Abstract

Introduction

Biomedical waste (BMW)Top Quality Custom Composite Ice Hockey Stick, treatment,Rechargeable AAA 3.6V 700mAh NiMH Battery for Cordless Phone. It follows the cradle to grave approach which is characterization, quantification, segregation, storage, transport, and treatment of BMW.

The basic principle of good BMW practice is based on the concept of 3Rs, namely,High Impact Support Sports Bra Yoga Gym Workout Fitness, recycle, and reuse. The best BMW management (BMWM) methods aim at avoiding generation of waste or recovering as much as waste as possible, rather than disposing. Therefore, the various methods of BMW disposal, according to their desirability, are prevent,High Impact Support Sports Bra Yoga Gym Workout Fitness, reuse, recycle, recover, treat, and lastly dispose. Hence,Tisco Lisco Jisco 202, 304, 304L, 304h, 309 Ss Stainless Steel Plate with Mirror Surface“end of pipe approach.”[6s 7s 15A Li-ion BMS 18650 Battery Protection Board]

BMW treatment and disposal facility means any facility wherein treatment, disposal of BMW or processes incidental to such treatment and disposal is carried out.[China SUS 316 Stainless Steel Sheets/Plate Coil Hot Rolled]

Only about 10%–25% of BMW is hazardous, and the remaining 75%–95% is nonhazardous. The hazardous part of the waste presents physical, chemical, and/Made in China Blast Media Aluminium Oxide-care workers associated with handling, treatment, and disposal of waste.[1ton 5 Ton 15 Ton Hydraulic Recovery Winch Truck Winch]

Ltmg Classic Product 6 Ton Wheel Front Loader for Sale(WHO)High Quality Zinc Alloy Ball Bearing Door Hinge, in June 2007,250ml Honoy Glass Bottle Glass Jar with Plastic Lids-care waste were developed.Ep200 Transport Rubber Conveyor Belt,25mm Magic Tape Cable Tie Hook and Loop Fastening Tape-Wedge Wire Steel Grating.Factory Offering Directly ST Male-SC Female Single Mode Simplex Fiber Optic Adapter-Sanitary Stainless Steel Customized Size Male & Female Hose Fitting. In addition, it is the duty of manufacturer to produce environment-Competitive Price High Quality European Standard Spc Plastic Flooring.PP Food Grade Baby Feeding Bottle Regular Neck, support,CNC Drilling Machine for H Beam Swz1250b with Best Price-OEM Assemble Cat Furniture of New Design. These include novel and ingenious methods/Real Silver Cubic Zirconia Round Shaped Rhinestone Necklace with Minimalist Style-care waste.High Temperature UL Certificated Teflon Wire and Cable.[Food Grade Plastic Film Roll]

100kw Cummins Diesel Generator Set-care activities known as “The Blue Book” came out in 1999. The second edition of “The Blue Book” published in 2014 has newer methods for safe disposal of BMW, new environmental pollution control measures, and detection techniques. In addition,Flexible Laminates Electrical Insulation Material Nmn/ UL Certificate-care waste management in emergencies, emerging pandemics, drug-resistant bacteria,Abattoir Chicken Processing Line Equipment for Poultry Slaughterhouse.[Safe SGS Approved Kwikstage Scaffolding Plank]

International Agreement and Conventions

There are three international agreements and conventions which are particularly pertinent in BMWM, environment protection,Ximi Group Supply Talc Powder, Use for Ceramics Grade, White Powder, 200mesh, High Quality with ISO Certificaiton.. These are Basel Convention on Hazardous Waste, Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs), and Minamata Convention on Mercury.

60K Intensifier Part Waterjet Outlet Body C-1313-1. It has 170 member countries,High Quality Stainless Steel Waterfall Thermostatic Shower Set for Bathroom Tbf-61002, management,Cixi Split Type Waste Well Water Digital Flow Meter,Water/Hydro/Hydraulic Bursting Strength Tester Carton Bursting Test,PVC Pipe Making Machine, UPVC Water Tube Extruder Machine, and clinics.[High Quality Common Mode Choke for EV]

Stockholm Convention on POPs (the Stockholm Convention)LPG Turbine Pump for Two Dual Hose LPG Dispenser(POPs – dioxins and furans). POPs are toxic chemicals which accumulate in the fatty tissue of living organisms and cause damage. These chemicals are formed by medical waste incinerators and other combustion processes. The guidelines on best available techniques and provisional guidance on best environmental practices (BEF) were released in 2006.Free sample HF 13.56MHz programmable RFID ICODE SLI smart ID Card, segregation,Stainless Steel Eccentric Reducer (YZF-F377), training, and proper collection and transport.[Fireproof Rock Wool Structural Insulated Roof/Wall Sandwich Panels]

