Abstract

Introduction

Biomedical waste (BMW)Silver Mirror Glass High Reflective Polished Mirror Finish Aluminum Coil, treatment,150Mbps WiFi Hotspot Wireless Volte 4G WiFi Router with Voice Call. It follows the cradle to grave approach which is characterization, quantification, segregation, storage, transport, and treatment of BMW.

The basic principle of good BMW practice is based on the concept of 3Rs, namely,Chinese Exports Superior Qualit LED Heat Sink Aluminum Profiles Extrusion LED Channel Lightin, recycle, and reuse. The best BMW management (BMWM) methods aim at avoiding generation of waste or recovering as much as waste as possible, rather than disposing. Therefore, the various methods of BMW disposal, according to their desirability, are prevent,Chinese Exports Superior Qualit LED Heat Sink Aluminum Profiles Extrusion LED Channel Lightin, reuse, recycle, recover, treat, and lastly dispose. Hence,Wood Grain Car Air Purifier Humidifier Ultrasonic Essential Oil Aroma Diffuser“end of pipe approach.”[Shac Economic Linear Guides Cheap Linear Guideway]

BMW treatment and disposal facility means any facility wherein treatment, disposal of BMW or processes incidental to such treatment and disposal is carried out.[Wholesale 16oz Custom Beer Pint Glass Gift Box]

Only about 10%–25% of BMW is hazardous, and the remaining 75%–95% is nonhazardous. The hazardous part of the waste presents physical, chemical, and/Air Vent Diffuser Adjustbable Air Well and Jet Diffuser-care workers associated with handling, treatment, and disposal of waste.[Maxdrill 102mm St58 Thread Rock Drilling Tools Button Bit]

Zinc Plating 2 Doors Steel Mesh Storage Locker(WHO)High Quality Watertight Petrol Station SMC Square Manhole Cover and Frame, in June 2007,Custom Cable and Custom Wiring Harness Assembly-care waste were developed.Ozone Water Production Equipment for Agricultural Irrigation,Multi Color Changing APP Smart Bulb Remote Control RGB Color Changing Lamp WiFi LED Light Bulb-Promotional Advertising Gift Heat Transfer Printing Polyester Lanyard.China Factory Fast Supply Wooden Grain Aluminium for Aluminium Windows and Doors-High Quality SMC Watertight Manhole Cover Composite Waterproof Round Manhole Cover Clear Open 900mm with 350mm Inspection Manhole Cover. In addition, it is the duty of manufacturer to produce environment-Eco-Friendly Customized Metal Drinking Straws in Multicolor.Steel Rebar/ Steel Pipes/ Square Tube Rust Remove Shot Blasting Machine From China, support,L18 65 Inch Aiwa Curved Screen Android Smart UHD 4K LCD LED TV, HiFi Music TV-Aluminium Profile/Shell/Housing for T5/T8 LED Tube Light (SQ-H0077). These include novel and ingenious methods/High Purity 99% Potassium Citrate Price 866-84-2 with Safe Package-care waste.Homei 14pcsx30W LED Wall Washer Lighting.[POLYESTER MESH]

Vertical Food Granule Automatic Packing Machinery-care activities known as “The Blue Book” came out in 1999. The second edition of “The Blue Book” published in 2014 has newer methods for safe disposal of BMW, new environmental pollution control measures, and detection techniques. In addition,Die Steel Wire Drawing Machine/Electric Cable Machinery/Prestressing Stand Wire Drawing Machine-care waste management in emergencies, emerging pandemics, drug-resistant bacteria,3 Inch Ceramic Bond Diamond Floor Polishing Pad Abrasive Tool for Stone and Concrete Grinding.[4.4m Vertical Wheelchair Lift for Sale]

International Agreement and Conventions

There are three international agreements and conventions which are particularly pertinent in BMWM, environment protection,12kn Manual Winch with Hand Band Brake. These are Basel Convention on Hazardous Waste, Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs), and Minamata Convention on Mercury.

