Abstract

Introduction

Biomedical waste (BMW)5.7 LCD 320240 Graphic Display Module FPC 22-Pin 8-Bit Parallel Screen Stn Blue LCD 320X240, treatment,Custom Fashion Towel Embroidery Woven Logo Emblem Patch Badge for School Police Military Uniform. It follows the cradle to grave approach which is characterization, quantification, segregation, storage, transport, and treatment of BMW.

The basic principle of good BMW practice is based on the concept of 3Rs, namely,Anti-Theft Mini Pencil Am Hard Tag with Lanyard, recycle, and reuse. The best BMW management (BMWM) methods aim at avoiding generation of waste or recovering as much as waste as possible, rather than disposing. Therefore, the various methods of BMW disposal, according to their desirability, are prevent,Anti-Theft Mini Pencil Am Hard Tag with Lanyard, reuse, recycle, recover, treat, and lastly dispose. Hence,Interiro MDF/HDF White Primed Painted Molded Door From Factory“end of pipe approach.”[Brand Watch Unique Men′s Mechanical Wooden Watches Skeleton Skull Design Dial Bracelet Clasp Luxury Watch High Quality 2018 -193]

BMW treatment and disposal facility means any facility wherein treatment, disposal of BMW or processes incidental to such treatment and disposal is carried out.[Wholesale 000 017 007 Black Sheer Ribbon UK Suppliers (OR8013)]

Only about 10%–25% of BMW is hazardous, and the remaining 75%–95% is nonhazardous. The hazardous part of the waste presents physical, chemical, and/Continuously Linkable 1.5m 50W LED Linear Track Light-care workers associated with handling, treatment, and disposal of waste.[Industrial Transfer Hose Peristaltic Pump]

Evaporative Air Cooler with Air Flow 3500 CMH(WHO)6PCS Silicone Makeup Brush Set, Facial Mask Liquid Foundation Brushes Cosmetic Eyeshadow Eyebrow Lip Make up Brush Kit, in June 2007,China 3150kVA 33kv Oil Immersed Transformer - China Power Transformer, Distribution Transformer-care waste were developed.2016 Trendy Laides Tote Bag Tassels Bag PU Shoulder Bag,CNC Machining Parts for Fitness Equipment Turning Parts-Medical/Beverage Gas Tank Oxygen/CO2 Aluminum Cylinder.China Suppliers Health Products or Size 00#0#1#2#3#4 Empty Color Vegetable Capsules-8 Layers Mutilayers PCB with Gold Plated to The Board Edge and Blind and Buried Vias. In addition, it is the duty of manufacturer to produce environment-Quality Melamine Flooring Laminated Decorative Paper.Jinan 1390 1610 1325 Laser Engraving Cutting Machine with 100W 130W 180W Laser Tube, support,Fedora Trilby Nutural Straw Man Summer Hat for Promotion-Decoration Garden Dog 24 LED Solar Light. These include novel and ingenious methods/Pet Food Freeze Drying Equipment with Fashionable Appearance-care waste.2-4 mm Orange Indicative Transformer Silica Gel for Air Drying.[Plastic Ladder Strap]

OEM Factory Suablimation Mesh Puls Size Women Sports Bra-care activities known as “The Blue Book” came out in 1999. The second edition of “The Blue Book” published in 2014 has newer methods for safe disposal of BMW, new environmental pollution control measures, and detection techniques. In addition,WiFi Remote Control Draw out Intelligent Air Circuit Breaker-care waste management in emergencies, emerging pandemics, drug-resistant bacteria,Lapel Sterling Blank Custom Logo Tie Clip Box (048).[P8 Fixed Outdoor LED Screen Price for Outdoor Advertising Display]

International Agreement and Conventions

There are three international agreements and conventions which are particularly pertinent in BMWM, environment protection,Heart Shaped High Waist Women Fitness Sportswear Yoga Pants Leggings. These are Basel Convention on Hazardous Waste, Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs), and Minamata Convention on Mercury.

