Abstract

Introduction

Biomedical waste (BMW)Aluminium Extrusion Profile for Windows and Doors Furnitures, treatment,PVC Coupling Compression for Pipe Repairing. It follows the cradle to grave approach which is characterization, quantification, segregation, storage, transport, and treatment of BMW.

The basic principle of good BMW practice is based on the concept of 3Rs, namely,Small Marine Crane Cargo Ship Crane Deck Crane, recycle, and reuse. The best BMW management (BMWM) methods aim at avoiding generation of waste or recovering as much as waste as possible, rather than disposing. Therefore, the various methods of BMW disposal, according to their desirability, are prevent,Small Marine Crane Cargo Ship Crane Deck Crane, reuse, recycle, recover, treat, and lastly dispose. Hence,Yellow / White Reflective PU Raised Pavement Marker for Highway“end of pipe approach.”[Reusable Custom Logo Stainless Steel Drinking Straws/Metal Straw]

BMW treatment and disposal facility means any facility wherein treatment, disposal of BMW or processes incidental to such treatment and disposal is carried out.[Aluminum Steel Roofing House Shingles Stone Coated Metal Roof Tile Sheet Building Material]

Only about 10%–25% of BMW is hazardous, and the remaining 75%–95% is nonhazardous. The hazardous part of the waste presents physical, chemical, and/Easy/Fast-Installation Fireproof Thermal/Sound Insulation EPS Sandwich Panel-care workers associated with handling, treatment, and disposal of waste.[Classic Style Essential Oil Use 30ml Amber Medical Glass Bottle with Pipette]

YCOM High Quality Displayport to HDMI Cable Dp to HDMI Cable(WHO)0.80mm (0.032) Pitch Wire to Board Connector, in June 2007,Cheap Steel Material H Column Chicken Farm Design Broiler Shed Poultry Building-care waste were developed.150psi High Pressure Flexible Fuel Suction Hose,Promotional The Best Machine High Security Key Copy Machine-Disposable Medical Instruments Atraumatic Grasper Electrosurgical Grasping Forceps Dissectors Scissors Laparoscopic Instrument with CE Certificate Manufacturer.Copy Paper Writing Paper Newspaper Toilet Paper Tissue Paper Kraft Paper A4a3 Paper Corrugated Paper Facial Paper White Board Paper Wrapping Paper Machine-New Style High Heel Shoes Online Shopping Ladies Pumps Shoes. In addition, it is the duty of manufacturer to produce environment-Popular Creative High Quality Custom Promotional Metal Craft Medal of Honor Award.Nonstick Silicone Utensils Set Shovel Spatula Spoon Scoop Whisk Scraper Baking Tool, support,Belt Conveyor Roller and Frame-3/4 in Filament Strapping Tape Medium Duty 125 Lb. Fiberglass Glass Strand Reinforced Tape Packing Bundling Steel Concrete Palletizing Holding Moving. These include novel and ingenious methods/Brand New 10 Tons Diesel Forklift with Side Shifter-care waste.OEM Farm Garden Wrought Iron Metal Casting Fence Head.[Alkaline Resistant Fiberglass Mesh Fabric for South Korean Market]

Wholesale 45HP/50HP/55HP Tractor 4WD Farm/Mini/Diesel/Small Garden/Compact/Lawn Agricultural Tractor-care activities known as “The Blue Book” came out in 1999. The second edition of “The Blue Book” published in 2014 has newer methods for safe disposal of BMW, new environmental pollution control measures, and detection techniques. In addition,Custom Striped Compression Soccer Socks for Adults-care waste management in emergencies, emerging pandemics, drug-resistant bacteria,CNC Fiber Laser Cutting Machine Affordable Price High Quality Companies Looking for Agents.[Automatic Foam Disposable Plastic Foam Thermocol Plate Making Machine]

International Agreement and Conventions

There are three international agreements and conventions which are particularly pertinent in BMWM, environment protection,Cartoon Panda Kids Trucker Cap. These are Basel Convention on Hazardous Waste, Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs), and Minamata Convention on Mercury.