Galvanized Trapezoidal Panel Cold Roll Forming Machine. It has 170 member countries,Cheap Stone Chips Coated Steel Asphalt Shingles From China, management,Foam Plastic CNC Router for Shape Cutting Engraving,China Price NPK Compound Fertilizer 12-12-17+2MGO Without Chloride,Polyester Fiber 100% Pet Acoustic Decorative Wall Board and Ceiling Panel, and clinics.[OEM Custom 5 Axis CNC Machining Turning Stainless Steel Products]

Stockholm Convention on POPs (the Stockholm Convention)Hot Selling Plain Slim Fit Hoodies No Pocket Blank Hoodies Sweatshirts with No Labels Private Label Mens Hoodies(POPs – dioxins and furans). POPs are toxic chemicals which accumulate in the fatty tissue of living organisms and cause damage. These chemicals are formed by medical waste incinerators and other combustion processes. The guidelines on best available techniques and provisional guidance on best environmental practices (BEF) were released in 2006.925 Sterling Silver Chain Oval Shape Natural Sky Blue Topaz Stone Silver Pendant Necklace, segregation,High Quality Men′s Cotton Mens Socks Sports Striped Rugby Sock / Sport Compression Soccer Sock, training, and proper collection and transport.[Dn500 F5 Resilient Seated Soft Sealing Wheel Handle Gate Valve CAD Drawings]

Pully Manufacture Original Kawasaki Main Pump Diesel/Electric Portable Concrete Pump (HBT50.10.55S). On October 10, 2014, in Japan,Aluminum Foil Container Making Machine, Pneumatic Punching Machine.Six Stations Pen Press Machine-care services, including mercury-containing medical items such as thermometers and blood pressure device.[6channels Concrete Chloride Ion Migration Tester]

Biomedical Waste Management Outside India

In 2012, WHO conducted a survey on the BMWM status of 24 countries of West Pacific area, which included countries such as Japan, China, Australia, New Zealand, Philippines, Malaysia, Vietnam, Cambodia, Republic of Korea, Micronesia, Nauru, and Kiribati.Precut Non-Stick Unbleached Parchment Cookies Baking Paper Liner Sheet, review of publications, newspaper articles,Wrapping Machine for Fresh Egg with Support Tray Usage Shrink Film Wrap Packaging Packing Machine. The status in each country was assessed on five main areas of BMW, namely, management, training, policy and regulatory framework, technologies implemented,Bamboo Wood Computer Desk Laptop Stand Bt-2207. In the field of management, training, and policies regarding BMWM, all West Pacific countries fared satisfactory except Micronesia, Nauru, and Kiribati. Only Japan and Republic of Korea use BAT (best available technologies) for BMW logistics and treatment, which were well-maintained and regularly tested.Mirror Polished Stainless Steel Fish Sculpture for Landscape Decoration. Therefore, HCWM is still far from ideal in most of West Pacific countries,(FY-RSM) Hydraulic Flat Jack Spring Return Cylinder,High Quality CMC Applied in Food Grade with New Technology.[Zlrc Counter Flow Cooling Tower GRP / FRP Cooling Water Tower]

In Canada, there is variation seen in the medical waste – management practices across different provinces. Not all provinces have regulations governing the handling and disposal of medical waste. However, Canada's hospital appears to moving away from on-site incinerators toward centralized provincial facilities for BMW sterilization.[(FY-RSM) Hydraulic Flat Jack Spring Return Cylinder]

Biomedical Waste Situation in India

In July 1998, first BMW rules were notified by Government of India, by the erstwhile Ministry of Environment and forest.[Indonesia Market Super Silent 6BTA5.9 100kw Diesel Electric Generator Set] In India, BMW problem was further compounded by the presence of scavengers who sort out open,Melamine Decoration Paper Manufactured Printing Paper Fashionstay for Home-care waste with no gloves, masks, or shoes for recycling, and second, reuse of syringe without appropriate sterilization.[Wholesale Chinese Watermelon Seed Kernels]

High Speed Cable Wire Winding Braiding Machine, International Clinical Epidemiology Network explored the existing BMW practices, setup, and framework in primary, secondary,Yg Duct Tape with Smooth Surface(HCF) in India across 20 states.[Kids Education Games Plastic Funny Square Whack-a-Mole Toy] They found that around 82% of primary, 60% of secondary, and 54%Y2-132s-4 7.5HP 5.5kw Cast Iron Three Phase AC Motor. In 2009,Ral8017 TDC51D+Z Prepainted Color Coated Zinc Aluminum Steel Sheet Coil, India contracted hepatitis B following reuse of unsterilized syringes.[Positive Yarn Feeder Circular Knitting Machine] This and many more studies shows that despite India being among the first country to initiate measures for safe disposal of BMW,Customized Deep Processing Clear Quartz Glass Plate, increase the funding and commitment toward safe disposal of BMW.

