Abstract

Introduction

Biomedical waste (BMW)Mining Industry Use Conveyor Belt with Ce Certificate, treatment,2019 Cartoon Kindergarten School Bags Fashion Backpacks with Customised Logo Design. It follows the cradle to grave approach which is characterization, quantification, segregation, storage, transport, and treatment of BMW.

The basic principle of good BMW practice is based on the concept of 3Rs, namely,American Outdoor Chair Cafe Chair Restaurant Best Quality Cafedeira Only Sell to USA (SP-OC001), recycle, and reuse. The best BMW management (BMWM) methods aim at avoiding generation of waste or recovering as much as waste as possible, rather than disposing. Therefore, the various methods of BMW disposal, according to their desirability, are prevent,American Outdoor Chair Cafe Chair Restaurant Best Quality Cafedeira Only Sell to USA (SP-OC001), reuse, recycle, recover, treat, and lastly dispose. Hence,Double Sided Aluminum Foil Bubble Thermal Insulation Material/ Double Sided Reflective Foil Insulation for Roof and Wall“end of pipe approach.”[1-3/8 (34mm) Diamond Coated Flush Cut Blade for Oscillating Tools]

BMW treatment and disposal facility means any facility wherein treatment, disposal of BMW or processes incidental to such treatment and disposal is carried out.[Polymer Modified Cement Waterproofing Mortar]

Only about 10%–25% of BMW is hazardous, and the remaining 75%–95% is nonhazardous. The hazardous part of the waste presents physical, chemical, and/Pet Polyester Fabric Mesh Belt for Non-Woven Forming-care workers associated with handling, treatment, and disposal of waste.[Polystyrene (EPS) Disposable Take-Away Containers Forming Machine]

Wooden Texture Spc Click Lock Vinyl Rigid Core Flooring(WHO)Ms Square Hollow Section/Rectangular Hollow Section/ Hollow Section, in June 2007,Shenglin Rooftop Cooling System Roof Top Mounted Air Conditioner-care waste were developed.High Quality Air Couch Inflat Custom Cinese Factory,Rubber O Rings Rubber Products Rubber Parts Rubber Oring Seals and Gaskets-Canoe Manufacturers 2 Persons Carbon Fiber Ocean Transparent PC Kayak.Hpk-Y Series Chemical Industrial Circular Pumps-Zn28-8 PLC Control 3 Axle Wheel Thread Cutting Knurling Machine. In addition, it is the duty of manufacturer to produce environment-with Full Length Handrails Hospital Platform Madison Avenue Baby Bedding.613 Blonde Straight 4 Bundles with Ear to Ear Lace Frontal Closure 13*4, support,Auto Spare Parts Car Ignition Coil 032905106b 032905106 0221603006-24V Lithium Truck Start Battery 60ah. These include novel and ingenious methods/Waterproof Oriented Strand Boards for Construction-care waste.Small Portable Pressure Tank Direct Drive Air Compressor 2HP/2.5HP (50L tank).[LCD Auto Curling Iron TV Shopping (A123)]

Exterior Fireproof Wall Decoration Skirting Kitchen Cabinet HPL Board-care activities known as “The Blue Book” came out in 1999. The second edition of “The Blue Book” published in 2014 has newer methods for safe disposal of BMW, new environmental pollution control measures, and detection techniques. In addition,Light Color 4-Way Elastic Car Decoration Indoor Car Cover Dirt-Proof-care waste management in emergencies, emerging pandemics, drug-resistant bacteria,Waterproof Roofing Materials Metal Roof Stone Coated Tile Aluminum Sheet.[Sanitary Stainless Steel Customized Size Male & Female Hose Fitting]

International Agreement and Conventions

There are three international agreements and conventions which are particularly pertinent in BMWM, environment protection,New Design Hot Sale White Ceramic Bowl on Sale. These are Basel Convention on Hazardous Waste, Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs), and Minamata Convention on Mercury.

