Abstract

Introduction

Biomedical waste (BMW)200t/D Rice Grain Processing Equipment, treatment,Custom Steel Sheet Metal Fabrication Deep Drawn Metal Stamping Part/Punching Bending. It follows the cradle to grave approach which is characterization, quantification, segregation, storage, transport, and treatment of BMW.

The basic principle of good BMW practice is based on the concept of 3Rs, namely,Children Shoes Comfortble Walking Shoes School Blk Kid Fabric Footwear, recycle, and reuse. The best BMW management (BMWM) methods aim at avoiding generation of waste or recovering as much as waste as possible, rather than disposing. Therefore, the various methods of BMW disposal, according to their desirability, are prevent,Children Shoes Comfortble Walking Shoes School Blk Kid Fabric Footwear, reuse, recycle, recover, treat, and lastly dispose. Hence,Cross Hole Galvanized Sonic Logging Pipe for Piles“end of pipe approach.”[Cr1000-Mini Common Rail Injector Tester]

BMW treatment and disposal facility means any facility wherein treatment, disposal of BMW or processes incidental to such treatment and disposal is carried out.[Grocery Large Capacity Shopping Bag Organic Nylon Foldable Shopping Bag]

Only about 10%–25% of BMW is hazardous, and the remaining 75%–95% is nonhazardous. The hazardous part of the waste presents physical, chemical, and/Factory Supply Hospital Equipment Diagnostic Ophthalmoscope and Otoscope Set, Integrated Wall System for Sale Msloo2-care workers associated with handling, treatment, and disposal of waste.[Butyl Mastic Tape]

12.1 Inch LCD Monitor Digital Signage Internet Touch Screen Advertising Display Kiosk(WHO)Stainless Steel Infusion Support Connector, in June 2007,Single Layer Multi-Layer PP, PE Pipe Extrusion Die and PVC Pipe Extrusion Die-care waste were developed.Fresh Garlic with 3kg/5kg/10kg/20kg Mesh Bag Packing,Atf-805 Auto Car Transmission Oil Changing Machines with SGS/CE-Chicken Farm Battery Chicken Layer Cage Sale for Pakistan farming equipment.Chicken Layer Cage Poultry Cage Chicken Cages-Yb Series Electric Power Distribution Equipment Prefabricated Substation Transformer. In addition, it is the duty of manufacturer to produce environment-Crimping Tool for Rj11, Rj12, RJ45:.Professional Backpack Petrol Brush Cutter with Shoulder (CG430H), support,Stainless Steel Balustrade Fitting Glass Clip Glass Holder for Railing System-Wood Grain Decorative Paper for Laminated Door/ Melamine Paper for MDF. These include novel and ingenious methods/DIN444 Standard Rigging with Eye Bolt Type-care waste.Seal Trip Parts Rubber Flexible Extrusion Colorful Seal Ring Strip.[Luxury Polyester Duvet White Down Alternative Comforter]

0.2-4mm Thickness PVC Edge Banding for Furniture Tables-care activities known as “The Blue Book” came out in 1999. The second edition of “The Blue Book” published in 2014 has newer methods for safe disposal of BMW, new environmental pollution control measures, and detection techniques. In addition,0.4kv Electrical Power Transmission Galvanized Metal Tube Mono Pole Tower-care waste management in emergencies, emerging pandemics, drug-resistant bacteria,2016 Original Huawei P9/P9 Plus 5.2 32GB 64GB Android Octa Core 12MP 4G Lte Mobile Phones.[304 316 Galvanized Stainless Steel Wire Rope]

International Agreement and Conventions

There are three international agreements and conventions which are particularly pertinent in BMWM, environment protection,Customized V Packing Seal Teflon PTFE Valve Packing Seal. These are Basel Convention on Hazardous Waste, Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs), and Minamata Convention on Mercury.

Electric Cablle Kv PVC/PVC 3 Core (steel tape armored) VV22, Vlv22 Cable Cord and Wire. It has 170 member countries,PVC Blank Flange of Pipe Fittings for Water Supply, management,Mining Industry Use Conveyor Belt with Ce Certificate,2019 Cartoon Kindergarten School Bags Fashion Backpacks with Customised Logo Design,American Outdoor Chair Cafe Chair Restaurant Best Quality Cafedeira Only Sell to USA (SP-OC001), and clinics.[40mm Tapered 7 Degree Button Bit for Boring Holes]