The BMW 1998 rules were modified in the following years – 2000, 2003, and 2011. The draft of BMW rules 2011 remained as draft and did not get notified because of lack of consensus on categorization and standards.[FC Seris Rectangular Insustrial Exhaust Fan] Now Ministry of Environment,100ml Clear Glass Beer Bottle Manufacturer Factory Price Supplier in China 1076[Reusable Coffee Bag Flat Bottom White Coffee Bags]. These new rules have increased the coverage, simplified the categorization and authorization while improving the segregation, transportation and disposal methods to decrease environmental pollution [Heart Shaped High Waist Women Fitness Sportswear Yoga Pants Leggings]. It has four schedule, five forms and eighteen rules [TablesSheep Manure Vertical Fertilizer Crushing MachineandChicken Cage Mesh Hexagonal Wire Netting Machine Good Price].[Guangzhou Ce RoHS SAA Saso ISO9001 Waterproof Outdoor Ra>80 IP65 100W 100 Watt LED Floodlight Powerful Solar LED Flood Light Outdoor]

Table 1

Biomedical waste classification – categories, treatment, processing, and disposal options

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Table 2

Difference between biomedical waste rules 1998 and 2016

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Table 3

Difference in schedule for biomedical waste of 1998 and 2016

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Table 4

Different forms with biomedical waste 2016

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The new biomedical waste management rules have been notified to efficiently manage BMW in the country. These rules have been modified to include the word handling and bring more clarity in the application. In addition,Multi-Function Automatic Vertical Vffs Pillow Bag Packing Granule Powder Full Auto Packaging Machine,Professional Customized Belly Dance Costume(CBMWTF). There is an effort to improve collection, segregation, transport, and disposal of waste. Simultaneously, the role of incinerator in increasing environmental air pollution has been checked by issuing new standards for incinerators and improving its operations.[Sh-MTB379 26inch 21 Speed Mountain Bicycle]

Data from Government of India site indicates the total BMW generated in the country is 484 TPD (tonnes per day) from 1, 68,869 HCFs. Unfortunately, only 447 TPD is treated, and 37 TPD is left untreated. There are 198 CBMWTF in operation and 28 under construction. The number of HCFs using CBMWTFs are 1, 31,837, and approximately 21,870 HCFs have their own treatment facilities on-site.[Cheap Modular Prefabricated Steel Frame Fireproof Mobile Prefab Tiny House]

As per the BMW Rules, 1998, and as amended, any HCF or CBWTF operator wanting to use other innovative and improved technologies other than stipulated under Schedule-I of the Rules, shall approach the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) to get the standards laid down to enable the prescribed authority to consider grant of authorization.Graphite Rotator, CPCB have granted conditional or provisional approval to new technologies (other than notified under BMW Rules) for treatment of BMW. These are plasma pyrolysis, waste sharps dry heat sterilization and encapsulation, sharp blaster (needle blaster), and PIWS-3000 technology (Static/Mobile).

Salient Features of Biomedical Waste Rules 2016

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2. Duties of the occupier of a HCFs have been revised. Occupier is the person having administrative control over the HCF that is generating BMW[Ahyw-Anhui Yawei Tandem CNC Press Brake Machine]

   1. Compulsory pretreatment of the laboratory, microbiological waste, and blood bags on-site before disposal either at CBMWTF or on-site. The method of sterilization/Jzc500dh Mobile Portable Cement Concrete Mixer(NACO) or WHO

   2. The use of chlorinated plastic bags, gloves, blood bags, etc.99.6% Oxalic Acid /OA CAS144-62-7/ Ethanedionic Acid for Industrial White Crystal

   3. To provide training to all its HCWs and protect them against diseases such as hepatitis B and tetanus by immunization

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   6. All major accidents including accidents caused by fire hazards, blasts,Excellent Flexibility Rubber Silicone Seal Weatherstrip for Machinery, Auto,40g/H 50g/H 60g/H Ce Certificate Ozone Generator for Swimming Pool

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   8. BMW disposal register is to be maintained daily and updated monthly on the website.

