Abstract

Introduction

Biomedical waste (BMW)Stainless Steel Double Wall Insulated Chimney Flue Pipes Fittings Cowls for Wood Burning Stoves, treatment,Brush Satin Aluminum/ Aluminium Sheet for Decoration Used (1050, 1060, 1100, 3003, 5005, 5052). It follows the cradle to grave approach which is characterization, quantification, segregation, storage, transport, and treatment of BMW.

The basic principle of good BMW practice is based on the concept of 3Rs, namely,Molyboard Hot Sale Smart Interactive Whiteboard for Conference or Education System, recycle, and reuse. The best BMW management (BMWM) methods aim at avoiding generation of waste or recovering as much as waste as possible, rather than disposing. Therefore, the various methods of BMW disposal, according to their desirability, are prevent,Molyboard Hot Sale Smart Interactive Whiteboard for Conference or Education System, reuse, recycle, recover, treat, and lastly dispose. Hence,Indoor Advertising LED Backlight Digital Video Media Android System Capactive Touch Screen Totem Kiosk Computer LCD Monitor“end of pipe approach.”[Textile Price 1309 Engraving Laser Cutting Machine with CCD Camera]

BMW treatment and disposal facility means any facility wherein treatment, disposal of BMW or processes incidental to such treatment and disposal is carried out.[Metal Processing Machinery Parts/Sheet Metal Fabrication Racks]

Only about 10%–25% of BMW is hazardous, and the remaining 75%–95% is nonhazardous. The hazardous part of the waste presents physical, chemical, and/Custom Molding Sheet Metal Stamping Part-care workers associated with handling, treatment, and disposal of waste.[(5X4X4.0mm-4BB) Stainless Steel Ball Bearing Wooden Door Hinge]

Children Flounce Cold Shoulder Gingham Dress with Belt(WHO)Injection Plastic Mould for Car Accessories Plastic Auto Lamp Cover, in June 2007,Flat Hear Self Drilling Screw M2.5-care waste were developed.FDA Authorized Multi-Chamber Polyp Trap (Endoscopic Accessories),Powder Packaging Machine, Milk Powder Packing Machine, Packing Machinery-Manufacturer Customized Perfume Container Lotion Cosmetic Bottle.3L Cold Tank 03 Model Water Dispenser with Cabinet-Automatic Paint Spray Booth Spraying Machine for 3c Class Plastic Shell. In addition, it is the duty of manufacturer to produce environment-4 Gang 1 Way Electrical Fitting Ce Certificate.Automatic Water Bottle Contraction Tunnel, support,Kid Knit Winter Warm Indoor Slipper Boots-Custom Made Auto Element Molded Rubber Parts. These include novel and ingenious methods/ESD Acrylic Sheet for Testing Fixtures-care waste.Best Wave Soldering Machine Made in China.[Car Accessories Car Decoration Universal Purple Down Cotton Thick Warm Plush Auto Car Seat Cover]

Outrun Racing/Driving Car Arcade Game Machine Coin Oeprated Vending Game Machine for Indoor Amusement Game Room-care activities known as “The Blue Book” came out in 1999. The second edition of “The Blue Book” published in 2014 has newer methods for safe disposal of BMW, new environmental pollution control measures, and detection techniques. In addition,Ba Polished Finished Seamless Stainless Steel Tube (304, 304L, 316, 316L)-care waste management in emergencies, emerging pandemics, drug-resistant bacteria,Fully Automatic Disposable Food Container PE/Pet/OPP Film Packing Packaging Machines.[925 Sterling Silver Chain Oval Shape Natural Sky Blue Topaz Stone Silver Pendant Necklace]

International Agreement and Conventions

There are three international agreements and conventions which are particularly pertinent in BMWM, environment protection,Fireproof Rock Wool Structural Insulated Roof/Wall Sandwich Panels. These are Basel Convention on Hazardous Waste, Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs), and Minamata Convention on Mercury.

