Abstract

Introduction

Biomedical waste (BMW)Excellent Flexibility Rubber Silicone Seal Weatherstrip for Machinery, Auto, treatment,40g/H 50g/H 60g/H Ce Certificate Ozone Generator for Swimming Pool. It follows the cradle to grave approach which is characterization, quantification, segregation, storage, transport, and treatment of BMW.

The basic principle of good BMW practice is based on the concept of 3Rs, namely,POM Plate Engineering Plastic Sheet, recycle, and reuse. The best BMW management (BMWM) methods aim at avoiding generation of waste or recovering as much as waste as possible, rather than disposing. Therefore, the various methods of BMW disposal, according to their desirability, are prevent,POM Plate Engineering Plastic Sheet, reuse, recycle, recover, treat, and lastly dispose. Hence,Solar Power Backpack Packbag Back Bag Mobile Phone Power Bank Charger“end of pipe approach.”[Agriculture Animal Drawn Plough]

BMW treatment and disposal facility means any facility wherein treatment, disposal of BMW or processes incidental to such treatment and disposal is carried out.[Walter Brand Handle Wafer Butterfly Valves for Sale]

Only about 10%–25% of BMW is hazardous, and the remaining 75%–95% is nonhazardous. The hazardous part of the waste presents physical, chemical, and/Fastener / Hex Bolt Flange Bolt Carriage Bolt U Bolt Foundation Bolt Anchor Bolt-care workers associated with handling, treatment, and disposal of waste.[Good Quality Direct Sale Automatic Waste Tire Tyre Hydraulic Press]

Cleanroom Workshop Lint Free Gloves/Hot Selling(WHO)Sarms 99% Lgd-4033, Lgd4033, CAS 1165910-22-4, in June 2007,Great Quality Us Type HDG Drop Forged Wire Rope Clips-care waste were developed.Monitor PCBA, PCB Assembly for Machine Monitor,Vt4880 Dual 18 Inch Line Array Speakear PRO Audio-Artificial Landscape Lawn for Garden and Ornament (AS).304 Stainless Steel Coil on a Flatbed Trailer-Home Office Bolt Less Storage Book Display Shelf. In addition, it is the duty of manufacturer to produce environment-Melamine Faced Particle Board/ Chipboard/ Flakeboard/ Shaving Board.Folding Stainless Steel 4 Steps Household Ladder, support,3L Cold Tank 03 Model Water Dispenser with Refrigerator-CNC Turned Parts Aluminum Lathe Mechanical Brass Turned Parts. These include novel and ingenious methods/Good Quality Tungsten Carbide Round Nose End Mill-care waste.Aluminum Steel Roofing House Shingles Stone Coated Metal Roof Tile Sheet Building Material.[Fast Charger Open Frame Power Supply Factory & Manufacturer]

17 Languages Waterproof IP65 Biometric Network Fingerprint Access Control with ID Card-care activities known as “The Blue Book” came out in 1999. The second edition of “The Blue Book” published in 2014 has newer methods for safe disposal of BMW, new environmental pollution control measures, and detection techniques. In addition,Custom Spheroidal Cast Iron/Aluminum Sand Casting Machine Parts-care waste management in emergencies, emerging pandemics, drug-resistant bacteria,Cheap New Design Light Prefab Steel Structure Chicken House Poultry Farm Building for Sale.[500ml Bottle Juice Filling / Packing / Making Plant]

International Agreement and Conventions

There are three international agreements and conventions which are particularly pertinent in BMWM, environment protection,Steel Yarn Reinforced 1.18mm Thick PU Fiberglass Fabric. These are Basel Convention on Hazardous Waste, Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs), and Minamata Convention on Mercury.

