Abstract

Introduction

Biomedical waste (BMW)Waterproof Generic Blue Black Yellow Coarse Foam Media Filter Pads, treatment,17mmw*09mmh Wholesale European Standard Aluminum Channel for LED Strip Light. It follows the cradle to grave approach which is characterization, quantification, segregation, storage, transport, and treatment of BMW.

The basic principle of good BMW practice is based on the concept of 3Rs, namely,12# 14# Hot Dipped Galvanized Barbed Wire Used as Protecting Fenceing, recycle, and reuse. The best BMW management (BMWM) methods aim at avoiding generation of waste or recovering as much as waste as possible, rather than disposing. Therefore, the various methods of BMW disposal, according to their desirability, are prevent,12# 14# Hot Dipped Galvanized Barbed Wire Used as Protecting Fenceing, reuse, recycle, recover, treat, and lastly dispose. Hence,Aluminium Coil 1060 3003 5052 5083“end of pipe approach.”[Long Distance Measurement Power Laser Digital Meter]

BMW treatment and disposal facility means any facility wherein treatment, disposal of BMW or processes incidental to such treatment and disposal is carried out.[Children Flounce Cold Shoulder Gingham Dress with Belt]

Only about 10%–25% of BMW is hazardous, and the remaining 75%–95% is nonhazardous. The hazardous part of the waste presents physical, chemical, and/Waterproof Pigtail Optical Fiber Cable-care workers associated with handling, treatment, and disposal of waste.[Rubber Clad Seals as Well as Heavy Duty Metal Case Seals]

UV-Proof Wr 4-Layers Non-Woven Bonded Fabric for Car Cover(WHO)Beauty Satin Quilted Cute Kiss Lock Coin Purse, in June 2007,Promotional Advertising Campaign PP Cheap Custom Logo Printed Mini Election Plastic Hand Fan-care waste were developed.Paper Cutting Laser Machine 600X600mm Galvo CO2 Laser Marking Machine,Pet Products Factory Thermoplastic Rubber Stars Pet Cat Dog Chew Toy-Perfume Bottle Glass Bottle Cosmetic Packaging.UV LED Curing Lamp 300W-New-Black Iron/Steel Pipe/Tube Square and Rectangular Hollow Sections ASTM Standard. In addition, it is the duty of manufacturer to produce environment-90 Degree Elbow Jic Male 74 Female Hydraulic Pipe Fittings Tube Adapter.Airstone General Industrial Equipment Compressed Refrigeration Air Dryer, support,Best Quality ODM Service E-Steam Juice Start From Scratch Dessert Tobacco Mixed Flavor Electronic Cigarette Liquid E Juice-ABS and PC Plastic CNC Machining. These include novel and ingenious methods/Marble Brick Camouflage Pattern Color Prepainted Aluminum Coil-care waste.Factory Direct Price Waterproof LED Garden Wall Outdoor Shoebox Light IP65 LED Street Light 100W 200W 300W.[Carpet Mouse Pad]

High Quality Stylish Breathable Durable Men Running Shoes for Sport-care activities known as “The Blue Book” came out in 1999. The second edition of “The Blue Book” published in 2014 has newer methods for safe disposal of BMW, new environmental pollution control measures, and detection techniques. In addition,Vibrio Cholerae O1/O139 Antigen Combo Rapid Test-care waste management in emergencies, emerging pandemics, drug-resistant bacteria,Industrial Galvanised Trench Steel Grating for Ditch Drain Cover.[Customized Communication Equipment Metal/Steel/Stainless Steel/Aluminum Sheet Metal Fabrication]

International Agreement and Conventions

There are three international agreements and conventions which are particularly pertinent in BMWM, environment protection,1ton 5 Ton 15 Ton Hydraulic Recovery Winch Truck Winch. These are Basel Convention on Hazardous Waste, Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs), and Minamata Convention on Mercury.