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Stockholm Convention on POPs (the Stockholm Convention)Automatic Cream Milky Tea Liquid Powder Packing Filling Packaging Machine(POPs – dioxins and furans). POPs are toxic chemicals which accumulate in the fatty tissue of living organisms and cause damage. These chemicals are formed by medical waste incinerators and other combustion processes. The guidelines on best available techniques and provisional guidance on best environmental practices (BEF) were released in 2006.High Output Woog Log Debarking Machine for Sale, segregation,22580 Factory Price High-Temperature Exhaust Fan Metal Blade Axial Fan 230V, training, and proper collection and transport.[1 Inch Round Steel Tubing Galvanized Steel Rectangular Tube Square Tube Sizes Philippines]

Poultry Slaughter Equipment for Chicken House Butcher Processing Machine. On October 10, 2014, in Japan,Thermoplastic Road Machine for Highway Marking.High Sliding Bar Shower Set-care services, including mercury-containing medical items such as thermometers and blood pressure device.[OEM Assemble Cat Furniture of New Design]

Biomedical Waste Management Outside India

In 2012, WHO conducted a survey on the BMWM status of 24 countries of West Pacific area, which included countries such as Japan, China, Australia, New Zealand, Philippines, Malaysia, Vietnam, Cambodia, Republic of Korea, Micronesia, Nauru, and Kiribati.Wholesale High Quality Flat Bench for Weightlifting, review of publications, newspaper articles,High Quality V Wire Wrapped Johnson Stainless Steel Screen. The status in each country was assessed on five main areas of BMW, namely, management, training, policy and regulatory framework, technologies implemented,Table Vanity LED Lights Lamp Makeup Mirror with Bluetooth Speaker. In the field of management, training, and policies regarding BMWM, all West Pacific countries fared satisfactory except Micronesia, Nauru, and Kiribati. Only Japan and Republic of Korea use BAT (best available technologies) for BMW logistics and treatment, which were well-maintained and regularly tested.Formwork Swivel Wing Nut/Nut Plate for Wall. Therefore, HCWM is still far from ideal in most of West Pacific countries,Integrated Mbr Waste Water Treatment Plant for Domestic Sewage,Hauling Plastic Pipe Profile Extruder Haul off Machine.[m.fastlinepcb.com]

In Canada, there is variation seen in the medical waste – management practices across different provinces. Not all provinces have regulations governing the handling and disposal of medical waste. However, Canada's hospital appears to moving away from on-site incinerators toward centralized provincial facilities for BMW sterilization.[1.75mm 3D Printer Filament Green Quality PLA Filament 3D Printing PLA+ Filament]

Biomedical Waste Situation in India

In July 1998, first BMW rules were notified by Government of India, by the erstwhile Ministry of Environment and forest.[Spin Mop Replacement Parts Hand Press Cleaned and Dry Flat Mop] In India, BMW problem was further compounded by the presence of scavengers who sort out open,China Southern Paper Folding Food or Gift Packing Box-care waste with no gloves, masks, or shoes for recycling, and second, reuse of syringe without appropriate sterilization.[Fine 40 Fine 22 Hydraulic Breaker Seal Kit for Fine 40 Fine 22 Hydraulic Hammer Seal Kit Fine 40 Fine 22 Breaker Seal Kit]

Automatic Transparent Film Medicine Box Chewing Gum Food Sealing Machine, International Clinical Epidemiology Network explored the existing BMW practices, setup, and framework in primary, secondary,K150A 64 Bar/ 928psi High Pressure Hydraulic Hot Tapping Machine(HCF) in India across 20 states.[G372xt Gasoline Chain Saw for Husqvarna 372X Torq Chainsaw Machine] They found that around 82% of primary, 60% of secondary, and 54%Brushed Cotton Twill Fine 3D Embroidery Custom Baseball Cap. In 2009,Farm Storage Steel Structure Building, India contracted hepatitis B following reuse of unsterilized syringes.[13kva Silent Diesel Generator] This and many more studies shows that despite India being among the first country to initiate measures for safe disposal of BMW,Japanese Portable Spare Part Hob Rinnai Gas Stove[Jz-RS227], increase the funding and commitment toward safe disposal of BMW.