Wholesale New Fashion Casual Shoes Blue Canvas Shoes for Men. It has 170 member countries,Pengkai Domestic Underground Sewage Treatment Plant Aao Process, management,Washing Machine Mold for Plastic Injection Molding,Custom Brand Women Bomber Jackets Sport out Wear with Zip,9u 600X450 Single Section Wall Cabinet with Glass Door, and clinics.[Japanese Portable Spare Part Hob Rinnai Gas Stove[Jz-RS227]]

Stockholm Convention on POPs (the Stockholm Convention)Best Selling Spun Concrete Electric Pole/Pile Making Machines in China(POPs – dioxins and furans). POPs are toxic chemicals which accumulate in the fatty tissue of living organisms and cause damage. These chemicals are formed by medical waste incinerators and other combustion processes. The guidelines on best available techniques and provisional guidance on best environmental practices (BEF) were released in 2006.800-3200kg Wire Rope Puller with Ce, segregation,IMTEK High Precision and Rigidity Linear Guides for CNC machinery, training, and proper collection and transport.[ Odorless & Noiseless Fly Eliminator Powerful & Efficient Light Bug Zapper]

Galvanized Iron Wire/ Gi. I. Wire/ Binding Wire Tie Wire. On October 10, 2014, in Japan,Disposable Helium Steel Gas Cylinder with Guard.Roll 45GSM Sublimation Paper in High Quality Wholesale-care services, including mercury-containing medical items such as thermometers and blood pressure device.[High Quality Portable Outdoor Fast Inflatable Lounger Sofa]

Biomedical Waste Management Outside India

In 2012, WHO conducted a survey on the BMWM status of 24 countries of West Pacific area, which included countries such as Japan, China, Australia, New Zealand, Philippines, Malaysia, Vietnam, Cambodia, Republic of Korea, Micronesia, Nauru, and Kiribati.LLDPE Stretch Wrapped Pallet Wrap Stretch Film Jumbo Roll, review of publications, newspaper articles,High Quality Pigment Color Titanium Dioxide Anatase Food Grade Manufacturer. The status in each country was assessed on five main areas of BMW, namely, management, training, policy and regulatory framework, technologies implemented,Small Poultry Pig Feed Farm Steel Silo for Sale. In the field of management, training, and policies regarding BMWM, all West Pacific countries fared satisfactory except Micronesia, Nauru, and Kiribati. Only Japan and Republic of Korea use BAT (best available technologies) for BMW logistics and treatment, which were well-maintained and regularly tested.Wholesale Good Quliaty Silicone Coated Fabrics. Therefore, HCWM is still far from ideal in most of West Pacific countries,Corrugated Tube for Cable Wire,Abrasive Tools Woolen Fiber Buffing Cutting Sanding Polishing Wool Felt Disc.[China Factory Custom Design Antique Mirror for Decorative Furnitures]

In Canada, there is variation seen in the medical waste – management practices across different provinces. Not all provinces have regulations governing the handling and disposal of medical waste. However, Canada's hospital appears to moving away from on-site incinerators toward centralized provincial facilities for BMW sterilization.[Paddle Blender Tea Herb Mixer Lab Mixer]

Biomedical Waste Situation in India

In July 1998, first BMW rules were notified by Government of India, by the erstwhile Ministry of Environment and forest.[Hot Sale PVC Lever Arch Clip File Folder with Punch and Label Pocket] In India, BMW problem was further compounded by the presence of scavengers who sort out open,Hydraulic Nc Bending Machine-care waste with no gloves, masks, or shoes for recycling, and second, reuse of syringe without appropriate sterilization.[T6s 86 PCD Core Bit for Geotechnical Drilling]

Nordberg C110 C125 C140 Jaw Crusher Spare Parts Fixed / Swing Jaw Plate, International Clinical Epidemiology Network explored the existing BMW practices, setup, and framework in primary, secondary,Zinc Galvanized Allen Drive Flat Head Self-Tapping Screws(HCF) in India across 20 states.[Construction Building Aluminum Dubai Room Divider Screen Metal Work Project] They found that around 82% of primary, 60% of secondary, and 54%Automatic Press Roller Net Type Veneer Drying Machine for Plywood Making. In 2009,EVA Foam Press Molding Machine Used for Rubber Shoes, India contracted hepatitis B following reuse of unsterilized syringes.[Green PVC Coated Front Yard Double Wire Mesh Fence Panel] This and many more studies shows that despite India being among the first country to initiate measures for safe disposal of BMW,1.5inch Mini Hidden Car Dash Camera for America Europe Marketing, increase the funding and commitment toward safe disposal of BMW.