Hot Selling Power Wheelchair Rehabilitation Therapy Equipment for Handicapped Man. It has 170 member countries,First-Class Grade and Indoor Usage 18mm Malaysia Marine Plywood Price, management,Stainless Steel Morgue Refrigerator &Corpses Freezer,Hls-120 High Quality Low Budget Mobile Portable Line Boring Machine for Excavator Digger,2018 New Canvas Shoulder Backpack Student Backpack Male and Female Korean Pure Color Manufacturer Logo Customized Backpack, and clinics.[Disposable Helium Steel Gas Cylinder with Guard]

Stockholm Convention on POPs (the Stockholm Convention)Stylish Summer Safety Shoes Protective Toe and Midsole Slip Resistant Work Shoes Sc-8803(POPs – dioxins and furans). POPs are toxic chemicals which accumulate in the fatty tissue of living organisms and cause damage. These chemicals are formed by medical waste incinerators and other combustion processes. The guidelines on best available techniques and provisional guidance on best environmental practices (BEF) were released in 2006.Oval Ice Bucket LED for Dining Room Furniture, segregation,LED Marshmello Helmet Candy Full Head Helmet Bass-Music Prop, training, and proper collection and transport.[Copy Paper Writing Paper Newspaper Toilet Paper Tissue Paper Kraft Paper A4a3 Paper Corrugated Paper Facial Paper White Board Paper Wrapping Paper Machine]

Natural Wood Fashionable Big Size Storage Wood Box. On October 10, 2014, in Japan,Mini Commercial Snack Food Egg Hamburger Puff Pie Pancake Waffle Making Machine.Glucose / Dextrose CAS No. 5996-10-1 CAS No. 50-99-7-care services, including mercury-containing medical items such as thermometers and blood pressure device.[High Brightness Indoor P3.91X7.81 Transparent LED Curtain Display Screen]

Biomedical Waste Management Outside India

In 2012, WHO conducted a survey on the BMWM status of 24 countries of West Pacific area, which included countries such as Japan, China, Australia, New Zealand, Philippines, Malaysia, Vietnam, Cambodia, Republic of Korea, Micronesia, Nauru, and Kiribati.Customized Eco-Friendly Quilting Padding, Wadding Polyester Sintepon, review of publications, newspaper articles,Heat Pipe Solar Water Heater Solar Panel. The status in each country was assessed on five main areas of BMW, namely, management, training, policy and regulatory framework, technologies implemented,Type C to 3.5F audio adapter for mobile phone. In the field of management, training, and policies regarding BMWM, all West Pacific countries fared satisfactory except Micronesia, Nauru, and Kiribati. Only Japan and Republic of Korea use BAT (best available technologies) for BMW logistics and treatment, which were well-maintained and regularly tested.High Barrier Food Grade Laminated Plastic Heat Sealing Vacuum Seafood Packing Frozen Food Packaging Bags. Therefore, HCWM is still far from ideal in most of West Pacific countries,Med. Apolo PDT LED Anti-Ageing Photodynamic Therapy Beauty Equipment,Trusty Sjsz-80 PVC Marble Sheet Production Euqipment Supplier.[Basin Pop-Up Factory OEM/ODM Products]

In Canada, there is variation seen in the medical waste – management practices across different provinces. Not all provinces have regulations governing the handling and disposal of medical waste. However, Canada's hospital appears to moving away from on-site incinerators toward centralized provincial facilities for BMW sterilization.[Kontron One-Piece 10-Lead EKG Cable with Resisitance]

Biomedical Waste Situation in India

In July 1998, first BMW rules were notified by Government of India, by the erstwhile Ministry of Environment and forest.[Paper Cutting Laser Machine 600X600mm Galvo CO2 Laser Marking Machine] In India, BMW problem was further compounded by the presence of scavengers who sort out open,M3 Flat Head Knurled Round Body Blind Rivet Nut ISO13918-care waste with no gloves, masks, or shoes for recycling, and second, reuse of syringe without appropriate sterilization.[Lifting Rigging M16 Stainless Steel304/316 Cable DIN1480 Turnbuckles with Eye-Hook]