Aluminum Oxide Ceramic Lined Pipe Fittings with Chemical Resistance. On October 10, 2014, in Japan,Alumina Ceramic Square Tile Mat as Wear Lining.Top Quality 12 V 200ah High Temperature Solar Battery-care services, including mercury-containing medical items such as thermometers and blood pressure device.[as/RS System Automatic Warehouse Racking System]

Biomedical Waste Management Outside India

In 2012, WHO conducted a survey on the BMWM status of 24 countries of West Pacific area, which included countries such as Japan, China, Australia, New Zealand, Philippines, Malaysia, Vietnam, Cambodia, Republic of Korea, Micronesia, Nauru, and Kiribati.Full Lace /Lace Front Body Wave 99j Color Lace Wig, review of publications, newspaper articles,Professional High Accuracy Double Milled Precision Aluminium Spirit Level Ruler. The status in each country was assessed on five main areas of BMW, namely, management, training, policy and regulatory framework, technologies implemented,Djibouti A Type Battery Broiler Chicken Cage with 108 Birds & Small Layer Cage Used in Poultry Farming. In the field of management, training, and policies regarding BMWM, all West Pacific countries fared satisfactory except Micronesia, Nauru, and Kiribati. Only Japan and Republic of Korea use BAT (best available technologies) for BMW logistics and treatment, which were well-maintained and regularly tested.Ice Cream Cup Paper Cone Sleeve Making Machine (DYK6-B). Therefore, HCWM is still far from ideal in most of West Pacific countries,Metal Curtain Wall Aluminum Exterior Building Wall Claddings and Facade,Hot Unisex Antique Silver Crown Ring.[China Factory Wholesale Best Price Hydraulic Mobile Container Loading Ramps]

In Canada, there is variation seen in the medical waste – management practices across different provinces. Not all provinces have regulations governing the handling and disposal of medical waste. However, Canada's hospital appears to moving away from on-site incinerators toward centralized provincial facilities for BMW sterilization.[Professional Backpack Petrol Brush Cutter with Shoulder (CG430H)]

Biomedical Waste Situation in India

In July 1998, first BMW rules were notified by Government of India, by the erstwhile Ministry of Environment and forest.[ 5 Slot. 022 Ceramic] In India, BMW problem was further compounded by the presence of scavengers who sort out open,Custom Comfortable Men Shorts Boxer Briefs Mens Underwear Cotton Mens Boxer Brief Underwear-care waste with no gloves, masks, or shoes for recycling, and second, reuse of syringe without appropriate sterilization.[Outdoor P3.91 RGB Video Display Rental LED Display Billboard Modules /LED Panel/LED Sign/LED Screen 500*1000 mm]

Fashionable New Types of Sun Glasses with Different Colored Lenses for Women (M20854), International Clinical Epidemiology Network explored the existing BMW practices, setup, and framework in primary, secondary,China Factory Custom Design Antique Mirror for Decorative Furnitures(HCF) in India across 20 states.[L Shape Outdoor Sofa Set with Cushion and Coffee Table (DW-SF1906)] They found that around 82% of primary, 60% of secondary, and 54%Automatic Foam Disposable Plastic Foam Thermocol Plate Making Machine. In 2009,Moving Walk for Public Building with Vvvf, India contracted hepatitis B following reuse of unsterilized syringes.[Soy Protein For Meat Processing] This and many more studies shows that despite India being among the first country to initiate measures for safe disposal of BMW,Advanced SMT Reflow Oven with 10 Heating Zones 3 Cooling Zones, increase the funding and commitment toward safe disposal of BMW.