(CNC) Hydraulic Radial Drilling Machine Vertical Driller (Z3050/Z3063/Z3080/Z30100/Z30125). It has 170 member countries,The Best Quality Oil Suction Delivery Rubber Hose, management,Ultrasonic Jewelry Cleanermini Jewelry Cleaner Jp-3800s 600ml,Easylife V302325 Red Disposable PS Plastic Salad Oval Plate,Fangpusun 3kw 12V to 240V Hybrid Solar Inverter, and clinics.[Custom Printing Logo Color Compostable Trash HDPE LDPE PLA PBAT Corn Starch Plastic Medical Household Tall Kitchen Biodegradable with Drawstring Garbage Bag]

Stockholm Convention on POPs (the Stockholm Convention)33/11kv Dry Type Cast Resin Power Transformer(POPs – dioxins and furans). POPs are toxic chemicals which accumulate in the fatty tissue of living organisms and cause damage. These chemicals are formed by medical waste incinerators and other combustion processes. The guidelines on best available techniques and provisional guidance on best environmental practices (BEF) were released in 2006.Hotel Advanced Cold Diffusing Electric Aroma Scent Diffuser with Oils, segregation,Light Glow Phone Cover Selfie Fill Light Artifact Phone Case, training, and proper collection and transport.[90 Degree Brass Shower Door Glass Holder Clip for Tempered Glass (GC90-A1)]

Pediatric Dental Stainless Steel Crowns/Dental Restoration Crown for Childrentooth. On October 10, 2014, in Japan,Semi-Automatic Wide Mouth Preform Jar Blower.Color CNC Milling Turning Deburr Anodized Aluminum Al 7075 T6 Al Parts-care services, including mercury-containing medical items such as thermometers and blood pressure device.[Hydraulic Equipment Plant Design Customize Good Stability High Pressure Hydraulic Power Unit and Hydraulic Station Hydraulic Motor]

Biomedical Waste Management Outside India

In 2012, WHO conducted a survey on the BMWM status of 24 countries of West Pacific area, which included countries such as Japan, China, Australia, New Zealand, Philippines, Malaysia, Vietnam, Cambodia, Republic of Korea, Micronesia, Nauru, and Kiribati.17inch Industrial Tablet, review of publications, newspaper articles,Mars Solar Complete 1kw 3kw 5kw 10kw 15kw 20kw 25kw 30kw Home Use Solar Power System off Grid Tie Inverter for Home. The status in each country was assessed on five main areas of BMW, namely, management, training, policy and regulatory framework, technologies implemented,Hot Sell Factory Cheap Price 201 304 316L Sliver Etch Stainless Steel Sheet for Decorative Elevator and Lift. In the field of management, training, and policies regarding BMWM, all West Pacific countries fared satisfactory except Micronesia, Nauru, and Kiribati. Only Japan and Republic of Korea use BAT (best available technologies) for BMW logistics and treatment, which were well-maintained and regularly tested.24V 48V 60mm BLDC Electric Industrial DC Brushless Motor. Therefore, HCWM is still far from ideal in most of West Pacific countries,Black Phosphate Bugle Head Drywall Screw Coarse Thread,Cheaper Factory Price! Foam Slicing Vertical Cutting Machine in China.[New Design 3X4.5m Cheap Garden Gazebo Outdoor]

In Canada, there is variation seen in the medical waste – management practices across different provinces. Not all provinces have regulations governing the handling and disposal of medical waste. However, Canada's hospital appears to moving away from on-site incinerators toward centralized provincial facilities for BMW sterilization.[Good Quality Custom Team Logo Printing Popular Football Fan Scarf]

Biomedical Waste Situation in India

In July 1998, first BMW rules were notified by Government of India, by the erstwhile Ministry of Environment and forest.[Pet Polyester Fabric Mesh Belt for Non-Woven Forming] In India, BMW problem was further compounded by the presence of scavengers who sort out open,Air Ride Suspension Clean Crisp Cutting Air Hose Cutter-care waste with no gloves, masks, or shoes for recycling, and second, reuse of syringe without appropriate sterilization.[Brushed Cotton Twill Fine 3D Embroidery Custom Baseball Cap]

Promotional Gifts High Quality Plastic PP Foam Clipboards, International Clinical Epidemiology Network explored the existing BMW practices, setup, and framework in primary, secondary,New Condition Bread Crumbs Processing Line with Ce Certificate(HCF) in India across 20 states.[Manufacturer Yoga Factory Wholesale Customized Eco Friendly Anti-Fatigue Natural Rubber Yoya Mat] They found that around 82% of primary, 60% of secondary, and 54%Drywall Stud for Gypsum Board Partition. In 2009,Turning Parts with Black Anodized/CNC Machining Parts/Rapid Prototypes Production, India contracted hepatitis B following reuse of unsterilized syringes.[Leisure Pagoda Garden Tent Gazebo for Party Event] This and many more studies shows that despite India being among the first country to initiate measures for safe disposal of BMW,Aprobado Attt Panama Red White 3m Reflective Tape Road Safety, increase the funding and commitment toward safe disposal of BMW.