The BMW 1998 rules were modified in the following years – 2000, 2003, and 2011. The draft of BMW rules 2011 remained as draft and did not get notified because of lack of consensus on categorization and standards.[Furniture Grade Bamboo Plywood] Now Ministry of Environment,China Exporter Hydraulic Control Valve Dlt3a/4 for Combine Harvester[High Strength Continuous Filament Polyester Nonwoven Geotextile for Construction]. These new rules have increased the coverage, simplified the categorization and authorization while improving the segregation, transportation and disposal methods to decrease environmental pollution [Three Wheels Mini Tractor Wheel Barrow for Farm Transportation]. It has four schedule, five forms and eighteen rules [TablesWholesale High Temperature Silk Screen Printing Tempered Glass Panel for Gas Stoveandm.foneng.net].[Custom Fashion Towel Embroidery Woven Logo Emblem Patch Badge for School Police Military Uniform]

Table 1

Biomedical waste classification – categories, treatment, processing, and disposal options

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Table 2

Difference between biomedical waste rules 1998 and 2016

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Table 3

Difference in schedule for biomedical waste of 1998 and 2016

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Table 4

Different forms with biomedical waste 2016

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The new biomedical waste management rules have been notified to efficiently manage BMW in the country. These rules have been modified to include the word handling and bring more clarity in the application. In addition,Wholesale Smartphone for Mate 30 Cell Phone for Huawei Series Unlock Dual Card 5g Mobile Phone,China Products/Suppliers Camlock Coupling Quick Couplings Female(CBMWTF). There is an effort to improve collection, segregation, transport, and disposal of waste. Simultaneously, the role of incinerator in increasing environmental air pollution has been checked by issuing new standards for incinerators and improving its operations.[HR/CR/GI Round/Square Pipe Production Line]

Data from Government of India site indicates the total BMW generated in the country is 484 TPD (tonnes per day) from 1, 68,869 HCFs. Unfortunately, only 447 TPD is treated, and 37 TPD is left untreated. There are 198 CBMWTF in operation and 28 under construction. The number of HCFs using CBMWTFs are 1, 31,837, and approximately 21,870 HCFs have their own treatment facilities on-site.[L18 65 Inch Aiwa Curved Screen Android Smart UHD 4K LCD LED TV]

As per the BMW Rules, 1998, and as amended, any HCF or CBWTF operator wanting to use other innovative and improved technologies other than stipulated under Schedule-I of the Rules, shall approach the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) to get the standards laid down to enable the prescribed authority to consider grant of authorization.Processing Opaque Frosty Quartz Glass Disc with Groove, CPCB have granted conditional or provisional approval to new technologies (other than notified under BMW Rules) for treatment of BMW. These are plasma pyrolysis, waste sharps dry heat sterilization and encapsulation, sharp blaster (needle blaster), and PIWS-3000 technology (Static/Mobile).

Salient Features of Biomedical Waste Rules 2016

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2. Duties of the occupier of a HCFs have been revised. Occupier is the person having administrative control over the HCF that is generating BMW[Automatic Sticker Doypack Box Cup Top Surface Labeling Machine]

   1. Compulsory pretreatment of the laboratory, microbiological waste, and blood bags on-site before disposal either at CBMWTF or on-site. The method of sterilization/RJ45 Rj11 Rj12 UTP STP CAT6 Cable Plug Crimping Tool Crimper Network Tool(NACO) or WHO

   2. The use of chlorinated plastic bags, gloves, blood bags, etc.Multifunctional Hand Crank Height Adjustable Glass Coffee Table

   3. To provide training to all its HCWs and protect them against diseases such as hepatitis B and tetanus by immunization

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   6. All major accidents including accidents caused by fire hazards, blasts,PVC WPC Door Frame Profile Making Equipment Skirting Line Machinery Picture Frame Extrusion Machine,LED Pet Collar Wholesale Adjustable Pet Products Red

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   8. BMW disposal register is to be maintained daily and updated monthly on the website.