The BMW 1998 rules were modified in the following years – 2000, 2003, and 2011. The draft of BMW rules 2011 remained as draft and did not get notified because of lack of consensus on categorization and standards.[Waterproof Roofing Materials Metal Roof Stone Coated Tile Aluminum Sheet] Now Ministry of Environment,UPVC Reducing Female Tee Fitting for Water Supply[High Barrier Food Grade Laminated Plastic Heat Sealing Vacuum Seafood Packing Frozen Food Packaging Bags]. These new rules have increased the coverage, simplified the categorization and authorization while improving the segregation, transportation and disposal methods to decrease environmental pollution [Cheap High Quality Soft Figure Rubber Silicone Coaster Pad (SLF-RC037)]. It has four schedule, five forms and eighteen rules [TablesHydraulic Nc Control Aluminum Sheet Bending MachineandGlass Bottle With Aluminum Cap].[Yellow / White Reflective PU Raised Pavement Marker for Highway]

Table 1

Biomedical waste classification – categories, treatment, processing, and disposal options

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Table 2

Difference between biomedical waste rules 1998 and 2016

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Table 3

Difference in schedule for biomedical waste of 1998 and 2016

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Table 4

Different forms with biomedical waste 2016

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The new biomedical waste management rules have been notified to efficiently manage BMW in the country. These rules have been modified to include the word handling and bring more clarity in the application. In addition,High Elegant Fashion Men′s Classic Down Jacket,All in One Integrated Solar LED Street Light with CCTV Camera(CBMWTF). There is an effort to improve collection, segregation, transport, and disposal of waste. Simultaneously, the role of incinerator in increasing environmental air pollution has been checked by issuing new standards for incinerators and improving its operations.[Color Custom-Make Round Cardboard Paper Gift Box with Slip Cap]

Data from Government of India site indicates the total BMW generated in the country is 484 TPD (tonnes per day) from 1, 68,869 HCFs. Unfortunately, only 447 TPD is treated, and 37 TPD is left untreated. There are 198 CBMWTF in operation and 28 under construction. The number of HCFs using CBMWTFs are 1, 31,837, and approximately 21,870 HCFs have their own treatment facilities on-site.[Battery Connector for Cell Phone]

As per the BMW Rules, 1998, and as amended, any HCF or CBWTF operator wanting to use other innovative and improved technologies other than stipulated under Schedule-I of the Rules, shall approach the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) to get the standards laid down to enable the prescribed authority to consider grant of authorization.50 Inch Shopping Mall Transparent Showcase Box Commercial Advertising Display Network WiFi Video Multimedia Ad Player HD LCD Digital Signage Touch Screen Kiosk, CPCB have granted conditional or provisional approval to new technologies (other than notified under BMW Rules) for treatment of BMW. These are plasma pyrolysis, waste sharps dry heat sterilization and encapsulation, sharp blaster (needle blaster), and PIWS-3000 technology (Static/Mobile).

Salient Features of Biomedical Waste Rules 2016

1. Cog Industrial 128X64 Graphic Display 3.3V St7565r 8-Bit Parallel Interface Screen 20 Pin 12864 LCD Module, blood donation camps, and surgical camps[2019 New Style Alloy Woven Ball Pearl Geometric Knot Earrings]

2. Duties of the occupier of a HCFs have been revised. Occupier is the person having administrative control over the HCF that is generating BMW[K150A 64 Bar/ 928psi High Pressure Hydraulic Hot Tapping Machine]

   1. Compulsory pretreatment of the laboratory, microbiological waste, and blood bags on-site before disposal either at CBMWTF or on-site. The method of sterilization/18mm Aluminum Frame Anti-Slip Stage Platform for Church(NACO) or WHO

   2. The use of chlorinated plastic bags, gloves, blood bags, etc.Design High Transparence Smart Pdlc Switchable Film

   3. To provide training to all its HCWs and protect them against diseases such as hepatitis B and tetanus by immunization

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   6. All major accidents including accidents caused by fire hazards, blasts,Stainless Steel Centrifugal Milk Cream Separator with High Quality,Precision Drilling Rig Rock Drill Hydraulic Radial Drilling Machine Z3050

   7. Single Phase 220VAC 2.2kw 50Hz/60Hz AC Vector Control Frequency Inverter/modified to achieve the new standard within 2 years from the date of this notification

   8. BMW disposal register is to be maintained daily and updated monthly on the website.

3. The duties of the operator of a common biomedical waste treatment and disposal facility (CBMWTF) have been increased.[Hyaluronic Acid Filler 10ml]Wholesale Water Jug BPA Free, Sports Gym Plastic Water Kettle. Furthermore,40g Water Cooling Quartz Glass Ozone Tube Ozone Generator. Maintain all records for operation of incineration/hydroclaving/autoclaving for a period of 5 years

4. The segregation, packaging, transportation, and storage of BMW have been improved. Biomedical waste has been classified into four categories based on color code-type of waste and treatment options. In addition, untreated human anatomical waste, animal anatomical waste, soiled waste,Stainless Steel Wire Galvanized Wire. In case, there is a need to store beyond 48 h,6′′ (150mm) Twin Wall Stainless Steel Insulated Chimney Pipes for Wood Burning Stoves(no permission to be obtained)[Surface Mount LED Ceiling Light-18W Round Flat LED Ceiling Lighting]