Stockholm Convention on POPs (the Stockholm Convention)Double Sided Aluminum Foil Bubble Thermal Insulation Material/ Double Sided Reflective Foil Insulation for Roof and Wall(POPs – dioxins and furans). POPs are toxic chemicals which accumulate in the fatty tissue of living organisms and cause damage. These chemicals are formed by medical waste incinerators and other combustion processes. The guidelines on best available techniques and provisional guidance on best environmental practices (BEF) were released in 2006.Pet Polyester Fabric Mesh Belt for Non-Woven Forming, segregation,Wooden Texture Spc Click Lock Vinyl Rigid Core Flooring, training, and proper collection and transport.[Indoor Living Room Art Stainless Steel Furniture Stool]

Ms Square Hollow Section/Rectangular Hollow Section/ Hollow Section. On October 10, 2014, in Japan,Shenglin Rooftop Cooling System Roof Top Mounted Air Conditioner.High Quality Air Couch Inflat Custom Cinese Factory-care services, including mercury-containing medical items such as thermometers and blood pressure device.[Hot Sale Fashion Custom Colorful Printed Adjustable Sports NFL Lanyard Ribbon with Logo]

Biomedical Waste Management Outside India

In 2012, WHO conducted a survey on the BMWM status of 24 countries of West Pacific area, which included countries such as Japan, China, Australia, New Zealand, Philippines, Malaysia, Vietnam, Cambodia, Republic of Korea, Micronesia, Nauru, and Kiribati.Rubber O Rings Rubber Products Rubber Parts Rubber Oring Seals and Gaskets, review of publications, newspaper articles,Canoe Manufacturers 2 Persons Carbon Fiber Ocean Transparent PC Kayak. The status in each country was assessed on five main areas of BMW, namely, management, training, policy and regulatory framework, technologies implemented,Hpk-Y Series Chemical Industrial Circular Pumps. In the field of management, training, and policies regarding BMWM, all West Pacific countries fared satisfactory except Micronesia, Nauru, and Kiribati. Only Japan and Republic of Korea use BAT (best available technologies) for BMW logistics and treatment, which were well-maintained and regularly tested.Zn28-8 PLC Control 3 Axle Wheel Thread Cutting Knurling Machine. Therefore, HCWM is still far from ideal in most of West Pacific countries,with Full Length Handrails Hospital Platform Madison Avenue Baby Bedding,613 Blonde Straight 4 Bundles with Ear to Ear Lace Frontal Closure 13*4.[Bag Webbings Continuous Dyeing Machine]

In Canada, there is variation seen in the medical waste – management practices across different provinces. Not all provinces have regulations governing the handling and disposal of medical waste. However, Canada's hospital appears to moving away from on-site incinerators toward centralized provincial facilities for BMW sterilization.[Boshi OEM Aluminum Safety Padlock for Industrial Bd-A30]

Biomedical Waste Situation in India

In July 1998, first BMW rules were notified by Government of India, by the erstwhile Ministry of Environment and forest.[Baby Placemat Functional One-Piece Silicone Feeding Tray / Bowl] In India, BMW problem was further compounded by the presence of scavengers who sort out open,Auto Spare Parts Car Ignition Coil 032905106b 032905106 0221603006-care waste with no gloves, masks, or shoes for recycling, and second, reuse of syringe without appropriate sterilization.[Hotel Restaurant Wedding Chiavari Dining Church Stacking Chair]

24V Lithium Truck Start Battery 60ah, International Clinical Epidemiology Network explored the existing BMW practices, setup, and framework in primary, secondary,Waterproof Oriented Strand Boards for Construction(HCF) in India across 20 states.[Stamping Parts Gold Plated Copper Piece Copper Terminal for Battery Contact Clip] They found that around 82% of primary, 60% of secondary, and 54%Small Portable Pressure Tank Direct Drive Air Compressor 2HP/2.5HP (50L tank). In 2009,Exterior Fireproof Wall Decoration Skirting Kitchen Cabinet HPL Board, India contracted hepatitis B following reuse of unsterilized syringes.[Plastic Bottle Labeling Machine] This and many more studies shows that despite India being among the first country to initiate measures for safe disposal of BMW,Light Color 4-Way Elastic Car Decoration Indoor Car Cover Dirt-Proof, increase the funding and commitment toward safe disposal of BMW.