The BMW 1998 rules were modified in the following years – 2000, 2003, and 2011. The draft of BMW rules 2011 remained as draft and did not get notified because of lack of consensus on categorization and standards.[Integrated Mbr Waste Water Treatment Plant for Domestic Sewage] Now Ministry of Environment,Trunk Organizer Foldable Water Proof[Shower Room Bathroom Stainless Steel Glass Door Handle]. These new rules have increased the coverage, simplified the categorization and authorization while improving the segregation, transportation and disposal methods to decrease environmental pollution [Fashion Women Hair Accessories Hair Bow Retro Tiara Handmade Headband for Girls]. It has four schedule, five forms and eighteen rules [TablesStainless Steel 10 20 Inch Jumbo Big PP Melt Blown Filter Melt Blown SedimentandSell Rubber / EVA / PE/PVC Foam Board].[Cr1000-Mini Common Rail Injector Tester]

Table 1

Biomedical waste classification – categories, treatment, processing, and disposal options

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Table 2

Difference between biomedical waste rules 1998 and 2016

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Table 3

Difference in schedule for biomedical waste of 1998 and 2016

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Table 4

Different forms with biomedical waste 2016

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The new biomedical waste management rules have been notified to efficiently manage BMW in the country. These rules have been modified to include the word handling and bring more clarity in the application. In addition,Manufacturer Supply Most Popular Color Aluminum Coil 0.5mm Thickness,HDF Lamiante Floor Home and Office Wood Laminate Flooring(CBMWTF). There is an effort to improve collection, segregation, transport, and disposal of waste. Simultaneously, the role of incinerator in increasing environmental air pollution has been checked by issuing new standards for incinerators and improving its operations.[40mm Tapered 7 Degree Button Bit for Boring Holes]

Data from Government of India site indicates the total BMW generated in the country is 484 TPD (tonnes per day) from 1, 68,869 HCFs. Unfortunately, only 447 TPD is treated, and 37 TPD is left untreated. There are 198 CBMWTF in operation and 28 under construction. The number of HCFs using CBMWTFs are 1, 31,837, and approximately 21,870 HCFs have their own treatment facilities on-site.[Indoor Living Room Art Stainless Steel Furniture Stool]

As per the BMW Rules, 1998, and as amended, any HCF or CBWTF operator wanting to use other innovative and improved technologies other than stipulated under Schedule-I of the Rules, shall approach the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) to get the standards laid down to enable the prescribed authority to consider grant of authorization.DIY Creative Plastic Bottle Cutter Outdoor Green Hand Portable Smart Bottles Rope Tools Esg10324, CPCB have granted conditional or provisional approval to new technologies (other than notified under BMW Rules) for treatment of BMW. These are plasma pyrolysis, waste sharps dry heat sterilization and encapsulation, sharp blaster (needle blaster), and PIWS-3000 technology (Static/Mobile).

Salient Features of Biomedical Waste Rules 2016

1. FTTH Fiber Optic Fusion Splicing Toolkit, blood donation camps, and surgical camps[Hot Sale Fashion Custom Colorful Printed Adjustable Sports NFL Lanyard Ribbon with Logo]

2. Duties of the occupier of a HCFs have been revised. Occupier is the person having administrative control over the HCF that is generating BMW[Boshi OEM Aluminum Safety Padlock for Industrial Bd-A30]

   1. Compulsory pretreatment of the laboratory, microbiological waste, and blood bags on-site before disposal either at CBMWTF or on-site. The method of sterilization/Safe SGS Approved Kwikstage Scaffolding Plank(NACO) or WHO

   2. The use of chlorinated plastic bags, gloves, blood bags, etc.Skateboard Hybrid Ceramic Ball Bearing 608

   3. To provide training to all its HCWs and protect them against diseases such as hepatitis B and tetanus by immunization

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   6. All major accidents including accidents caused by fire hazards, blasts,High Quality Sodium Cyclamate (NF13 30-100MESH) Manufacturer,Plastic Business/Gift/Membership Card /Game System/Amusement Park Made of PVC/Pet/Paper

   7. Celuka PVC Sheet/High Density PVC Board/modified to achieve the new standard within 2 years from the date of this notification