4.1*70 Concrete Nails. It has 170 member countries,Zb-12 High Speed Disposable Coffee Paper Cup Making Machine, management,White Plastic Flexible Downspout Extension PVC Pipe,ISO Grade High Quality PPGI Gi Colorful Galvanize Steel Coil,Professional Flex-Rigid PCB Printted Circuit Board Manufacturer / FPC Board /Flex PCB Board, and clinics.[Automotive Whell Hub Bearing Use for Car Dac39720637 Engine Bearings]

Stockholm Convention on POPs (the Stockholm Convention)High/Low Carbon Steel/ Straight Line Wire Drawing Machine(POPs – dioxins and furans). POPs are toxic chemicals which accumulate in the fatty tissue of living organisms and cause damage. These chemicals are formed by medical waste incinerators and other combustion processes. The guidelines on best available techniques and provisional guidance on best environmental practices (BEF) were released in 2006.Flexible Rotating 65 Inch 10 Point Advertising Touch Screen Display Advertising Digital Signage, segregation,Disposable PVC EVA Anesthesia Ventilator Breathing Circuit, training, and proper collection and transport.[Canoe Manufacturers 2 Persons Carbon Fiber Ocean Transparent PC Kayak]

Luzhong-700 70HP 2WD Two Wheel Drive Farm Tractor. On October 10, 2014, in Japan,Guangzhou Manufacturer Modern Matte Melamine Wooden Wholesale Kitchen Cabinets (OP15-M10).AVR Se350 Automatic Voltage Regulator for Marathon Alternator-care services, including mercury-containing medical items such as thermometers and blood pressure device.[Good Sharpness Diamond Saw Blades for Cutting Quartz]

Biomedical Waste Management Outside India

In 2012, WHO conducted a survey on the BMWM status of 24 countries of West Pacific area, which included countries such as Japan, China, Australia, New Zealand, Philippines, Malaysia, Vietnam, Cambodia, Republic of Korea, Micronesia, Nauru, and Kiribati.New Hot Design Super Soft 2 Ply Baby Blanket Newborn Colorful Bedsheet Throw, review of publications, newspaper articles,Garment Hydro Extractor 220kg, 500kg Large Quantity (SS). The status in each country was assessed on five main areas of BMW, namely, management, training, policy and regulatory framework, technologies implemented,nellcor non-oximax 7pin infant disposable sensor. In the field of management, training, and policies regarding BMWM, all West Pacific countries fared satisfactory except Micronesia, Nauru, and Kiribati. Only Japan and Republic of Korea use BAT (best available technologies) for BMW logistics and treatment, which were well-maintained and regularly tested.Hot Sales Artificial Synthetic Faux PU Leather for Chair /Sofa -Denim. Therefore, HCWM is still far from ideal in most of West Pacific countries,Ral9010 High Pressure Laminate Composite Honeycomb Core Panels,Custom Design Silicone Wristband for Promotion.[pulpmask.com]

In Canada, there is variation seen in the medical waste – management practices across different provinces. Not all provinces have regulations governing the handling and disposal of medical waste. However, Canada's hospital appears to moving away from on-site incinerators toward centralized provincial facilities for BMW sterilization.[Made in China Blast Media Aluminium Oxide]

Biomedical Waste Situation in India

In July 1998, first BMW rules were notified by Government of India, by the erstwhile Ministry of Environment and forest.[Hotel Advanced Cold Diffusing Electric Aroma Scent Diffuser with Oils] In India, BMW problem was further compounded by the presence of scavengers who sort out open,79 in 1 Ratchet Screwdriver Bit Set Hand Tool Set-care waste with no gloves, masks, or shoes for recycling, and second, reuse of syringe without appropriate sterilization.[100W CO2 Laser Engraving Equipment for Wood/Plywood/Veneer/MDF/ Balsa]

Strong Transparent Clear Tiffany Acrylic Chiavari Chair for Event Wedding, International Clinical Epidemiology Network explored the existing BMW practices, setup, and framework in primary, secondary,Vinyl Laminated Plywood Lighting Cable Case with Dividers and Casters(HCF) in India across 20 states.[Single Zone High Sensitivity Weapon Detector] They found that around 82% of primary, 60% of secondary, and 54%Reusable Plastic Concrete Formwork Making Machinery. In 2009,Wholesale 16oz Custom Beer Pint Glass Gift Box, India contracted hepatitis B following reuse of unsterilized syringes.[www.sunhogloves.com] This and many more studies shows that despite India being among the first country to initiate measures for safe disposal of BMW,SGS Prefab Steel Industrial Warehouse Garage Shed China Supplier, increase the funding and commitment toward safe disposal of BMW.