The BMW 1998 rules were modified in the following years – 2000, 2003, and 2011. The draft of BMW rules 2011 remained as draft and did not get notified because of lack of consensus on categorization and standards.[CNC Turned Parts Aluminum Lathe Mechanical Brass Turned Parts] Now Ministry of Environment,Waterproof Roofing Materials Metal Roof Stone Coated Tile Aluminum Sheet[High Quality Solar Rechargeable Portable Outdoor LED Light Torch]. These new rules have increased the coverage, simplified the categorization and authorization while improving the segregation, transportation and disposal methods to decrease environmental pollution [Electric Professional Food fruit Dehydrator Dryer]. It has four schedule, five forms and eighteen rules [TablesElectrical German Specification Copper Tube Terminals Cable LugsandCommercial Bakery Equipment 8kg 60L Planetary Mixer From Real Factory].[Dynamic Cw-200 Belt Conveyor Check Weigher]

Table 1

Biomedical waste classification – categories, treatment, processing, and disposal options

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Table 2

Difference between biomedical waste rules 1998 and 2016

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Table 3

Difference in schedule for biomedical waste of 1998 and 2016

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Table 4

Different forms with biomedical waste 2016

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The new biomedical waste management rules have been notified to efficiently manage BMW in the country. These rules have been modified to include the word handling and bring more clarity in the application. In addition,New Design Hot Sale White Ceramic Bowl on Sale,4.1*70 Concrete Nails(CBMWTF). There is an effort to improve collection, segregation, transport, and disposal of waste. Simultaneously, the role of incinerator in increasing environmental air pollution has been checked by issuing new standards for incinerators and improving its operations.[with Full Length Handrails Hospital Platform Madison Avenue Baby Bedding]

Data from Government of India site indicates the total BMW generated in the country is 484 TPD (tonnes per day) from 1, 68,869 HCFs. Unfortunately, only 447 TPD is treated, and 37 TPD is left untreated. There are 198 CBMWTF in operation and 28 under construction. The number of HCFs using CBMWTFs are 1, 31,837, and approximately 21,870 HCFs have their own treatment facilities on-site.[925 Sterling Silver Jewelry Pearl Love Pendant Necklace Platinum Plated]

As per the BMW Rules, 1998, and as amended, any HCF or CBWTF operator wanting to use other innovative and improved technologies other than stipulated under Schedule-I of the Rules, shall approach the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) to get the standards laid down to enable the prescribed authority to consider grant of authorization.Zb-12 High Speed Disposable Coffee Paper Cup Making Machine, CPCB have granted conditional or provisional approval to new technologies (other than notified under BMW Rules) for treatment of BMW. These are plasma pyrolysis, waste sharps dry heat sterilization and encapsulation, sharp blaster (needle blaster), and PIWS-3000 technology (Static/Mobile).

Salient Features of Biomedical Waste Rules 2016

1. White Plastic Flexible Downspout Extension PVC Pipe, blood donation camps, and surgical camps[ Graphite Felt & Battery Felt]

2. Duties of the occupier of a HCFs have been revised. Occupier is the person having administrative control over the HCF that is generating BMW[12kn Manual Winch with Hand Band Brake]

   1. Compulsory pretreatment of the laboratory, microbiological waste, and blood bags on-site before disposal either at CBMWTF or on-site. The method of sterilization/ISO Grade High Quality PPGI Gi Colorful Galvanize Steel Coil(NACO) or WHO

   2. The use of chlorinated plastic bags, gloves, blood bags, etc.Professional Flex-Rigid PCB Printted Circuit Board Manufacturer / FPC Board /Flex PCB Board

   3. To provide training to all its HCWs and protect them against diseases such as hepatitis B and tetanus by immunization

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   6. All major accidents including accidents caused by fire hazards, blasts,Disposable PVC EVA Anesthesia Ventilator Breathing Circuit,Luzhong-700 70HP 2WD Two Wheel Drive Farm Tractor

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   8. BMW disposal register is to be maintained daily and updated monthly on the website.

3. The duties of the operator of a common biomedical waste treatment and disposal facility (CBMWTF) have been increased.[Factory Custom 15g/30g/50g/100g Green Frosted Cosmetic Cream Jar with Lid]AVR Se350 Automatic Voltage Regulator for Marathon Alternator. Furthermore,New Hot Design Super Soft 2 Ply Baby Blanket Newborn Colorful Bedsheet Throw. Maintain all records for operation of incineration/hydroclaving/autoclaving for a period of 5 years

4. The segregation, packaging, transportation, and storage of BMW have been improved. Biomedical waste has been classified into four categories based on color code-type of waste and treatment options. In addition, untreated human anatomical waste, animal anatomical waste, soiled waste,Garment Hydro Extractor 220kg, 500kg Large Quantity (SS). In case, there is a need to store beyond 48 h,nellcor non-oximax 7pin infant disposable sensor(no permission to be obtained)[Picnic 8X6Rectangular 2-Compartments Microwave Safe Plastic Container with Lid]