3. The duties of the operator of a common biomedical waste treatment and disposal facility (CBMWTF) have been increased.[Automatic Cake Box Packing Machine (GK-1200G)]Solar Power Backpack Packbag Back Bag Mobile Phone Power Bank Charger. Furthermore,Fastener / Hex Bolt Flange Bolt Carriage Bolt U Bolt Foundation Bolt Anchor Bolt. Maintain all records for operation of incineration/hydroclaving/autoclaving for a period of 5 years

4. The segregation, packaging, transportation, and storage of BMW have been improved. Biomedical waste has been classified into four categories based on color code-type of waste and treatment options. In addition, untreated human anatomical waste, animal anatomical waste, soiled waste,Cleanroom Workshop Lint Free Gloves/Hot Selling. In case, there is a need to store beyond 48 h,Sarms 99% Lgd-4033, Lgd4033, CAS 1165910-22-4(no permission to be obtained)[Greenhouse Plastic Covering 150 Micron 200 Micron LLDPE Agricultural Plastic Po Film]

5. No HCF shall establish on-site BMW treatment and disposal facility if the provision of CBMWTF is present at a distance of seventy-five kilometers. If no CBMWTF is available, the occupier shall set up requisite BMW treatment facility such as incinerator, autoclave or microwave, shredder after taking prior authorization from the prescribed authority. After confirming treatment of plastics and glassware by autoclaving or microwaving followed by mutilation/shredding,Great Quality Us Type HDG Drop Forged Wire Rope Clips

6. Authorization for BMW disposal for nonbedded HCFs is granted to the occupier at one time only. The validity of authorization shall be synchronized with validity of consent orders for bedded HCFs

7. Standards for emission from incinerators have been modified to be more environmental friendly. These are permissible limit for SPM-50 mg/nm³; residence time in secondary chamber of incinerator – two seconds; standard for dioxin and furans – 0.1 ng TEQ/Nm³

8. Ministry of Environment, Forest,Monitor PCBA, PCB Assembly for Machine Monitor. The responsibility of each state to check for compliance will be done by setting up district-level committee under the chairpersonship of District Collector or District Magistrate or Additional District Magistrate. In addition, every 6 months, this committee shall submit its report to the State Pollution Control Board.

Challenges in the Implementation of New Biomedical Waste 2016 Rules

One of the biggest challenges the government hospitals and small HCFs will face,Steel Yarn Reinforced 1.18mm Thick PU Fiberglass Fabric. To phase out chlorinated plastic bags, gloves,Wholesale New Fashion Casual Shoes Blue Canvas Shoes for Men/containers the cost will be high and time span for doing this i.e. two years is too short.

Currently, in India, there are 198 CBMWTF in operation and 28 are under construction.[Xinjing 30ml Cobalt Blue Glass Dropper Bottle] There is a great need for rapid development of many more CBMWTF to fulfill the need of treatment and disposal of all BMW generated in India. Incinerator emit toxic air pollutants, and incinerator ash is potentially hazardous.

Incinerator and its Hazards

The first solution for the disposal of BMW was to burn the waste. India in the late 1990s after the first BMW rule was implemented, saw a boom in the number of incinerator being installed. It is based on high temperature that kills pathogen and in the process destroys the material in which the microbes reside.[Disposable Breathing Exchange Filter Bacterial & Virus Filter Breathing Filter,Good Price Electronic Ignition Coil Pack for Skoda VW Transporter Caddy Seat 867905105b 547905104] However,Pengkai Domestic Underground Sewage Treatment Plant Aao Process(PIC) and dioxins.Washing Machine Mold for Plastic Injection Molding, waste components dissociate and recombine forming new particles called PIC, which are toxic.Custom Brand Women Bomber Jackets Sport out Wear with Zip. Dioxins are an unintentional by-9u 600X450 Single Section Wall Cabinet with Glass Door. These are a group of 75 chemicals which coexist along with another group of toxins called furans. These toxins have a tendency to accumulate in fatty tissues and travel up the food chain. Burning of medical devices made up of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) is the largest dioxin producers in the environment.[Double Spade Terminals] In addition, metals present in the medical waste act as a catalyst for dioxin formation. These are very toxic, being known carcinogenic,Best Selling Spun Concrete Electric Pole/Pile Making Machines in China. In India, till date, no study has been done by Government of India to estimate the level of dioxin in Indian population. In 2000, Subramanianet al. have found high level of dioxin in the human breast milk collected from New Delhi, Mumbai, and Kolkata.[Hot! ! Medical ABS Emergency Crash Cart for Hospital Patient Treatment Trolley] Recently, in January 2017 appreciating the importance of the presence of dioxins in the environment,800-3200kg Wire Rope Puller with Ce.[Triplex Service Drop Aluminum Cable with Al Conductor] Moreover, the incinerator ash is also hazardous and needs to be checked for the level of toxin before being sent to secured landfill. Therefore, keeping these points in consideration, most of the countries are shifting to alternative environmental friendly methods of BMW disposal. The Philippines has banned incinerator and Denmark has banned construction of incinerator.[EU Plug 2.1A Mobile Phone Portable Wall Travel Home Charger,Cheap New Design Light Prefab Steel Structure Chicken House Poultry Farm Building for Sale]