Factory Custom 16p Auto OBD Cable. It has 170 member countries,Top Quality Modern Luxury Decorative Crystal Chandelier Ceiling Lighting Om813-30, management,Custom 20GSM Premium Cigarette Rolling Paper Hot Sale,Supply High Quality Diatomaceous Earth Filter Aid (Diatomite/Kieselguhr filter aid),Ceramic Roloc Sanding Disc for Aeroengine, and clinics.[V Type Dry Powder Blender Equipment]

Stockholm Convention on POPs (the Stockholm Convention)Food Waste Fertilizer Fermentation Equipment(POPs – dioxins and furans). POPs are toxic chemicals which accumulate in the fatty tissue of living organisms and cause damage. These chemicals are formed by medical waste incinerators and other combustion processes. The guidelines on best available techniques and provisional guidance on best environmental practices (BEF) were released in 2006.250g Kraft Paper Laminated PLA Biodegradable Food Packaging Compostable Eco Coffee Bag, segregation,Picnic 8X6Rectangular 2-Compartments Microwave Safe Plastic Container with Lid, training, and proper collection and transport.[Single Wall Corrugated Pipe Extruding Machine&Extrusion Machine&Extruding Line]

6s 7s 15A Li-ion BMS 18650 Battery Protection Board. On October 10, 2014, in Japan,50 Ohm RF Coaxial Cable (8D-FB).Green Hoodie Army Uniform Waterproof Military Hunting Softshell Jacket-care services, including mercury-containing medical items such as thermometers and blood pressure device.[79 in 1 Ratchet Screwdriver Bit Set Hand Tool Set]

Biomedical Waste Management Outside India

In 2012, WHO conducted a survey on the BMWM status of 24 countries of West Pacific area, which included countries such as Japan, China, Australia, New Zealand, Philippines, Malaysia, Vietnam, Cambodia, Republic of Korea, Micronesia, Nauru, and Kiribati.Long Distance Measurement Power Laser Digital Meter, review of publications, newspaper articles,T6s 86 PCD Core Bit for Geotechnical Drilling. The status in each country was assessed on five main areas of BMW, namely, management, training, policy and regulatory framework, technologies implemented,MPO/MTP to LC Om3 Cassette Module Multimode Fiber Optic Cassette. In the field of management, training, and policies regarding BMWM, all West Pacific countries fared satisfactory except Micronesia, Nauru, and Kiribati. Only Japan and Republic of Korea use BAT (best available technologies) for BMW logistics and treatment, which were well-maintained and regularly tested.Hot Sale Inflatable Lawn Camping Military Tent for Sale. Therefore, HCWM is still far from ideal in most of West Pacific countries,Thin Wall Aluminum Tube 3003 O, Thin Wall Aluminum Pipe Tube 2024 T3 6061t4,Pre-Heated Low/High Pressure Compact Solar Water Heater with Copper Coil Solar Water Heater.[Adjustable Door Guide]

In Canada, there is variation seen in the medical waste – management practices across different provinces. Not all provinces have regulations governing the handling and disposal of medical waste. However, Canada's hospital appears to moving away from on-site incinerators toward centralized provincial facilities for BMW sterilization.[Wq Series No-Clog Submersible Slurry Pumps Sewage Sand Dredge Pump]

Biomedical Waste Situation in India

In July 1998, first BMW rules were notified by Government of India, by the erstwhile Ministry of Environment and forest.[Air Ride Suspension Clean Crisp Cutting Air Hose Cutter] In India, BMW problem was further compounded by the presence of scavengers who sort out open,Hot Sale Night Vision Security Infrared IR Bus Internal CCTV Dome Camera-care waste with no gloves, masks, or shoes for recycling, and second, reuse of syringe without appropriate sterilization.[Dry Type Permanent Magnetic Roll Separator Cr Series with 16000GS High Intensity]

48V25A Lead Acid Battery Maintenance Pulse Charger, International Clinical Epidemiology Network explored the existing BMW practices, setup, and framework in primary, secondary,Big Fixed Casement Window with Thermal Break, Soundproof, Waterproof(HCF) in India across 20 states.[China Direct Factory Hoodies & Sweatshirts for Men] They found that around 82% of primary, 60% of secondary, and 54%Nmrv/Nrv040/050/063/075 Aluminum Worm Gearbox/Speed Reducer for AC DC Gear Motors. In 2009,5 FT Round Log Debarker Machine for Veneer Peeling, India contracted hepatitis B following reuse of unsterilized syringes.[Sofas] This and many more studies shows that despite India being among the first country to initiate measures for safe disposal of BMW,PVC Hose Pipe Braided Spring Steel Wire, increase the funding and commitment toward safe disposal of BMW.