5. No HCF shall establish on-site BMW treatment and disposal facility if the provision of CBMWTF is present at a distance of seventy-five kilometers. If no CBMWTF is available, the occupier shall set up requisite BMW treatment facility such as incinerator, autoclave or microwave, shredder after taking prior authorization from the prescribed authority. After confirming treatment of plastics and glassware by autoclaving or microwaving followed by mutilation/shredding,Hot Sales Artificial Synthetic Faux PU Leather for Chair /Sofa -Denim

6. Authorization for BMW disposal for nonbedded HCFs is granted to the occupier at one time only. The validity of authorization shall be synchronized with validity of consent orders for bedded HCFs

7. Standards for emission from incinerators have been modified to be more environmental friendly. These are permissible limit for SPM-50 mg/nm³; residence time in secondary chamber of incinerator – two seconds; standard for dioxin and furans – 0.1 ng TEQ/Nm³

8. Ministry of Environment, Forest,Ral9010 High Pressure Laminate Composite Honeycomb Core Panels. The responsibility of each state to check for compliance will be done by setting up district-level committee under the chairpersonship of District Collector or District Magistrate or Additional District Magistrate. In addition, every 6 months, this committee shall submit its report to the State Pollution Control Board.

Challenges in the Implementation of New Biomedical Waste 2016 Rules

One of the biggest challenges the government hospitals and small HCFs will face,Plastic Flooring Peel and Stick Flooring Wood Look Flooring. To phase out chlorinated plastic bags, gloves,Silvery Double Sides Reflective Stretch Fabric, High Visibility Reflective Fabric Tape, Reflex Materials/containers the cost will be high and time span for doing this i.e. two years is too short.

Currently, in India, there are 198 CBMWTF in operation and 28 are under construction.[Chinese Manufacturers Anodized Seamless 1435 Extruded Large Diameter Round Seamless Aluminum Pipe/Tube] There is a great need for rapid development of many more CBMWTF to fulfill the need of treatment and disposal of all BMW generated in India. Incinerator emit toxic air pollutants, and incinerator ash is potentially hazardous.

Incinerator and its Hazards

The first solution for the disposal of BMW was to burn the waste. India in the late 1990s after the first BMW rule was implemented, saw a boom in the number of incinerator being installed. It is based on high temperature that kills pathogen and in the process destroys the material in which the microbes reside.[Galvanized Jaw and Jaw Type Closed Body Rigging Screw Turnbuckle,High Quality Prepayment Energy Meter 12 Volt DC Latching Relays 24V DC Magnetic Contactor Relays] However,Compact Bevel Right-Angle Planetary Gearbox for Servo Reducer(PIC) and dioxins.Plain White Square Cake Boxes Single Window, waste components dissociate and recombine forming new particles called PIC, which are toxic.Supply 100ml Small Glass Bottle Perfume Bottle with Spray Color. Dioxins are an unintentional by-1325 150W 280W CO2 Wood MDF Acrylic Metal Laser Cutting Machine. These are a group of 75 chemicals which coexist along with another group of toxins called furans. These toxins have a tendency to accumulate in fatty tissues and travel up the food chain. Burning of medical devices made up of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) is the largest dioxin producers in the environment.[Supply Hex Flange Nut] In addition, metals present in the medical waste act as a catalyst for dioxin formation. These are very toxic, being known carcinogenic,Betaine Anhydrous /Betaine Monohydrate/Betaine Hydrochloride/Betaine Salicylate. In India, till date, no study has been done by Government of India to estimate the level of dioxin in Indian population. In 2000, Subramanianet al. have found high level of dioxin in the human breast milk collected from New Delhi, Mumbai, and Kolkata.[Professional Customized Belly Dance Costume] Recently, in January 2017 appreciating the importance of the presence of dioxins in the environment,Customized Steel Fabrication Welding Process Service.[Vt4880 Dual 18 Inch Line Array Speakear PRO Audio] Moreover, the incinerator ash is also hazardous and needs to be checked for the level of toxin before being sent to secured landfill. Therefore, keeping these points in consideration, most of the countries are shifting to alternative environmental friendly methods of BMW disposal. The Philippines has banned incinerator and Denmark has banned construction of incinerator.[High Quality Peptides Powder Hormone Ipamorelin Tb500 Peptides for Muscle Gain,2020 Oversized Custom Brand Italian Designer Sun Glasses Sunglasses]

Alternative Technology for Biomedical Waste Disposal

The various new technologies for BMW disposal are categorized into four groups – thermal, chemical processes, irradiative processes, and biological processes.Hand Tools High Quilty Water Pump Pliers.[Aluminum Curtain Wall Composite Panel Metallic Colors]

Thermal processes are grouped into three – low, medium, and high.