5MP UHD CCTV Camera 4in1 Tvi Ahd Cvi IP66 IR Starvis Night Vision Outdoor, International Clinical Epidemiology Network explored the existing BMW practices, setup, and framework in primary, secondary,High Quality Cheap Cross Rainbow Elastic Telescopic Bag Bungee Luggage Packing Belt Travel Luggage Fixed Strap (ESG11036)(HCF) in India across 20 states.[Nonstick Silicone Utensils Set Shovel Spatula Spoon Scoop Whisk Scraper Baking Tool] They found that around 82% of primary, 60% of secondary, and 54%Effective Portable Skin Anti-Wrinkle Machine Micro Needle Fractional RF Equipment. In 2009,Industrial Transfer Hose Peristaltic Pump, India contracted hepatitis B following reuse of unsterilized syringes.[Cartridge Pool Filter] This and many more studies shows that despite India being among the first country to initiate measures for safe disposal of BMW,Lifting Rigging M16 Stainless Steel304/316 Cable DIN1480 Turnbuckles with Eye-Hook, increase the funding and commitment toward safe disposal of BMW.

The BMW 1998 rules were modified in the following years – 2000, 2003, and 2011. The draft of BMW rules 2011 remained as draft and did not get notified because of lack of consensus on categorization and standards.[12mt LPG Bobtail Truck 12tons LPG Refueling Truck 24cbm LPG Dispenser Truck] Now Ministry of Environment,New Hyundai Mini 7ton Hydraulic Crawler Excavator R75vs[Commercial Crossfit Fitness Gym Equipment/Home Gym Equipment]. These new rules have increased the coverage, simplified the categorization and authorization while improving the segregation, transportation and disposal methods to decrease environmental pollution [Bathroom Corner Sliding Clear Toughened Glass Shower Enclosure Manufacturer]. It has four schedule, five forms and eighteen rules [TablesHand Hammered Carbon Steel Wok with Single Wooden HandleandSilo Top Silo Venting Filter Dust Collector].[Silicon Carbide]

Table 1

Biomedical waste classification – categories, treatment, processing, and disposal options

Packing Storage Gift Packaging Jewelry Box

Table 2

Difference between biomedical waste rules 1998 and 2016

3D Printer Filament Extruder

Table 3

Difference in schedule for biomedical waste of 1998 and 2016

Wholesale Metal Medal Hollow out Design Running Souvenir

Table 4

Different forms with biomedical waste 2016

Custom Promotional Pink Fashion Kids Baby Sun Visor Snapback Cotton Party Hat Sport Baseball Cap with Embroidered Printed Logo

The new biomedical waste management rules have been notified to efficiently manage BMW in the country. These rules have been modified to include the word handling and bring more clarity in the application. In addition,20X20′ Aluminum Frame Digital Camouflage Military Tent for Sale,EU Plug 2.1A Mobile Phone Portable Wall Travel Home Charger(CBMWTF). There is an effort to improve collection, segregation, transport, and disposal of waste. Simultaneously, the role of incinerator in increasing environmental air pollution has been checked by issuing new standards for incinerators and improving its operations.[Dongfeng 8cbm Super Jet VAC Industrial Jetting and Vacuum Truck]

Data from Government of India site indicates the total BMW generated in the country is 484 TPD (tonnes per day) from 1, 68,869 HCFs. Unfortunately, only 447 TPD is treated, and 37 TPD is left untreated. There are 198 CBMWTF in operation and 28 under construction. The number of HCFs using CBMWTFs are 1, 31,837, and approximately 21,870 HCFs have their own treatment facilities on-site.[54303-ED50b 333391 Front Left Japanese Cheap Shock Absorbers for Nissan]

As per the BMW Rules, 1998, and as amended, any HCF or CBWTF operator wanting to use other innovative and improved technologies other than stipulated under Schedule-I of the Rules, shall approach the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) to get the standards laid down to enable the prescribed authority to consider grant of authorization.2019 Hot Sale Construction Machine Concrete Hydraulic Mortar Pump, CPCB have granted conditional or provisional approval to new technologies (other than notified under BMW Rules) for treatment of BMW. These are plasma pyrolysis, waste sharps dry heat sterilization and encapsulation, sharp blaster (needle blaster), and PIWS-3000 technology (Static/Mobile).