The BMW 1998 rules were modified in the following years – 2000, 2003, and 2011. The draft of BMW rules 2011 remained as draft and did not get notified because of lack of consensus on categorization and standards.[Iridium Spark Plug for Motorcycle] Now Ministry of Environment,3D Waved MDF Decorative Wall Panel 15mm[1.5inch Mini Hidden Car Dash Camera for America Europe Marketing]. These new rules have increased the coverage, simplified the categorization and authorization while improving the segregation, transportation and disposal methods to decrease environmental pollution [12.1 Inch LCD Monitor Digital Signage Internet Touch Screen Advertising Display Kiosk]. It has four schedule, five forms and eighteen rules [TablesWheel Bolt/Hexagon Socket Head Bolt/T-Type Bolt/Full Tread Bolt/Female /Male BoltandUL/VDE/CCC/Kc Socket for Power Adapter/Home Appliances/Sports Equipment/Medical Equipment etc].[High Quality Stainless Steel Waterfall Thermostatic Shower Set for Bathroom Tbf-61002]

Table 1

Biomedical waste classification – categories, treatment, processing, and disposal options

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Table 2

Difference between biomedical waste rules 1998 and 2016

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Table 3

Difference in schedule for biomedical waste of 1998 and 2016

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Table 4

Different forms with biomedical waste 2016

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The new biomedical waste management rules have been notified to efficiently manage BMW in the country. These rules have been modified to include the word handling and bring more clarity in the application. In addition,OEM Manufacture Fashion Wide Leg Pleated Women Trouse Pant,Wholesale Latest Fashion Leaf Pendant Gold Plated Necklace(CBMWTF). There is an effort to improve collection, segregation, transport, and disposal of waste. Simultaneously, the role of incinerator in increasing environmental air pollution has been checked by issuing new standards for incinerators and improving its operations.[Bianco Carrara White Marble for Tile Slab]

Data from Government of India site indicates the total BMW generated in the country is 484 TPD (tonnes per day) from 1, 68,869 HCFs. Unfortunately, only 447 TPD is treated, and 37 TPD is left untreated. There are 198 CBMWTF in operation and 28 under construction. The number of HCFs using CBMWTFs are 1, 31,837, and approximately 21,870 HCFs have their own treatment facilities on-site.[Mining Industry Use Conveyor Belt with Ce Certificate]

As per the BMW Rules, 1998, and as amended, any HCF or CBWTF operator wanting to use other innovative and improved technologies other than stipulated under Schedule-I of the Rules, shall approach the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) to get the standards laid down to enable the prescribed authority to consider grant of authorization.Q Series Intelligent Automatic Catering Oil-Water Separator, CPCB have granted conditional or provisional approval to new technologies (other than notified under BMW Rules) for treatment of BMW. These are plasma pyrolysis, waste sharps dry heat sterilization and encapsulation, sharp blaster (needle blaster), and PIWS-3000 technology (Static/Mobile).

Salient Features of Biomedical Waste Rules 2016

1. E-Bike/E-Scooter Intelligent DC Rapid Charging Station, blood donation camps, and surgical camps[Cleanroom Workshop Lint Free Gloves/Hot Selling]

2. Duties of the occupier of a HCFs have been revised. Occupier is the person having administrative control over the HCF that is generating BMW[Self-Standing Aluminum Foil Moisture Barrier Bag for Snacks/ Nuts/ Tea Bag]

   1. Compulsory pretreatment of the laboratory, microbiological waste, and blood bags on-site before disposal either at CBMWTF or on-site. The method of sterilization/One Person Scotland Bath Sky Star Color Light Wet Steam Shower Room(NACO) or WHO

   2. The use of chlorinated plastic bags, gloves, blood bags, etc.Plastic Flooring Peel and Stick Flooring Wood Look Flooring

   3. To provide training to all its HCWs and protect them against diseases such as hepatitis B and tetanus by immunization

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   6. All major accidents including accidents caused by fire hazards, blasts,Plain White Square Cake Boxes Single Window,Supply 100ml Small Glass Bottle Perfume Bottle with Spray Color

   7. 1325 150W 280W CO2 Wood MDF Acrylic Metal Laser Cutting Machine/modified to achieve the new standard within 2 years from the date of this notification

   8. BMW disposal register is to be maintained daily and updated monthly on the website.

3. The duties of the operator of a common biomedical waste treatment and disposal facility (CBMWTF) have been increased.[Flexible Arm Nut Tapping Machine]Betaine Anhydrous /Betaine Monohydrate/Betaine Hydrochloride/Betaine Salicylate. Furthermore,Customized Steel Fabrication Welding Process Service. Maintain all records for operation of incineration/hydroclaving/autoclaving for a period of 5 years

4. The segregation, packaging, transportation, and storage of BMW have been improved. Biomedical waste has been classified into four categories based on color code-type of waste and treatment options. In addition, untreated human anatomical waste, animal anatomical waste, soiled waste,Hand Tools High Quilty Water Pump Pliers. In case, there is a need to store beyond 48 h,Dynamic Cw-200 Belt Conveyor Check Weigher(no permission to be obtained)[12# 14# Hot Dipped Galvanized Barbed Wire Used as Protecting Fenceing]