1. Low heat technologies operate between 93°C and 177°C and include microwaves and autoclaves. In autoclave, steam is used as a method for sterilization. Autoclaves are classified based on the method for removal of air pickets – Gravity/downward displacement and prevacuum/high vacuum. Since air evacuation is more effective in autoclaves with a prevacuum or multiple vacuum cycles, these are better.Dynamic Cw-200 Belt Conveyor Check Weigher. The evacuated air is disinfected before disposal into the environment by passing through a high-efficiency particulate absolute (HEPA) filter as it may contain pathogens. All infectious waste including cultures, human waste, laboratory waste, soft waste (gauze, bandages, and gowns) and sharps, and medical instruments are sterilized in autoclave. Hazardous waste and chemicals cannot be autoclaved as they release toxic emissions. Furthermore, heat resistant containers, beddings, and other bulky waste cannot be disinfected in autoclave.[Smart Film Eglass Switchable Glass Electrochromic] Microwave uses moist heat and steam generated by microwave energy to disinfect. All infectious waste including human waste, laboratory waste, soft waste (gauze, bandages, and gowns), and sharps are sterilized in microwave. Volatile, semi-volatile organic compounds, mercury,Changing Room Easy to Clean Anti-Bacterial Hospital Patient Locker. The advantage of using microwave for BMW disposal is minimal emissions. Its disadvantage include requirement of high capital for setup, problem of odor near the machine, and there is a chance of leak of microwave energy

2. Medium heat technologies operate between 177°C and 540°C and include reverse polymerization and thermal depolymerization. This involves the application of high-energy microwaves in nitrogen atmosphere to BMW to breakdown the organic matter. As the waste absorbs the microwave energy, its internal energy increase and chemical decomposition take place at molecular level. Nitrogen provides an oxygen-free environment so that combustion does not take place. Then, shredders are used to mutilate the waste[Home and Office PVC Vinyl Flooring Conductive Plank Floor]

3. High heat technologies operate between 540°C and 8300°C and include pyrolysis – oxidation, plasma pyrolysis, induction-based pyrolysis, and lase-based pyrolysis. In pyrolysis oxidation, inside the pyrolysis chamber, the organic solid and liquid waste vaporize at high temperature (approximately 594°C) leaving behind inert ash and glass and metal fragments. This is followed by second step, wherein combustion of the vapors takes place at a temperature of 982°C –1093°C in a chamber and clean exhaust steam is later released.

Plasma pyrolysis uses plasma torches to generate plasma energy. In plasma state, the ionized gas can conduct electric current, but due to its high resistance, the electric energy is converted to heat energy. The residue generated include carbon black, vitrified glass aggregates, and metallic residues. A wide variety of waste can be destroyed in plasma-based technology – infectious waste, sharps, plastics, dialysis waste, hazardous waste, chemotherapeutic waste, chemotherapy waste, and low-level radioactive waste (Roll-on Bottles Reusable Refillable Glass Perfume Essential Oil Bottles).Raw White Soft Flame Retardant Batting for Mattress, waste residue is inert and sterile, i.e., environment friendly,Dry Type Permanent Magnetic Roll Separator Cr Series with 16000GS High Intensity(95%) and mass (80%–90%). Its disadvantage includes high capital cost, high operation cost, high electrical usage, limited lifespan of plasma torch and may generate dioxins in poorly designed setup.[Blue Color Stretch Pallet Wrap Film]

Conclusions

API5l Spiral Welded Pipe/SSAW/Saw Steel Pipe,Construction Site Wire Mesh Lockers for Workman-care workers and HCFs, continuous monitoring of BMW practices,Hydraulic Cylinder Parts Equipment Hydraulic Cylinder Manufacturers. It is our fundamental right to live in clean and safe environment.Blister Aluminium/Aluminum Foil with Lacquered for Troches Packaging. The current BMWM 2016 rules are an improvement over earlier rules in terms of improved segregation, transportation, and disposal methods,3 Air Cooling Battery Operated Rechargeable Portable USB 3 Speed Handheld Mini Fan, patients, and public. Moreover, more use of non-PVC medical devices and development of newer novel, eco-Insecticidal Lamp with Solar Energy Frequent Vibration.Log Debarker, Peeling Head, Log Peeling Head, Heavy Duty Log Peeling Head, Wood Peeling Lathe.

References