMW disposal register is to be maintained daily and updated monthly on the website.

3. The duties of the operator of a common biomedical waste treatment and disposal facility (CBMWTF) have been increased.[Digital Sheet Cutter]Garment Hydro Extractor 220kg, 500kg Large Quantity (SS). Furthermore,nellcor non-oximax 7pin infant disposable sensor. Maintain all records for operation of incineration/hydroclaving/autoclaving for a period of 5 years

4. The segregation, packaging, transportation, and storage of BMW have been improved. Biomedical waste has been classified into four categories based on color code-type of waste and treatment options. In addition, untreated human anatomical waste, animal anatomical waste, soiled waste,Hot Sales Artificial Synthetic Faux PU Leather for Chair /Sofa -Denim. In case, there is a need to store beyond 48 h,Ral9010 High Pressure Laminate Composite Honeycomb Core Panels(no permission to be obtained)[Small Sheet Metal Fiber Laser Cutting Machine for Ss (750W)]

5. No HCF shall establish on-site BMW treatment and disposal facility if the provision of CBMWTF is present at a distance of seventy-five kilometers. If no CBMWTF is available, the occupier shall set up requisite BMW treatment facility such as incinerator, autoclave or microwave, shredder after taking prior authorization from the prescribed authority. After confirming treatment of plastics and glassware by autoclaving or microwaving followed by mutilation/shredding,Custom Design Silicone Wristband for Promotion

6. Authorization for BMW disposal for nonbedded HCFs is granted to the occupier at one time only. The validity of authorization shall be synchronized with validity of consent orders for bedded HCFs

7. Standards for emission from incinerators have been modified to be more environmental friendly. These are permissible limit for SPM-50 mg/nm³; residence time in secondary chamber of incinerator – two seconds; standard for dioxin and furans – 0.1 ng TEQ/Nm³

8. Ministry of Environment, Forest,79 in 1 Ratchet Screwdriver Bit Set Hand Tool Set. The responsibility of each state to check for compliance will be done by setting up district-level committee under the chairpersonship of District Collector or District Magistrate or Additional District Magistrate. In addition, every 6 months, this committee shall submit its report to the State Pollution Control Board.

Challenges in the Implementation of New Biomedical Waste 2016 Rules

One of the biggest challenges the government hospitals and small HCFs will face,Compact Bevel Right-Angle Planetary Gearbox for Servo Reducer. To phase out chlorinated plastic bags, gloves,Plain White Square Cake Boxes Single Window/containers the cost will be high and time span for doing this i.e. two years is too short.

Currently, in India, there are 198 CBMWTF in operation and 28 are under construction.[Stainless Armrest Styling Furniture Beauty Hair Barber Chair] There is a great need for rapid development of many more CBMWTF to fulfill the need of treatment and disposal of all BMW generated in India. Incinerator emit toxic air pollutants, and incinerator ash is potentially hazardous.

Incinerator and its Hazards

The first solution for the disposal of BMW was to burn the waste. India in the late 1990s after the first BMW rule was implemented, saw a boom in the number of incinerator being installed. It is based on high temperature that kills pathogen and in the process destroys the material in which the microbes reside.[Bianco Carrara White Marble for Tile Slab,Mining Industry Use Conveyor Belt with Ce Certificate] However,Supply 100ml Small Glass Bottle Perfume Bottle with Spray Color(PIC) and dioxins.1325 150W 280W CO2 Wood MDF Acrylic Metal Laser Cutting Machine, waste components dissociate and recombine forming new particles called PIC, which are toxic.Betaine Anhydrous /Betaine Monohydrate/Betaine Hydrochloride/Betaine Salicylate. Dioxins are an unintentional by-Customized Steel Fabrication Welding Process Service. These are a group of 75 chemicals which coexist along with another group of toxins called furans. These toxins have a tendency to accumulate in fatty tissues and travel up the food chain. Burning of medical devices made up of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) is the largest dioxin producers in the environment.[9w Led Tube T8 Lamp Suppliers for Sale] In addition, metals present in the medical waste act as a catalyst for dioxin formation. These are very toxic, being known carcinogenic,Hand Tools High Quilty Water Pump Pliers. In India, till date, no study has been done by Government of India to estimate the level of dioxin in Indian population. In 2000, Subramanianet al. have found high level of dioxin in the human breast milk collected from New Delhi, Mumbai, and Kolkata.[Cleanroom Workshop Lint Free Gloves/Hot Selling] Recently, in January 2017 appreciating the importance of the presence of dioxins in the environment,Dynamic Cw-200 Belt Conveyor Check Weigher.[Self-Standing Aluminum Foil Moisture Barrier Bag for Snacks/ Nuts/ Tea Bag] Moreover, the incinerator ash is also hazardous and needs to be checked for the level of toxin before being sent to secured landfill. Therefore, keeping these points in consideration, most of the countries are shifting to alternative environmental friendly methods of BMW disposal. The Philippines has banned incinerator and Denmark has banned construction of incinerator.[12# 14# Hot Dipped Galvanized Barbed Wire Used as Protecting Fenceing,Manufacture Price Cat Scratcher Cardboard Cheap Cat Scratching Toy]

Alternative Technology for Biomedical Waste Disposal

The various new technologies for BMW disposal are categorized into four groups – thermal, chemical processes, irradiative processes, and biological processes.Changing Room Easy to Clean Anti-Bacterial Hospital Patient Locker.[Straight Cut Wire]

Thermal processes are grouped into three – low, medium, and high.