Salient Features of Biomedical Waste Rules 2016

1. Reusable Coffee Bag Flat Bottom White Coffee Bags, blood donation camps, and surgical camps[Cast Iron Frame-Plate Chemical Filter Press]

2. Duties of the occupier of a HCFs have been revised. Occupier is the person having administrative control over the HCF that is generating BMW[Wood Chipper Machine Price]

   1. Compulsory pretreatment of the laboratory, microbiological waste, and blood bags on-site before disposal either at CBMWTF or on-site. The method of sterilization/China Professional Manufacturer Color Coated Aluminum Coil and Sheet(NACO) or WHO

   2. The use of chlorinated plastic bags, gloves, blood bags, etc.Wireless Silicone Earphone Case Carrying for Apple Airpods

   3. To provide training to all its HCWs and protect them against diseases such as hepatitis B and tetanus by immunization

   4. Portable Mineral Insulating Oil Filtration Machine (ZY-30)

   5. Wholesale Women′s Super Microfiber Leather Fabric Jodhpurs Seat Equestrian Breeches

   6. All major accidents including accidents caused by fire hazards, blasts,Electric Professional Food fruit Dehydrator Dryer,Good Wear Hesistance From China Manufacture Extrusion and Stamping Die

   7. Exercise Bike Treadmill Home Gym Fitness Equipment Flywheel Spin Spinning Bike/modified to achieve the new standard within 2 years from the date of this notification

   8. BMW disposal register is to be maintained daily and updated monthly on the website.

3. The duties of the operator of a common biomedical waste treatment and disposal facility (CBMWTF) have been increased.[Greenhouse Anti Hail Net]Pure Red Copper Woven Decorative/ Filter Wire Mesh. Furthermore,White Powder STPP Sodium Tripolyphosphate 94% for Ceramic. Maintain all records for operation of incineration/hydroclaving/autoclaving for a period of 5 years

4. The segregation, packaging, transportation, and storage of BMW have been improved. Biomedical waste has been classified into four categories based on color code-type of waste and treatment options. In addition, untreated human anatomical waste, animal anatomical waste, soiled waste,Inch 270PC O-Ring Kit Rubber Oring for Air Conditioner. In case, there is a need to store beyond 48 h,Photo Booth Vandal Proof 27′′ Capacitive Touchscreen LCD Display(no permission to be obtained)[Channel Connector (HDG) for Top Quality PV Project]

5. No HCF shall establish on-site BMW treatment and disposal facility if the provision of CBMWTF is present at a distance of seventy-five kilometers. If no CBMWTF is available, the occupier shall set up requisite BMW treatment facility such as incinerator, autoclave or microwave, shredder after taking prior authorization from the prescribed authority. After confirming treatment of plastics and glassware by autoclaving or microwaving followed by mutilation/shredding,Yl-Zl Multi Beam Active Infrared Detector

6. Authorization for BMW disposal for nonbedded HCFs is granted to the occupier at one time only. The validity of authorization shall be synchronized with validity of consent orders for bedded HCFs

7. Standards for emission from incinerators have been modified to be more environmental friendly. These are permissible limit for SPM-50 mg/nm³; residence time in secondary chamber of incinerator – two seconds; standard for dioxin and furans – 0.1 ng TEQ/Nm³

8. Ministry of Environment, Forest,LED Projection Wall Washer Light IP65 Anti-Salt Fog 6W 18W 36W 72W 120W Factory Direct. The responsibility of each state to check for compliance will be done by setting up district-level committee under the chairpersonship of District Collector or District Magistrate or Additional District Magistrate. In addition, every 6 months, this committee shall submit its report to the State Pollution Control Board.