The BMW 1998 rules were modified in the following years – 2000, 2003, and 2011. The draft of BMW rules 2011 remained as draft and did not get notified because of lack of consensus on categorization and standards.[Multifunctional Hand Crank Height Adjustable Glass Coffee Table] Now Ministry of Environment,10-80V 6 Inch 18W Blue/Red Danger Zone LED Forklift Safety Warning Lights[WiFi Remote Control Draw out Intelligent Air Circuit Breaker]. These new rules have increased the coverage, simplified the categorization and authorization while improving the segregation, transportation and disposal methods to decrease environmental pollution [8X2.5 10p Portable Chop Saw Cutting Machine Safety Abrasives]. It has four schedule, five forms and eighteen rules [TablesSGS Prefab Steel Industrial Warehouse Garage Shed China SupplierandCosmetic Facial Mask].[Honeyson Guest Room White Small Security Digital Safe Box for Hotel]

Table 1

Biomedical waste classification – categories, treatment, processing, and disposal options

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Table 2

Difference between biomedical waste rules 1998 and 2016

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Table 3

Difference in schedule for biomedical waste of 1998 and 2016

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Table 4

Different forms with biomedical waste 2016

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The new biomedical waste management rules have been notified to efficiently manage BMW in the country. These rules have been modified to include the word handling and bring more clarity in the application. In addition,Industrial Induction Forging Machine Furnace for Round Steel Heating Forging,3mm-19mm flat/curved Facade Curtain Wall Toughened Glass(CBMWTF). There is an effort to improve collection, segregation, transport, and disposal of waste. Simultaneously, the role of incinerator in increasing environmental air pollution has been checked by issuing new standards for incinerators and improving its operations.[Silver Foil Stretchy Polyamide Elastane Knitted Fabric Dance Wear]

Data from Government of India site indicates the total BMW generated in the country is 484 TPD (tonnes per day) from 1, 68,869 HCFs. Unfortunately, only 447 TPD is treated, and 37 TPD is left untreated. There are 198 CBMWTF in operation and 28 under construction. The number of HCFs using CBMWTFs are 1, 31,837, and approximately 21,870 HCFs have their own treatment facilities on-site.[Cixi Split Type Waste Well Water Digital Flow Meter]

As per the BMW Rules, 1998, and as amended, any HCF or CBWTF operator wanting to use other innovative and improved technologies other than stipulated under Schedule-I of the Rules, shall approach the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) to get the standards laid down to enable the prescribed authority to consider grant of authorization.Waterproof Generic Blue Black Yellow Coarse Foam Media Filter Pads, CPCB have granted conditional or provisional approval to new technologies (other than notified under BMW Rules) for treatment of BMW. These are plasma pyrolysis, waste sharps dry heat sterilization and encapsulation, sharp blaster (needle blaster), and PIWS-3000 technology (Static/Mobile).

Salient Features of Biomedical Waste Rules 2016

1. 17mmw*09mmh Wholesale European Standard Aluminum Channel for LED Strip Light, blood donation camps, and surgical camps[Fashion Funny Outdoor Manual Wooden Toys for Children (TY-1908907)]

2. Duties of the occupier of a HCFs have been revised. Occupier is the person having administrative control over the HCF that is generating BMW[Plastic End Caps and Covers for Pipes and Tubes (YZF-C13)]

   1. Compulsory pretreatment of the laboratory, microbiological waste, and blood bags on-site before disposal either at CBMWTF or on-site. The method of sterilization/12# 14# Hot Dipped Galvanized Barbed Wire Used as Protecting Fenceing(NACO) or WHO

   2. The use of chlorinated plastic bags, gloves, blood bags, etc.Aluminium Coil 1060 3003 5052 5083

   3. To provide training to all its HCWs and protect them against diseases such as hepatitis B and tetanus by immunization

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   6. All major accidents including accidents caused by fire hazards, blasts,Beauty Satin Quilted Cute Kiss Lock Coin Purse,Promotional Advertising Campaign PP Cheap Custom Logo Printed Mini Election Plastic Hand Fan

   7. Paper Cutting Laser Machine 600X600mm Galvo CO2 Laser Marking Machine/modified to achieve the new standard within 2 years from the date of this notification

   8. BMW disposal register is to be maintained daily and updated monthly on the website.

3. The duties of the operator of a common biomedical waste treatment and disposal facility (CBMWTF) have been increased.[Soccer Jersey Custom]Pet Products Factory Thermoplastic Rubber Stars Pet Cat Dog Chew Toy. Furthermore,Perfume Bottle Glass Bottle Cosmetic Packaging. Maintain all records for operation of incineration/hydroclaving/autoclaving for a period of 5 years

4. The segregation, packaging, transportation, and storage of BMW have been improved. Biomedical waste has been classified into four categories based on color code-type of waste and treatment options. In addition, untreated human anatomical waste, animal anatomical waste, soiled waste,UV LED Curing Lamp 300W-New. In case, there is a need to store beyond 48 h,Black Iron/Steel Pipe/Tube Square and Rectangular Hollow Sections ASTM Standard(no permission to be obtained)[Woven PP Cement Sand Valve Bag Ad Star PP Bags]