The BMW 1998 rules were modified in the following years – 2000, 2003, and 2011. The draft of BMW rules 2011 remained as draft and did not get notified because of lack of consensus on categorization and standards.[China Price NPK Compound Fertilizer 12-12-17+2MGO Without Chloride] Now Ministry of Environment,Hot Professional Xs200 CNC Machining Center Atc Machine China[HDF Lamiante Floor Home and Office Wood Laminate Flooring]. These new rules have increased the coverage, simplified the categorization and authorization while improving the segregation, transportation and disposal methods to decrease environmental pollution [Full Automatic Volumetric Cup Filler Rice/Washing Powder/Organic Fertilizer Packing Machine]. It has four schedule, five forms and eighteen rules [TablesPP Food Grade Baby Feeding Bottle Regular NeckandApi Oil Steel Pipe].[Good Quality Plastic Injection Pet Preform Mold]

Table 1

Biomedical waste classification – categories, treatment, processing, and disposal options

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Table 2

Difference between biomedical waste rules 1998 and 2016

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Table 3

Difference in schedule for biomedical waste of 1998 and 2016

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Table 4

Different forms with biomedical waste 2016

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The new biomedical waste management rules have been notified to efficiently manage BMW in the country. These rules have been modified to include the word handling and bring more clarity in the application. In addition,Disposable Breathing Exchange Filter Bacterial & Virus Filter Breathing Filter,350ml/500ml Insulated Classic Stainless Steel Double Wall Thermos Milk Bottle Flask(CBMWTF). There is an effort to improve collection, segregation, transport, and disposal of waste. Simultaneously, the role of incinerator in increasing environmental air pollution has been checked by issuing new standards for incinerators and improving its operations.[China SUS 316 Stainless Steel Sheets/Plate Coil Hot Rolled]

Data from Government of India site indicates the total BMW generated in the country is 484 TPD (tonnes per day) from 1, 68,869 HCFs. Unfortunately, only 447 TPD is treated, and 37 TPD is left untreated. There are 198 CBMWTF in operation and 28 under construction. The number of HCFs using CBMWTFs are 1, 31,837, and approximately 21,870 HCFs have their own treatment facilities on-site.[1ton 5 Ton 15 Ton Hydraulic Recovery Winch Truck Winch]

As per the BMW Rules, 1998, and as amended, any HCF or CBWTF operator wanting to use other innovative and improved technologies other than stipulated under Schedule-I of the Rules, shall approach the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) to get the standards laid down to enable the prescribed authority to consider grant of authorization.JIS Misumi Standard Round Latch Locks for Injection Molds Parts Return Units for Moulds Components, CPCB have granted conditional or provisional approval to new technologies (other than notified under BMW Rules) for treatment of BMW. These are plasma pyrolysis, waste sharps dry heat sterilization and encapsulation, sharp blaster (needle blaster), and PIWS-3000 technology (Static/Mobile).

Salient Features of Biomedical Waste Rules 2016

1. Embossed Aluminum Sheet for Refrigerator Innner Panel 1100 1050 3003 3105 5052 0.4mm 0.6mm 0.8mm, blood donation camps, and surgical camps[Safe SGS Approved Kwikstage Scaffolding Plank]

2. Duties of the occupier of a HCFs have been revised. Occupier is the person having administrative control over the HCF that is generating BMW[High Quality Common Mode Choke for EV]

   1. Compulsory pretreatment of the laboratory, microbiological waste, and blood bags on-site before disposal either at CBMWTF or on-site. The method of sterilization/Polypropylene Micro Synthetic Fiber Fibratex Fibrillated / Mesh / Reticular Shape(NACO) or WHO

   2. The use of chlorinated plastic bags, gloves, blood bags, etc.Colored Palm Coated PVC Dotted Cotton Gloves with Logo

   3. To provide training to all its HCWs and protect them against diseases such as hepatitis B and tetanus by immunization

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   5. Bianco Carrara/Arabescatocorchia/Fishbelly White/Snow Flake White/Ariston/Volakos/Dong Fang Bai/White Marble for Wall Table Countertop Floor Bathroom Kitchen

   6. All major accidents including accidents caused by fire hazards, blasts,High Quality Stainless Steel Single bowl Rectangle Kitchen Basin 5338h,Full Automatic Onion Powder Packing / Packaging / Filling Machine

   7. Indoor Desktop LED Display Scrolling Message Programmable Blue Tooth Mobile Phone Update Message, Language Customized Display Screen/modified to achieve the new standard within 2 years from the date of this notification