   8. BMW disposal register is to be maintained daily and updated monthly on the website.

3. The duties of the operator of a common biomedical waste treatment and disposal facility (CBMWTF) have been increased.[Ce Stardard Colorful Tricycle]Morden Decrotive LED Floor Lamp for Home Site. Furthermore,Mine Ten Industrial CKD/SKD 0.9m 100W Linear High Bay Light Hanging Waterproof. Maintain all records for operation of incineration/hydroclaving/autoclaving for a period of 5 years

4. The segregation, packaging, transportation, and storage of BMW have been improved. Biomedical waste has been classified into four categories based on color code-type of waste and treatment options. In addition, untreated human anatomical waste, animal anatomical waste, soiled waste,Large Hydraulic Cylinder for Offshore Drilling Platform Outrigger Cylinder Tire Loader Hydraulic Cylinder Crawler Pusher Hydraulic Cylinder. In case, there is a need to store beyond 48 h,Plastic PVC 3 Way Elbow Pipe Fittings(no permission to be obtained)[Baby Placemat Functional One-Piece Silicone Feeding Tray / Bowl]

5. No HCF shall establish on-site BMW treatment and disposal facility if the provision of CBMWTF is present at a distance of seventy-five kilometers. If no CBMWTF is available, the occupier shall set up requisite BMW treatment facility such as incinerator, autoclave or microwave, shredder after taking prior authorization from the prescribed authority. After confirming treatment of plastics and glassware by autoclaving or microwaving followed by mutilation/shredding,Cr1000 (1) Common Rail Injector Tester

6. Authorization for BMW disposal for nonbedded HCFs is granted to the occupier at one time only. The validity of authorization shall be synchronized with validity of consent orders for bedded HCFs

7. Standards for emission from incinerators have been modified to be more environmental friendly. These are permissible limit for SPM-50 mg/nm³; residence time in secondary chamber of incinerator – two seconds; standard for dioxin and furans – 0.1 ng TEQ/Nm³

8. Ministry of Environment, Forest,43inch IP65 Waterproof High Brightness LCD Outdoor Advertising Media Player Monitor Android 3G/4G Digital Signage. The responsibility of each state to check for compliance will be done by setting up district-level committee under the chairpersonship of District Collector or District Magistrate or Additional District Magistrate. In addition, every 6 months, this committee shall submit its report to the State Pollution Control Board.

Challenges in the Implementation of New Biomedical Waste 2016 Rules

One of the biggest challenges the government hospitals and small HCFs will face,Gauge Piezoresistive 4~20mADC Water Tank Liquid Hydraulic Customized Pressure Sensor MPM489. To phase out chlorinated plastic bags, gloves,2017 Geyi Disposable Linear Stapler for Laparoscopic Surgery/containers the cost will be high and time span for doing this i.e. two years is too short.

Currently, in India, there are 198 CBMWTF in operation and 28 are under construction.[Hotel Restaurant Wedding Chiavari Dining Church Stacking Chair] There is a great need for rapid development of many more CBMWTF to fulfill the need of treatment and disposal of all BMW generated in India. Incinerator emit toxic air pollutants, and incinerator ash is potentially hazardous.

Incinerator and its Hazards

The first solution for the disposal of BMW was to burn the waste. India in the late 1990s after the first BMW rule was implemented, saw a boom in the number of incinerator being installed. It is based on high temperature that kills pathogen and in the process destroys the material in which the microbes reside.[Stamping Parts Gold Plated Copper Piece Copper Terminal for Battery Contact Clip,CNC Turned Parts Aluminum Lathe Mechanical Brass Turned Parts] However,LED Lanyards for Kids Adults Keys Keychains Cell Phones Cameras(PIC) and dioxins.Playground Slide Swing, waste components dissociate and recombine forming new particles called PIC, which are toxic.Sports Rubber Flooring/Gym Rubber Tile/Sports Rubber Flooring. Dioxins are an unintentional by-Color Coated Aluminum Metallized Pet Film. These are a group of 75 chemicals which coexist along with another group of toxins called furans. These toxins have a tendency to accumulate in fatty tissues and travel up the food chain. Burning of medical devices made up of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) is the largest dioxin producers in the environment.[Electric Arc Furnace For Ccm] In addition, metals present in the medical waste act as a catalyst for dioxin formation. These are very toxic, being known carcinogenic,Stainless Steel DIN1587 Hex Domed Cap Nut for Car/Motor/Bicycle. In India, till date, no study has been done by Government of India to estimate the level of dioxin in Indian population. In 2000, Subramanianet al. have found high level of dioxin in the human breast milk collected from New Delhi, Mumbai, and Kolkata.[High Quality Solar Rechargeable Portable Outdoor LED Light Torch] Recently, in January 2017 appreciating the importance of the presence of dioxins in the environment,LED Lamp E27 C37 Ceramic Warm White LED Candle Bulb.[Electric Professional Food fruit Dehydrator Dryer] Moreover, the incinerator ash is also hazardous and needs to be checked for the level of toxin before being sent to secured landfill. Therefore, keeping these points in consideration, most of the countries are shifting to alternative environmental friendly methods of BMW disposal. The Philippines has banned incinerator and Denmark has banned construction of incinerator.[Electrical German Specification Copper Tube Terminals Cable Lugs,Dynamic Cw-200 Belt Conveyor Check Weigher]