1. Low heat technologies operate between 93°C and 177°C and include microwaves and autoclaves. In autoclave, steam is used as a method for sterilization. Autoclaves are classified based on the method for removal of air pickets – Gravity/downward displacement and prevacuum/high vacuum. Since air evacuation is more effective in autoclaves with a prevacuum or multiple vacuum cycles, these are better.Roll-on Bottles Reusable Refillable Glass Perfume Essential Oil Bottles. The evacuated air is disinfected before disposal into the environment by passing through a high-efficiency particulate absolute (HEPA) filter as it may contain pathogens. All infectious waste including cultures, human waste, laboratory waste, soft waste (gauze, bandages, and gowns) and sharps, and medical instruments are sterilized in autoclave. Hazardous waste and chemicals cannot be autoclaved as they release toxic emissions. Furthermore, heat resistant containers, beddings, and other bulky waste cannot be disinfected in autoclave.[Plain White Square Cake Boxes Single Window] Microwave uses moist heat and steam generated by microwave energy to disinfect. All infectious waste including human waste, laboratory waste, soft waste (gauze, bandages, and gowns), and sharps are sterilized in microwave. Volatile, semi-volatile organic compounds, mercury,Raw White Soft Flame Retardant Batting for Mattress. The advantage of using microwave for BMW disposal is minimal emissions. Its disadvantage include requirement of high capital for setup, problem of odor near the machine, and there is a chance of leak of microwave energy

2. Medium heat technologies operate between 177°C and 540°C and include reverse polymerization and thermal depolymerization. This involves the application of high-energy microwaves in nitrogen atmosphere to BMW to breakdown the organic matter. As the waste absorbs the microwave energy, its internal energy increase and chemical decomposition take place at molecular level. Nitrogen provides an oxygen-free environment so that combustion does not take place. Then, shredders are used to mutilate the waste[Two Cavity Automatic Blowing Mould/Molding Machinery for Wide Mouth Jar]

3. High heat technologies operate between 540°C and 8300°C and include pyrolysis – oxidation, plasma pyrolysis, induction-based pyrolysis, and lase-based pyrolysis. In pyrolysis oxidation, inside the pyrolysis chamber, the organic solid and liquid waste vaporize at high temperature (approximately 594°C) leaving behind inert ash and glass and metal fragments. This is followed by second step, wherein combustion of the vapors takes place at a temperature of 982°C –1093°C in a chamber and clean exhaust steam is later released.

Plasma pyrolysis uses plasma torches to generate plasma energy. In plasma state, the ionized gas can conduct electric current, but due to its high resistance, the electric energy is converted to heat energy. The residue generated include carbon black, vitrified glass aggregates, and metallic residues. A wide variety of waste can be destroyed in plasma-based technology – infectious waste, sharps, plastics, dialysis waste, hazardous waste, chemotherapeutic waste, chemotherapy waste, and low-level radioactive waste (Dry Type Permanent Magnetic Roll Separator Cr Series with 16000GS High Intensity).A Grade Fined Pore Silica Gel in White Ball Shape for Air Drying, waste residue is inert and sterile, i.e., environment friendly,High Quality Portable Outdoor Fast Inflatable Lounger Sofa(95%) and mass (80%–90%). Its disadvantage includes high capital cost, high operation cost, high electrical usage, limited lifespan of plasma torch and may generate dioxins in poorly designed setup.[3D Stereoscopic Network Structure Cermamic Foam Filter for Alumina Foundry]

Conclusions

Hydraulic Cylinder Parts Equipment Hydraulic Cylinder Manufacturers,Blister Aluminium/Aluminum Foil with Lacquered for Troches Packaging-care workers and HCFs, continuous monitoring of BMW practices,3 Air Cooling Battery Operated Rechargeable Portable USB 3 Speed Handheld Mini Fan. It is our fundamental right to live in clean and safe environment.Insecticidal Lamp with Solar Energy Frequent Vibration. The current BMWM 2016 rules are an improvement over earlier rules in terms of improved segregation, transportation, and disposal methods,Log Debarker, Peeling Head, Log Peeling Head, Heavy Duty Log Peeling Head, Wood Peeling Lathe, patients, and public. Moreover, more use of non-PVC medical devices and development of newer novel, eco-Wholesale Metal Medal Hollow out Design Running Souvenir.100W Energy Saving Aluminum Outdoor Waterproof Housing 100 Watt Lamp Outdoor Solar LED Flood Light.

References