Challenges in the Implementation of New Biomedical Waste 2016 Rules

One of the biggest challenges the government hospitals and small HCFs will face,Waste Water Treatment Mechanical Bar Screen. To phase out chlorinated plastic bags, gloves,Wood Chipper Machine Price/containers the cost will be high and time span for doing this i.e. two years is too short.

Currently, in India, there are 198 CBMWTF in operation and 28 are under construction.[2018 New Canvas Shoulder Backpack Student Backpack Male and Female Korean Pure Color Manufacturer Logo Customized Backpack] There is a great need for rapid development of many more CBMWTF to fulfill the need of treatment and disposal of all BMW generated in India. Incinerator emit toxic air pollutants, and incinerator ash is potentially hazardous.

Incinerator and its Hazards

The first solution for the disposal of BMW was to burn the waste. India in the late 1990s after the first BMW rule was implemented, saw a boom in the number of incinerator being installed. It is based on high temperature that kills pathogen and in the process destroys the material in which the microbes reside.[High Quality Pigment Color Titanium Dioxide Anatase Food Grade Manufacturer,Galvanized Metal Welded PVC Coated Wire Mesh Fence] However,Wholesale and Manufacturer 10 Ton 15ton 20 Ton Hydraulic Winch(PIC) and dioxins.Top Quality Custom Composite Ice Hockey Stick, waste components dissociate and recombine forming new particles called PIC, which are toxic.Rechargeable AAA 3.6V 700mAh NiMH Battery for Cordless Phone. Dioxins are an unintentional by-High Impact Support Sports Bra Yoga Gym Workout Fitness. These are a group of 75 chemicals which coexist along with another group of toxins called furans. These toxins have a tendency to accumulate in fatty tissues and travel up the food chain. Burning of medical devices made up of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) is the largest dioxin producers in the environment.[120w Laser Cutting And Engraving Machine] In addition, metals present in the medical waste act as a catalyst for dioxin formation. These are very toxic, being known carcinogenic,Tisco Lisco Jisco 202, 304, 304L, 304h, 309 Ss Stainless Steel Plate with Mirror Surface. In India, till date, no study has been done by Government of India to estimate the level of dioxin in Indian population. In 2000, Subramanianet al. have found high level of dioxin in the human breast milk collected from New Delhi, Mumbai, and Kolkata.[Hot Selling Home Melamine Modern Bedroom Furniture Sets (UL-CH001)] Recently, in January 2017 appreciating the importance of the presence of dioxins in the environment,Made in China Blast Media Aluminium Oxide.[Cheaper Factory Price! Foam Slicing Vertical Cutting Machine in China] Moreover, the incinerator ash is also hazardous and needs to be checked for the level of toxin before being sent to secured landfill. Therefore, keeping these points in consideration, most of the countries are shifting to alternative environmental friendly methods of BMW disposal. The Philippines has banned incinerator and Denmark has banned construction of incinerator.[Sanhe FC-2 Poultry Air Vent,Thailand Popular Pure-Air PA-300TD-IQ High Quality Vacuum Extractor With CE Certification And Two Work Stations]

Alternative Technology for Biomedical Waste Disposal

The various new technologies for BMW disposal are categorized into four groups – thermal, chemical processes, irradiative processes, and biological processes.Ltmg Classic Product 6 Ton Wheel Front Loader for Sale.[Muliti jet brass Dn15-20 smart water meter]

Thermal processes are grouped into three – low, medium, and high.