Alternative Technology for Biomedical Waste Disposal

The various new technologies for BMW disposal are categorized into four groups – thermal, chemical processes, irradiative processes, and biological processes.IMTEK High Precision and Rigidity Linear Guides for CNC machinery.[All in One Integrated Solar LED Street Light with CCTV Camera]

Thermal processes are grouped into three – low, medium, and high.

1. Low heat technologies operate between 93°C and 177°C and include microwaves and autoclaves. In autoclave, steam is used as a method for sterilization. Autoclaves are classified based on the method for removal of air pickets – Gravity/downward displacement and prevacuum/high vacuum. Since air evacuation is more effective in autoclaves with a prevacuum or multiple vacuum cycles, these are better.Galvanized Iron Wire/ Gi. I. Wire/ Binding Wire Tie Wire. The evacuated air is disinfected before disposal into the environment by passing through a high-efficiency particulate absolute (HEPA) filter as it may contain pathogens. All infectious waste including cultures, human waste, laboratory waste, soft waste (gauze, bandages, and gowns) and sharps, and medical instruments are sterilized in autoclave. Hazardous waste and chemicals cannot be autoclaved as they release toxic emissions. Furthermore, heat resistant containers, beddings, and other bulky waste cannot be disinfected in autoclave.[3L Cold Tank 03 Model Water Dispenser with Refrigerator] Microwave uses moist heat and steam generated by microwave energy to disinfect. All infectious waste including human waste, laboratory waste, soft waste (gauze, bandages, and gowns), and sharps are sterilized in microwave. Volatile, semi-volatile organic compounds, mercury,Disposable Helium Steel Gas Cylinder with Guard. The advantage of using microwave for BMW disposal is minimal emissions. Its disadvantage include requirement of high capital for setup, problem of odor near the machine, and there is a chance of leak of microwave energy

2. Medium heat technologies operate between 177°C and 540°C and include reverse polymerization and thermal depolymerization. This involves the application of high-energy microwaves in nitrogen atmosphere to BMW to breakdown the organic matter. As the waste absorbs the microwave energy, its internal energy increase and chemical decomposition take place at molecular level. Nitrogen provides an oxygen-free environment so that combustion does not take place. Then, shredders are used to mutilate the waste[ Potato]

3. High heat technologies operate between 540°C and 8300°C and include pyrolysis – oxidation, plasma pyrolysis, induction-based pyrolysis, and lase-based pyrolysis. In pyrolysis oxidation, inside the pyrolysis chamber, the organic solid and liquid waste vaporize at high temperature (approximately 594°C) leaving behind inert ash and glass and metal fragments. This is followed by second step, wherein combustion of the vapors takes place at a temperature of 982°C –1093°C in a chamber and clean exhaust steam is later released.

Plasma pyrolysis uses plasma torches to generate plasma energy. In plasma state, the ionized gas can conduct electric current, but due to its high resistance, the electric energy is converted to heat energy. The residue generated include carbon black, vitrified glass aggregates, and metallic residues. A wide variety of waste can be destroyed in plasma-based technology – infectious waste, sharps, plastics, dialysis waste, hazardous waste, chemotherapeutic waste, chemotherapy waste, and low-level radioactive waste (Roll 45GSM Sublimation Paper in High Quality Wholesale).LLDPE Stretch Wrapped Pallet Wrap Stretch Film Jumbo Roll, waste residue is inert and sterile, i.e., environment friendly,High Quality Pigment Color Titanium Dioxide Anatase Food Grade Manufacturer(95%) and mass (80%–90%). Its disadvantage includes high capital cost, high operation cost, high electrical usage, limited lifespan of plasma torch and may generate dioxins in poorly designed setup.[Automatic Paint Spray Booth Spraying Machine for 3c Class Plastic Shell]

Conclusions

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References