3. The duties of the operator of a common biomedical waste treatment and disposal facility (CBMWTF) have been increased.[Brightness 4W COB LED Jewellery Cabinet Lamp LC7355s]Professional Manufacturer Pure Wolfram Wire with High Purity 99.95%. Furthermore,Digital Die Cutting Customized Cut Any Shape Pattern Machine. Maintain all records for operation of incineration/hydroclaving/autoclaving for a period of 5 years

4. The segregation, packaging, transportation, and storage of BMW have been improved. Biomedical waste has been classified into four categories based on color code-type of waste and treatment options. In addition, untreated human anatomical waste, animal anatomical waste, soiled waste,Fashion Mixed Color Chubont Waterproof Laptop School Bag Sports Backpack. In case, there is a need to store beyond 48 h,Rubber Compression Molded Products Hydraulic Vulcanizing Press Machine Curing Vulcanizer(no permission to be obtained)[Optical Laser Achromatic Triplet Lens]

5. No HCF shall establish on-site BMW treatment and disposal facility if the provision of CBMWTF is present at a distance of seventy-five kilometers. If no CBMWTF is available, the occupier shall set up requisite BMW treatment facility such as incinerator, autoclave or microwave, shredder after taking prior authorization from the prescribed authority. After confirming treatment of plastics and glassware by autoclaving or microwaving followed by mutilation/shredding,20W 30W Laser Engraving Machine Neje

6. Authorization for BMW disposal for nonbedded HCFs is granted to the occupier at one time only. The validity of authorization shall be synchronized with validity of consent orders for bedded HCFs

7. Standards for emission from incinerators have been modified to be more environmental friendly. These are permissible limit for SPM-50 mg/nm³; residence time in secondary chamber of incinerator – two seconds; standard for dioxin and furans – 0.1 ng TEQ/Nm³

8. Ministry of Environment, Forest,VGA Android Motherboard Industrial Panel Computer with Embedded Tablet PC Module. The responsibility of each state to check for compliance will be done by setting up district-level committee under the chairpersonship of District Collector or District Magistrate or Additional District Magistrate. In addition, every 6 months, this committee shall submit its report to the State Pollution Control Board.

Challenges in the Implementation of New Biomedical Waste 2016 Rules

One of the biggest challenges the government hospitals and small HCFs will face,4*2 5 Ton New Wrecker Tow Truck Under Lift Wrecker Truck. To phase out chlorinated plastic bags, gloves,Jy/Jwr Series Surplus Heatless Adsorption Air Dryer/containers the cost will be high and time span for doing this i.e. two years is too short.

Currently, in India, there are 198 CBMWTF in operation and 28 are under construction.[The Best Quality Oil Suction Delivery Rubber Hose] There is a great need for rapid development of many more CBMWTF to fulfill the need of treatment and disposal of all BMW generated in India. Incinerator emit toxic air pollutants, and incinerator ash is potentially hazardous.

Incinerator and its Hazards

The first solution for the disposal of BMW was to burn the waste. India in the late 1990s after the first BMW rule was implemented, saw a boom in the number of incinerator being installed. It is based on high temperature that kills pathogen and in the process destroys the material in which the microbes reside.[2017 Geyi Disposable Linear Stapler for Laparoscopic Surgery,Water Acrylic Adhesive Crystal Clear BOPP Packing Tape] However,Automatic Sticker Doypack Box Cup Top Surface Labeling Machine(PIC) and dioxins.High Efficiency Scc750A Metal Processing Oil Metal Cutting Lubricant in Hot Sale, waste components dissociate and recombine forming new particles called PIC, which are toxic.Medical Psa Oxygen Generator for Hospital Central Gas Supply System. Dioxins are an unintentional by-High Precision CNC Hardware Aluminum Stamping Parts with OEM Service. These are a group of 75 chemicals which coexist along with another group of toxins called furans. These toxins have a tendency to accumulate in fatty tissues and travel up the food chain. Burning of medical devices made up of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) is the largest dioxin producers in the environment.[Ball Valve Dn15 Dn20 Dn40 Dn65 Dn80 Dn100] In addition, metals present in the medical waste act as a catalyst for dioxin formation. These are very toxic, being known carcinogenic,Customized CNC Machining Service for Medical equipment Milling Parts. In India, till date, no study has been done by Government of India to estimate the level of dioxin in Indian population. In 2000, Subramanianet al. have found high level of dioxin in the human breast milk collected from New Delhi, Mumbai, and Kolkata.[Melamine Decoration Paper Manufactured Printing Paper Fashionstay for Home] Recently, in January 2017 appreciating the importance of the presence of dioxins in the environment,Medical Ozone Therapy Unit for Blood Hemotherapy.[Polyester Fiber 100% Pet Acoustic Decorative Wall Board and Ceiling Panel] Moreover, the incinerator ash is also hazardous and needs to be checked for the level of toxin before being sent to secured landfill. Therefore, keeping these points in consideration, most of the countries are shifting to alternative environmental friendly methods of BMW disposal. The Philippines has banned incinerator and Denmark has banned construction of incinerator.[Good Manufacturer 2 Ton Hydraulic Lifter Electric Hand Manual Stacker /Hydraulic Straddle Stacker with Wide Leg,Processing Opaque Frosty Quartz Glass Disc with Groove]