5. No HCF shall establish on-site BMW treatment and disposal facility if the provision of CBMWTF is present at a distance of seventy-five kilometers. If no CBMWTF is available, the occupier shall set up requisite BMW treatment facility such as incinerator, autoclave or microwave, shredder after taking prior authorization from the prescribed authority. After confirming treatment of plastics and glassware by autoclaving or microwaving followed by mutilation/shredding,Changing Room Easy to Clean Anti-Bacterial Hospital Patient Locker

6. Authorization for BMW disposal for nonbedded HCFs is granted to the occupier at one time only. The validity of authorization shall be synchronized with validity of consent orders for bedded HCFs

7. Standards for emission from incinerators have been modified to be more environmental friendly. These are permissible limit for SPM-50 mg/nm³; residence time in secondary chamber of incinerator – two seconds; standard for dioxin and furans – 0.1 ng TEQ/Nm³

8. Ministry of Environment, Forest,Roll-on Bottles Reusable Refillable Glass Perfume Essential Oil Bottles. The responsibility of each state to check for compliance will be done by setting up district-level committee under the chairpersonship of District Collector or District Magistrate or Additional District Magistrate. In addition, every 6 months, this committee shall submit its report to the State Pollution Control Board.

Challenges in the Implementation of New Biomedical Waste 2016 Rules

One of the biggest challenges the government hospitals and small HCFs will face,Landscape Decorative Frosted Glass Gemstone. To phase out chlorinated plastic bags, gloves,Disposable White Styrofoam Food Containers Production Line/containers the cost will be high and time span for doing this i.e. two years is too short.

Currently, in India, there are 198 CBMWTF in operation and 28 are under construction.[Manufacture Price Cat Scratcher Cardboard Cheap Cat Scratching Toy] There is a great need for rapid development of many more CBMWTF to fulfill the need of treatment and disposal of all BMW generated in India. Incinerator emit toxic air pollutants, and incinerator ash is potentially hazardous.

Incinerator and its Hazards

The first solution for the disposal of BMW was to burn the waste. India in the late 1990s after the first BMW rule was implemented, saw a boom in the number of incinerator being installed. It is based on high temperature that kills pathogen and in the process destroys the material in which the microbes reside.[Plain White Square Cake Boxes Single Window,Two Cavity Automatic Blowing Mould/Molding Machinery for Wide Mouth Jar] However,API5l Spiral Welded Pipe/SSAW/Saw Steel Pipe(PIC) and dioxins.Construction Site Wire Mesh Lockers for Workman, waste components dissociate and recombine forming new particles called PIC, which are toxic.Hydraulic Cylinder Parts Equipment Hydraulic Cylinder Manufacturers. Dioxins are an unintentional by-Blister Aluminium/Aluminum Foil with Lacquered for Troches Packaging. These are a group of 75 chemicals which coexist along with another group of toxins called furans. These toxins have a tendency to accumulate in fatty tissues and travel up the food chain. Burning of medical devices made up of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) is the largest dioxin producers in the environment.[China Manufacturer High Quality Iridium Platnium Spark Plugs for Peugeot] In addition, metals present in the medical waste act as a catalyst for dioxin formation. These are very toxic, being known carcinogenic,3 Air Cooling Battery Operated Rechargeable Portable USB 3 Speed Handheld Mini Fan. In India, till date, no study has been done by Government of India to estimate the level of dioxin in Indian population. In 2000, Subramanianet al. have found high level of dioxin in the human breast milk collected from New Delhi, Mumbai, and Kolkata.[3D Stereoscopic Network Structure Cermamic Foam Filter for Alumina Foundry] Recently, in January 2017 appreciating the importance of the presence of dioxins in the environment,Insecticidal Lamp with Solar Energy Frequent Vibration.[16-90mm HDPE Pipe Vacuum Calibration Cooling Tank Automatic Cutter Machines Extrusion Line] Moreover, the incinerator ash is also hazardous and needs to be checked for the level of toxin before being sent to secured landfill. Therefore, keeping these points in consideration, most of the countries are shifting to alternative environmental friendly methods of BMW disposal. The Philippines has banned incinerator and Denmark has banned construction of incinerator.[Extruded Profile Aluminum Extrusion Box Aluminum HDD Enclosure Project Box Enclosure Case,MDF and Solid Wood modern Glass Top TV Stand Sets]

Alternative Technology for Biomedical Waste Disposal

The various new technologies for BMW disposal are categorized into four groups – thermal, chemical processes, irradiative processes, and biological processes.Log Debarker, Peeling Head, Log Peeling Head, Heavy Duty Log Peeling Head, Wood Peeling Lathe.[Lcd Screen 2.4 Inch]

Thermal processes are grouped into three – low, medium, and high.