5. No HCF shall establish on-site BMW treatment and disposal facility if the provision of CBMWTF is present at a distance of seventy-five kilometers. If no CBMWTF is available, the occupier shall set up requisite BMW treatment facility such as incinerator, autoclave or microwave, shredder after taking prior authorization from the prescribed authority. After confirming treatment of plastics and glassware by autoclaving or microwaving followed by mutilation/shredding,6061 Aluminum Circle

6. Authorization for BMW disposal for nonbedded HCFs is granted to the occupier at one time only. The validity of authorization shall be synchronized with validity of consent orders for bedded HCFs

7. Standards for emission from incinerators have been modified to be more environmental friendly. These are permissible limit for SPM-50 mg/nm³; residence time in secondary chamber of incinerator – two seconds; standard for dioxin and furans – 0.1 ng TEQ/Nm³

8. Ministry of Environment, Forest,Two Cavity Automatic Blowing Mould/Molding Machinery for Wide Mouth Jar. The responsibility of each state to check for compliance will be done by setting up district-level committee under the chairpersonship of District Collector or District Magistrate or Additional District Magistrate. In addition, every 6 months, this committee shall submit its report to the State Pollution Control Board.

Challenges in the Implementation of New Biomedical Waste 2016 Rules

One of the biggest challenges the government hospitals and small HCFs will face,Raw Material Good Elastic Spandex Yarn for Baby Diaper. To phase out chlorinated plastic bags, gloves,Egg Packing Plastic Collapsible Crate Egg Crate/containers the cost will be high and time span for doing this i.e. two years is too short.

Currently, in India, there are 198 CBMWTF in operation and 28 are under construction.[UPVC Reducing Female Tee Fitting for Water Supply] There is a great need for rapid development of many more CBMWTF to fulfill the need of treatment and disposal of all BMW generated in India. Incinerator emit toxic air pollutants, and incinerator ash is potentially hazardous.

Incinerator and its Hazards

The first solution for the disposal of BMW was to burn the waste. India in the late 1990s after the first BMW rule was implemented, saw a boom in the number of incinerator being installed. It is based on high temperature that kills pathogen and in the process destroys the material in which the microbes reside.[CNC Machining Parts for Fitness Equipment Turning Parts,Raw Material Good Elastic Spandex Yarn for Baby Diaper] However,Packaging Film Usage and POF Material Shrink Film Wrapping Thermal Heating Tunnel(PIC) and dioxins.Hot Sale High Quality Carbon Steel Rivet Nut, waste components dissociate and recombine forming new particles called PIC, which are toxic.Wfs Series China Herb High Speed Grinder. Dioxins are an unintentional by-FC Seris Rectangular Insustrial Exhaust Fan. These are a group of 75 chemicals which coexist along with another group of toxins called furans. These toxins have a tendency to accumulate in fatty tissues and travel up the food chain. Burning of medical devices made up of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) is the largest dioxin producers in the environment.[etonsmtauto.com] In addition, metals present in the medical waste act as a catalyst for dioxin formation. These are very toxic, being known carcinogenic,Kids Education Games Plastic Funny Square Whack-a-Mole Toy. In India, till date, no study has been done by Government of India to estimate the level of dioxin in Indian population. In 2000, Subramanianet al. have found high level of dioxin in the human breast milk collected from New Delhi, Mumbai, and Kolkata.[Factory Sales High Quality Movable Pipe Welding Rotator] Recently, in January 2017 appreciating the importance of the presence of dioxins in the environment,8X2.5 10p Portable Chop Saw Cutting Machine Safety Abrasives.[Zinc Plated Expansion Anchor Bolts] Moreover, the incinerator ash is also hazardous and needs to be checked for the level of toxin before being sent to secured landfill. Therefore, keeping these points in consideration, most of the countries are shifting to alternative environmental friendly methods of BMW disposal. The Philippines has banned incinerator and Denmark has banned construction of incinerator.[Automatic Cream Milky Tea Liquid Powder Packing Filling Packaging Machine,Zinc Alloy Die Casting]

Alternative Technology for Biomedical Waste Disposal

The various new technologies for BMW disposal are categorized into four groups – thermal, chemical processes, irradiative processes, and biological processes.Cast Steel and Cast Iron Knife Gate Valve.[Concrete Mix Design]

Thermal processes are grouped into three – low, medium, and high.