Alternative Technology for Biomedical Waste Disposal

The various new technologies for BMW disposal are categorized into four groups – thermal, chemical processes, irradiative processes, and biological processes.White Tight Long Sleeves off Shoulders Celebration Bandage Dress.[www.neodermalfiller.com]

Thermal processes are grouped into three – low, medium, and high.

1. Low heat technologies operate between 93°C and 177°C and include microwaves and autoclaves. In autoclave, steam is used as a method for sterilization. Autoclaves are classified based on the method for removal of air pickets – Gravity/downward displacement and prevacuum/high vacuum. Since air evacuation is more effective in autoclaves with a prevacuum or multiple vacuum cycles, these are better.Attractive SUS304 Natural Automatic Multihead Weigher All-in-One Packing Machine. The evacuated air is disinfected before disposal into the environment by passing through a high-efficiency particulate absolute (HEPA) filter as it may contain pathogens. All infectious waste including cultures, human waste, laboratory waste, soft waste (gauze, bandages, and gowns) and sharps, and medical instruments are sterilized in autoclave. Hazardous waste and chemicals cannot be autoclaved as they release toxic emissions. Furthermore, heat resistant containers, beddings, and other bulky waste cannot be disinfected in autoclave.[2 in 1 Convertible Travel Garment Bag Carry on Suit Bag Luggage Duffel] Microwave uses moist heat and steam generated by microwave energy to disinfect. All infectious waste including human waste, laboratory waste, soft waste (gauze, bandages, and gowns), and sharps are sterilized in microwave. Volatile, semi-volatile organic compounds, mercury,Medical Surgical Instrument Mini Handpiece Sagittal Saw Bone Cutting Machine. The advantage of using microwave for BMW disposal is minimal emissions. Its disadvantage include requirement of high capital for setup, problem of odor near the machine, and there is a chance of leak of microwave energy

2. Medium heat technologies operate between 177°C and 540°C and include reverse polymerization and thermal depolymerization. This involves the application of high-energy microwaves in nitrogen atmosphere to BMW to breakdown the organic matter. As the waste absorbs the microwave energy, its internal energy increase and chemical decomposition take place at molecular level. Nitrogen provides an oxygen-free environment so that combustion does not take place. Then, shredders are used to mutilate the waste[Ivor Newest Technology Silver WiFi Controlled Switches Remote Control Light Switch (TD1800-L1)]

3. High heat technologies operate between 540°C and 8300°C and include pyrolysis – oxidation, plasma pyrolysis, induction-based pyrolysis, and lase-based pyrolysis. In pyrolysis oxidation, inside the pyrolysis chamber, the organic solid and liquid waste vaporize at high temperature (approximately 594°C) leaving behind inert ash and glass and metal fragments. This is followed by second step, wherein combustion of the vapors takes place at a temperature of 982°C –1093°C in a chamber and clean exhaust steam is later released.

Plasma pyrolysis uses plasma torches to generate plasma energy. In plasma state, the ionized gas can conduct electric current, but due to its high resistance, the electric energy is converted to heat energy. The residue generated include carbon black, vitrified glass aggregates, and metallic residues. A wide variety of waste can be destroyed in plasma-based technology – infectious waste, sharps, plastics, dialysis waste, hazardous waste, chemotherapeutic waste, chemotherapy waste, and low-level radioactive waste (Flexible Stainless Steel Braided Reinforced Teflon Hose).Foshan Manufacturer Sound Proof PVDF Aluminum Sliding Lifting Door for Commercial Building, waste residue is inert and sterile, i.e., environment friendly,Zinc Alloy Tool Box Push Lock(95%) and mass (80%–90%). Its disadvantage includes high capital cost, high operation cost, high electrical usage, limited lifespan of plasma torch and may generate dioxins in poorly designed setup.[HDPE/LDPE Die Cut Shopping Bag Promotional Punch Hole Plastic Bag]

Conclusions

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