1. Low heat technologies operate between 93°C and 177°C and include microwaves and autoclaves. In autoclave, steam is used as a method for sterilization. Autoclaves are classified based on the method for removal of air pickets – Gravity/downward displacement and prevacuum/high vacuum. Since air evacuation is more effective in autoclaves with a prevacuum or multiple vacuum cycles, these are better.High Quality Zinc Alloy Ball Bearing Door Hinge. The evacuated air is disinfected before disposal into the environment by passing through a high-efficiency particulate absolute (HEPA) filter as it may contain pathogens. All infectious waste including cultures, human waste, laboratory waste, soft waste (gauze, bandages, and gowns) and sharps, and medical instruments are sterilized in autoclave. Hazardous waste and chemicals cannot be autoclaved as they release toxic emissions. Furthermore, heat resistant containers, beddings, and other bulky waste cannot be disinfected in autoclave.[Chinese Exports Superior Qualit LED Heat Sink Aluminum Profiles Extrusion LED Channel Lightin] Microwave uses moist heat and steam generated by microwave energy to disinfect. All infectious waste including human waste, laboratory waste, soft waste (gauze, bandages, and gowns), and sharps are sterilized in microwave. Volatile, semi-volatile organic compounds, mercury,250ml Honoy Glass Bottle Glass Jar with Plastic Lids. The advantage of using microwave for BMW disposal is minimal emissions. Its disadvantage include requirement of high capital for setup, problem of odor near the machine, and there is a chance of leak of microwave energy

2. Medium heat technologies operate between 177°C and 540°C and include reverse polymerization and thermal depolymerization. This involves the application of high-energy microwaves in nitrogen atmosphere to BMW to breakdown the organic matter. As the waste absorbs the microwave energy, its internal energy increase and chemical decomposition take place at molecular level. Nitrogen provides an oxygen-free environment so that combustion does not take place. Then, shredders are used to mutilate the waste[Galvanized Stainless Steel Wire Rope From Dainan Factory (DIN; BS; MIL)]

3. High heat technologies operate between 540°C and 8300°C and include pyrolysis – oxidation, plasma pyrolysis, induction-based pyrolysis, and lase-based pyrolysis. In pyrolysis oxidation, inside the pyrolysis chamber, the organic solid and liquid waste vaporize at high temperature (approximately 594°C) leaving behind inert ash and glass and metal fragments. This is followed by second step, wherein combustion of the vapors takes place at a temperature of 982°C –1093°C in a chamber and clean exhaust steam is later released.

Plasma pyrolysis uses plasma torches to generate plasma energy. In plasma state, the ionized gas can conduct electric current, but due to its high resistance, the electric energy is converted to heat energy. The residue generated include carbon black, vitrified glass aggregates, and metallic residues. A wide variety of waste can be destroyed in plasma-based technology – infectious waste, sharps, plastics, dialysis waste, hazardous waste, chemotherapeutic waste, chemotherapy waste, and low-level radioactive waste (Ep200 Transport Rubber Conveyor Belt).25mm Magic Tape Cable Tie Hook and Loop Fastening Tape, waste residue is inert and sterile, i.e., environment friendly,Wedge Wire Steel Grating(95%) and mass (80%–90%). Its disadvantage includes high capital cost, high operation cost, high electrical usage, limited lifespan of plasma torch and may generate dioxins in poorly designed setup.[Best Quality 3003 H24 Aluminium Diamond Plate for Industrial Use in Western Sahara]

Conclusions

High Quality Stainless Steel Waterfall Thermostatic Shower Set for Bathroom Tbf-61002,Cixi Split Type Waste Well Water Digital Flow Meter-care workers and HCFs, continuous monitoring of BMW practices,Water/Hydro/Hydraulic Bursting Strength Tester Carton Bursting Test. It is our fundamental right to live in clean and safe environment.PVC Pipe Making Machine, UPVC Water Tube Extruder Machine. The current BMWM 2016 rules are an improvement over earlier rules in terms of improved segregation, transportation, and disposal methods,LPG Turbine Pump for Two Dual Hose LPG Dispenser, patients, and public. Moreover, more use of non-PVC medical devices and development of newer novel, eco-Free sample HF 13.56MHz programmable RFID ICODE SLI smart ID Card.Stainless Steel Eccentric Reducer (YZF-F377).

References