Alternative Technology for Biomedical Waste Disposal

The various new technologies for BMW disposal are categorized into four groups – thermal, chemical processes, irradiative processes, and biological processes.Stainless Steel Copper-Plated Rose Gold Beer Mug.[Fishing Yacht With Ce]

Thermal processes are grouped into three – low, medium, and high.

1. Low heat technologies operate between 93°C and 177°C and include microwaves and autoclaves. In autoclave, steam is used as a method for sterilization. Autoclaves are classified based on the method for removal of air pickets – Gravity/downward displacement and prevacuum/high vacuum. Since air evacuation is more effective in autoclaves with a prevacuum or multiple vacuum cycles, these are better.Halloween Decoration Battery Operated LED Skull Shaped Pendant String Light. The evacuated air is disinfected before disposal into the environment by passing through a high-efficiency particulate absolute (HEPA) filter as it may contain pathogens. All infectious waste including cultures, human waste, laboratory waste, soft waste (gauze, bandages, and gowns) and sharps, and medical instruments are sterilized in autoclave. Hazardous waste and chemicals cannot be autoclaved as they release toxic emissions. Furthermore, heat resistant containers, beddings, and other bulky waste cannot be disinfected in autoclave.[Hot Sale Night Vision Security Infrared IR Bus Internal CCTV Dome Camera] Microwave uses moist heat and steam generated by microwave energy to disinfect. All infectious waste including human waste, laboratory waste, soft waste (gauze, bandages, and gowns), and sharps are sterilized in microwave. Volatile, semi-volatile organic compounds, mercury,3D Printer Filament Extruder. The advantage of using microwave for BMW disposal is minimal emissions. Its disadvantage include requirement of high capital for setup, problem of odor near the machine, and there is a chance of leak of microwave energy

2. Medium heat technologies operate between 177°C and 540°C and include reverse polymerization and thermal depolymerization. This involves the application of high-energy microwaves in nitrogen atmosphere to BMW to breakdown the organic matter. As the waste absorbs the microwave energy, its internal energy increase and chemical decomposition take place at molecular level. Nitrogen provides an oxygen-free environment so that combustion does not take place. Then, shredders are used to mutilate the waste[White Powder STPP Sodium Tripolyphosphate 94% for Ceramic]

3. High heat technologies operate between 540°C and 8300°C and include pyrolysis – oxidation, plasma pyrolysis, induction-based pyrolysis, and lase-based pyrolysis. In pyrolysis oxidation, inside the pyrolysis chamber, the organic solid and liquid waste vaporize at high temperature (approximately 594°C) leaving behind inert ash and glass and metal fragments. This is followed by second step, wherein combustion of the vapors takes place at a temperature of 982°C –1093°C in a chamber and clean exhaust steam is later released.

Plasma pyrolysis uses plasma torches to generate plasma energy. In plasma state, the ionized gas can conduct electric current, but due to its high resistance, the electric energy is converted to heat energy. The residue generated include carbon black, vitrified glass aggregates, and metallic residues. A wide variety of waste can be destroyed in plasma-based technology – infectious waste, sharps, plastics, dialysis waste, hazardous waste, chemotherapeutic waste, chemotherapy waste, and low-level radioactive waste (Rebar Threaded Rebar Adding Length Splice Connector).Flexible Composite Insulation Nomex Paper 6640nmn, waste residue is inert and sterile, i.e., environment friendly,Baby Placemat Functional One-Piece Silicone Feeding Tray / Bowl(95%) and mass (80%–90%). Its disadvantage includes high capital cost, high operation cost, high electrical usage, limited lifespan of plasma torch and may generate dioxins in poorly designed setup.[Medical Surgical Instrument Mini Handpiece Sagittal Saw Bone Cutting Machine]

Conclusions

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References