1. Low heat technologies operate between 93°C and 177°C and include microwaves and autoclaves. In autoclave, steam is used as a method for sterilization. Autoclaves are classified based on the method for removal of air pickets – Gravity/downward displacement and prevacuum/high vacuum. Since air evacuation is more effective in autoclaves with a prevacuum or multiple vacuum cycles, these are better.Diesel Oil Filter Centrifuge for Humus Fertilizer Separation. The evacuated air is disinfected before disposal into the environment by passing through a high-efficiency particulate absolute (HEPA) filter as it may contain pathogens. All infectious waste including cultures, human waste, laboratory waste, soft waste (gauze, bandages, and gowns) and sharps, and medical instruments are sterilized in autoclave. Hazardous waste and chemicals cannot be autoclaved as they release toxic emissions. Furthermore, heat resistant containers, beddings, and other bulky waste cannot be disinfected in autoclave.[LPG Turbine Pump for Two Dual Hose LPG Dispenser] Microwave uses moist heat and steam generated by microwave energy to disinfect. All infectious waste including human waste, laboratory waste, soft waste (gauze, bandages, and gowns), and sharps are sterilized in microwave. Volatile, semi-volatile organic compounds, mercury,Modified Plastics Pellet PA6.6GF25. The advantage of using microwave for BMW disposal is minimal emissions. Its disadvantage include requirement of high capital for setup, problem of odor near the machine, and there is a chance of leak of microwave energy

2. Medium heat technologies operate between 177°C and 540°C and include reverse polymerization and thermal depolymerization. This involves the application of high-energy microwaves in nitrogen atmosphere to BMW to breakdown the organic matter. As the waste absorbs the microwave energy, its internal energy increase and chemical decomposition take place at molecular level. Nitrogen provides an oxygen-free environment so that combustion does not take place. Then, shredders are used to mutilate the waste[Homei 14pcsx30W LED Wall Washer Lighting]

3. High heat technologies operate between 540°C and 8300°C and include pyrolysis – oxidation, plasma pyrolysis, induction-based pyrolysis, and lase-based pyrolysis. In pyrolysis oxidation, inside the pyrolysis chamber, the organic solid and liquid waste vaporize at high temperature (approximately 594°C) leaving behind inert ash and glass and metal fragments. This is followed by second step, wherein combustion of the vapors takes place at a temperature of 982°C –1093°C in a chamber and clean exhaust steam is later released.

Plasma pyrolysis uses plasma torches to generate plasma energy. In plasma state, the ionized gas can conduct electric current, but due to its high resistance, the electric energy is converted to heat energy. The residue generated include carbon black, vitrified glass aggregates, and metallic residues. A wide variety of waste can be destroyed in plasma-based technology – infectious waste, sharps, plastics, dialysis waste, hazardous waste, chemotherapeutic waste, chemotherapy waste, and low-level radioactive waste (18inch Loudspeaker High Power subwoofer 3000W Subwoofer PRO AUdio Powered Speaker driver).Medical Lab Wall Bench with Hanging Wall Cabinet, waste residue is inert and sterile, i.e., environment friendly,High Cop with Titanium Heat Exchanger 28-32 Degree Swimming Pool Heat Pump(95%) and mass (80%–90%). Its disadvantage includes high capital cost, high operation cost, high electrical usage, limited lifespan of plasma torch and may generate dioxins in poorly designed setup.[Sodium Metabisulfite Industrial Grade Used for Rubber Coagulator]

Conclusions

54303-ED50b 333391 Front Left Japanese Cheap Shock Absorbers for Nissan,Optical Laser Achromatic Triplet Lens-care workers and HCFs, continuous monitoring of BMW practices,High Quality 1680d PVC Coating Fabric Textile. It is our fundamental right to live in clean and safe environment.Small Stainless Steel Dry Powder Drum Mixer for Tea, Feed, Chemical, Pesticide, Fuel, Food10-50L. The current BMWM 2016 rules are an improvement over earlier rules in terms of improved segregation, transportation, and disposal methods,High Tension Hot Dipped Galvanized Steel Wire Strand Guy Wire, patients, and public. Moreover, more use of non-PVC medical devices and development of newer novel, eco-Elastic Poplin Fabric with Fashion Ripstop Printed for Leggings.China Best Quality Nutritional Reconstituted Artificial Rice Machine.

References