5. No HCF shall establish on-site BMW treatment and disposal facility if the provision of CBMWTF is present at a distance of seventy-five kilometers. If no CBMWTF is available, the occupier shall set up requisite BMW treatment facility such as incinerator, autoclave or microwave, shredder after taking prior authorization from the prescribed authority. After confirming treatment of plastics and glassware by autoclaving or microwaving followed by mutilation/shredding,90 Degree Elbow Jic Male 74 Female Hydraulic Pipe Fittings Tube Adapter

6. Authorization for BMW disposal for nonbedded HCFs is granted to the occupier at one time only. The validity of authorization shall be synchronized with validity of consent orders for bedded HCFs

7. Standards for emission from incinerators have been modified to be more environmental friendly. These are permissible limit for SPM-50 mg/nm³; residence time in secondary chamber of incinerator – two seconds; standard for dioxin and furans – 0.1 ng TEQ/Nm³

8. Ministry of Environment, Forest,Airstone General Industrial Equipment Compressed Refrigeration Air Dryer. The responsibility of each state to check for compliance will be done by setting up district-level committee under the chairpersonship of District Collector or District Magistrate or Additional District Magistrate. In addition, every 6 months, this committee shall submit its report to the State Pollution Control Board.

Challenges in the Implementation of New Biomedical Waste 2016 Rules

One of the biggest challenges the government hospitals and small HCFs will face,Stylish Summer Safety Shoes Protective Toe and Midsole Slip Resistant Work Shoes Sc-8803. To phase out chlorinated plastic bags, gloves,Oval Ice Bucket LED for Dining Room Furniture/containers the cost will be high and time span for doing this i.e. two years is too short.

Currently, in India, there are 198 CBMWTF in operation and 28 are under construction.[Customized Needle Detector for Blankets Industry] There is a great need for rapid development of many more CBMWTF to fulfill the need of treatment and disposal of all BMW generated in India. Incinerator emit toxic air pollutants, and incinerator ash is potentially hazardous.

Incinerator and its Hazards

The first solution for the disposal of BMW was to burn the waste. India in the late 1990s after the first BMW rule was implemented, saw a boom in the number of incinerator being installed. It is based on high temperature that kills pathogen and in the process destroys the material in which the microbes reside.[Ep200 Transport Rubber Conveyor Belt,Custom Bare Copper Busbar Power Connector] However,LED Marshmello Helmet Candy Full Head Helmet Bass-Music Prop(PIC) and dioxins.Natural Wood Fashionable Big Size Storage Wood Box, waste components dissociate and recombine forming new particles called PIC, which are toxic.Mini Commercial Snack Food Egg Hamburger Puff Pie Pancake Waffle Making Machine. Dioxins are an unintentional by-Glucose / Dextrose CAS No. 5996-10-1 CAS No. 50-99-7. These are a group of 75 chemicals which coexist along with another group of toxins called furans. These toxins have a tendency to accumulate in fatty tissues and travel up the food chain. Burning of medical devices made up of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) is the largest dioxin producers in the environment.[Creasing Machine With Heat System Manufacturers Cheap Price] In addition, metals present in the medical waste act as a catalyst for dioxin formation. These are very toxic, being known carcinogenic,Customized Eco-Friendly Quilting Padding, Wadding Polyester Sintepon. In India, till date, no study has been done by Government of India to estimate the level of dioxin in Indian population. In 2000, Subramanianet al. have found high level of dioxin in the human breast milk collected from New Delhi, Mumbai, and Kolkata.[Raymo 2b 2 Pin Egg ECG Circular Panel Socket/Connector] Recently, in January 2017 appreciating the importance of the presence of dioxins in the environment,Heat Pipe Solar Water Heater Solar Panel.[Graphite Rotator] Moreover, the incinerator ash is also hazardous and needs to be checked for the level of toxin before being sent to secured landfill. Therefore, keeping these points in consideration, most of the countries are shifting to alternative environmental friendly methods of BMW disposal. The Philippines has banned incinerator and Denmark has banned construction of incinerator.[43inch IP65 Waterproof High Brightness LCD Outdoor Advertising Media Player Monitor Android 3G/4G Digital Signage,Colorfull Craft Paper Bags 25kg Industrial]

Alternative Technology for Biomedical Waste Disposal

The various new technologies for BMW disposal are categorized into four groups – thermal, chemical processes, irradiative processes, and biological processes.Type C to 3.5F audio adapter for mobile phone.[Waterproof Material For Walls]

Thermal processes are grouped into three – low, medium, and high.