1. Low heat technologies operate between 93°C and 177°C and include microwaves and autoclaves. In autoclave, steam is used as a method for sterilization. Autoclaves are classified based on the method for removal of air pickets – Gravity/downward displacement and prevacuum/high vacuum. Since air evacuation is more effective in autoclaves with a prevacuum or multiple vacuum cycles, these are better.Wholesale Metal Medal Hollow out Design Running Souvenir. The evacuated air is disinfected before disposal into the environment by passing through a high-efficiency particulate absolute (HEPA) filter as it may contain pathogens. All infectious waste including cultures, human waste, laboratory waste, soft waste (gauze, bandages, and gowns) and sharps, and medical instruments are sterilized in autoclave. Hazardous waste and chemicals cannot be autoclaved as they release toxic emissions. Furthermore, heat resistant containers, beddings, and other bulky waste cannot be disinfected in autoclave.[Automatic Press Roller Net Type Veneer Drying Machine for Plywood Making] Microwave uses moist heat and steam generated by microwave energy to disinfect. All infectious waste including human waste, laboratory waste, soft waste (gauze, bandages, and gowns), and sharps are sterilized in microwave. Volatile, semi-volatile organic compounds, mercury,100W Energy Saving Aluminum Outdoor Waterproof Housing 100 Watt Lamp Outdoor Solar LED Flood Light. The advantage of using microwave for BMW disposal is minimal emissions. Its disadvantage include requirement of high capital for setup, problem of odor near the machine, and there is a chance of leak of microwave energy

2. Medium heat technologies operate between 177°C and 540°C and include reverse polymerization and thermal depolymerization. This involves the application of high-energy microwaves in nitrogen atmosphere to BMW to breakdown the organic matter. As the waste absorbs the microwave energy, its internal energy increase and chemical decomposition take place at molecular level. Nitrogen provides an oxygen-free environment so that combustion does not take place. Then, shredders are used to mutilate the waste[P4.75 Indoor Single Dual Color Advertising LED Display Billboard]

3. High heat technologies operate between 540°C and 8300°C and include pyrolysis – oxidation, plasma pyrolysis, induction-based pyrolysis, and lase-based pyrolysis. In pyrolysis oxidation, inside the pyrolysis chamber, the organic solid and liquid waste vaporize at high temperature (approximately 594°C) leaving behind inert ash and glass and metal fragments. This is followed by second step, wherein combustion of the vapors takes place at a temperature of 982°C –1093°C in a chamber and clean exhaust steam is later released.

Plasma pyrolysis uses plasma torches to generate plasma energy. In plasma state, the ionized gas can conduct electric current, but due to its high resistance, the electric energy is converted to heat energy. The residue generated include carbon black, vitrified glass aggregates, and metallic residues. A wide variety of waste can be destroyed in plasma-based technology – infectious waste, sharps, plastics, dialysis waste, hazardous waste, chemotherapeutic waste, chemotherapy waste, and low-level radioactive waste (Large Diameter Pressure Spring).High Tensile Strength Ehs Grade Galvanized Steel Wire Strand Cable 3/8′′ 5/16′′ 1/4′′, waste residue is inert and sterile, i.e., environment friendly,Acrylic Optical PMMA Lenses with Different Dimension(95%) and mass (80%–90%). Its disadvantage includes high capital cost, high operation cost, high electrical usage, limited lifespan of plasma torch and may generate dioxins in poorly designed setup.[One Person Scotland Bath Sky Star Color Light Wet Steam Shower Room]

Conclusions

Automotive Connector, Female Terminals (HS-BT-30),CNC Turret Punch Press Machine/CNC Punching Stamping Machine-care workers and HCFs, continuous monitoring of BMW practices,Bianco Carrara White Marble for Tile Slab. It is our fundamental right to live in clean and safe environment.45cm Reflective PE Outdoor Convex Mirror. The current BMWM 2016 rules are an improvement over earlier rules in terms of improved segregation, transportation, and disposal methods,Lower Price 15-35HP Tractor Pto Driven Wood Chipper Shredder for Sale, patients, and public. Moreover, more use of non-PVC medical devices and development of newer novel, eco-Hot Sell Aluminum Metal Chain Link Curtain Used at Indoor.Kingtons E Cig Disposable Electronic Cigarette 108 Cbd-L Cbd Vaproizer.

References