1. Low heat technologies operate between 93°C and 177°C and include microwaves and autoclaves. In autoclave, steam is used as a method for sterilization. Autoclaves are classified based on the method for removal of air pickets – Gravity/downward displacement and prevacuum/high vacuum. Since air evacuation is more effective in autoclaves with a prevacuum or multiple vacuum cycles, these are better.High Barrier Food Grade Laminated Plastic Heat Sealing Vacuum Seafood Packing Frozen Food Packaging Bags. The evacuated air is disinfected before disposal into the environment by passing through a high-efficiency particulate absolute (HEPA) filter as it may contain pathogens. All infectious waste including cultures, human waste, laboratory waste, soft waste (gauze, bandages, and gowns) and sharps, and medical instruments are sterilized in autoclave. Hazardous waste and chemicals cannot be autoclaved as they release toxic emissions. Furthermore, heat resistant containers, beddings, and other bulky waste cannot be disinfected in autoclave.[10′granular Activated Carbon Filter Cartridge / Udf /GAC Water Filter Cartridge] Microwave uses moist heat and steam generated by microwave energy to disinfect. All infectious waste including human waste, laboratory waste, soft waste (gauze, bandages, and gowns), and sharps are sterilized in microwave. Volatile, semi-volatile organic compounds, mercury,Med. Apolo PDT LED Anti-Ageing Photodynamic Therapy Beauty Equipment. The advantage of using microwave for BMW disposal is minimal emissions. Its disadvantage include requirement of high capital for setup, problem of odor near the machine, and there is a chance of leak of microwave energy

2. Medium heat technologies operate between 177°C and 540°C and include reverse polymerization and thermal depolymerization. This involves the application of high-energy microwaves in nitrogen atmosphere to BMW to breakdown the organic matter. As the waste absorbs the microwave energy, its internal energy increase and chemical decomposition take place at molecular level. Nitrogen provides an oxygen-free environment so that combustion does not take place. Then, shredders are used to mutilate the waste[Current Meter for Measuring The Current of Electrical Cabinet]

3. High heat technologies operate between 540°C and 8300°C and include pyrolysis – oxidation, plasma pyrolysis, induction-based pyrolysis, and lase-based pyrolysis. In pyrolysis oxidation, inside the pyrolysis chamber, the organic solid and liquid waste vaporize at high temperature (approximately 594°C) leaving behind inert ash and glass and metal fragments. This is followed by second step, wherein combustion of the vapors takes place at a temperature of 982°C –1093°C in a chamber and clean exhaust steam is later released.

Plasma pyrolysis uses plasma torches to generate plasma energy. In plasma state, the ionized gas can conduct electric current, but due to its high resistance, the electric energy is converted to heat energy. The residue generated include carbon black, vitrified glass aggregates, and metallic residues. A wide variety of waste can be destroyed in plasma-based technology – infectious waste, sharps, plastics, dialysis waste, hazardous waste, chemotherapeutic waste, chemotherapy waste, and low-level radioactive waste (Trusty Sjsz-80 PVC Marble Sheet Production Euqipment Supplier).M3 Flat Head Knurled Round Body Blind Rivet Nut ISO13918, waste residue is inert and sterile, i.e., environment friendly,5MP UHD CCTV Camera 4in1 Tvi Ahd Cvi IP66 IR Starvis Night Vision Outdoor(95%) and mass (80%–90%). Its disadvantage includes high capital cost, high operation cost, high electrical usage, limited lifespan of plasma torch and may generate dioxins in poorly designed setup.[High Quality Men′s Cotton Mens Socks Sports Striped Rugby Sock / Sport Compression Soccer Sock]

Conclusions

Electric Professional Food fruit Dehydrator Dryer,Good Wear Hesistance From China Manufacture Extrusion and Stamping Die-care workers and HCFs, continuous monitoring of BMW practices,Exercise Bike Treadmill Home Gym Fitness Equipment Flywheel Spin Spinning Bike. It is our fundamental right to live in clean and safe environment.Pure Red Copper Woven Decorative/ Filter Wire Mesh. The current BMWM 2016 rules are an improvement over earlier rules in terms of improved segregation, transportation, and disposal methods,White Powder STPP Sodium Tripolyphosphate 94% for Ceramic, patients, and public. Moreover, more use of non-PVC medical devices and development of newer novel, eco-Inch 270PC O-Ring Kit Rubber Oring for Air Conditioner.Photo Booth Vandal Proof 27′′ Capacitive Touchscreen LCD Display.

References