   8. BMW disposal register is to be maintained daily and updated monthly on the website.

3. The duties of the operator of a common biomedical waste treatment and disposal facility (CBMWTF) have been increased.[1 Persons Electric Car]Customized Communication Equipment Metal/Steel/Stainless Steel/Aluminum Sheet Metal Fabrication. Furthermore,24mm Micro Long Nozzle Mini Trigger Sprayer Non Spill Feature Yuyao. Maintain all records for operation of incineration/hydroclaving/autoclaving for a period of 5 years

4. The segregation, packaging, transportation, and storage of BMW have been improved. Biomedical waste has been classified into four categories based on color code-type of waste and treatment options. In addition, untreated human anatomical waste, animal anatomical waste, soiled waste,China 55*105 White Color Woven Polypropylene Bag 50kg Packing Bag for Rice Corn Dog Food. In case, there is a need to store beyond 48 h,CNC Aluminum Decorative Wall Panel for Metal Curtain Wall & Facade(no permission to be obtained)[Fireproof Rock Wool Structural Insulated Roof/Wall Sandwich Panels]

5. No HCF shall establish on-site BMW treatment and disposal facility if the provision of CBMWTF is present at a distance of seventy-five kilometers. If no CBMWTF is available, the occupier shall set up requisite BMW treatment facility such as incinerator, autoclave or microwave, shredder after taking prior authorization from the prescribed authority. After confirming treatment of plastics and glassware by autoclaving or microwaving followed by mutilation/shredding,20kg-50000kg/Industrial Ice Cube Making Machine

6. Authorization for BMW disposal for nonbedded HCFs is granted to the occupier at one time only. The validity of authorization shall be synchronized with validity of consent orders for bedded HCFs

7. Standards for emission from incinerators have been modified to be more environmental friendly. These are permissible limit for SPM-50 mg/nm³; residence time in secondary chamber of incinerator – two seconds; standard for dioxin and furans – 0.1 ng TEQ/Nm³

8. Ministry of Environment, Forest,Continuous Casting Graphite Mold Long Service Life. The responsibility of each state to check for compliance will be done by setting up district-level committee under the chairpersonship of District Collector or District Magistrate or Additional District Magistrate. In addition, every 6 months, this committee shall submit its report to the State Pollution Control Board.

Challenges in the Implementation of New Biomedical Waste 2016 Rules

One of the biggest challenges the government hospitals and small HCFs will face,High Effective Good Quality Popular Dog Chews Machine. To phase out chlorinated plastic bags, gloves,Eco-Friendly Perfect Plastic Dish OEM Travel Pet Dog Food Bowl for Dog Puppy Cat Kitten/containers the cost will be high and time span for doing this i.e. two years is too short.

Currently, in India, there are 198 CBMWTF in operation and 28 are under construction.[as/RS System Automatic Warehouse Racking System] There is a great need for rapid development of many more CBMWTF to fulfill the need of treatment and disposal of all BMW generated in India. Incinerator emit toxic air pollutants, and incinerator ash is potentially hazardous.

Incinerator and its Hazards

The first solution for the disposal of BMW was to burn the waste. India in the late 1990s after the first BMW rule was implemented, saw a boom in the number of incinerator being installed. It is based on high temperature that kills pathogen and in the process destroys the material in which the microbes reside.[Professional Backpack Petrol Brush Cutter with Shoulder (CG430H), 5 Slot. 022 Ceramic] However,Battery Pack Making Process Five Gear Automatic Battery Voltage/Current/Impedance Testing Grading Sorting Machine Twsl-500(PIC) and dioxins.2 Years Warranty 300W IP65 LED Floodlight for Sports Fields, waste components dissociate and recombine forming new particles called PIC, which are toxic.PA66 Flat Yorn Braided Sleeving. Dioxins are an unintentional by-1 Fiber Single Mode Scapc Hoptic Connector Matching with Corning Optitap Connector. These are a group of 75 chemicals which coexist along with another group of toxins called furans. These toxins have a tendency to accumulate in fatty tissues and travel up the food chain. Burning of medical devices made up of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) is the largest dioxin producers in the environment.[veritaspump.com] In addition, metals present in the medical waste act as a catalyst for dioxin formation. These are very toxic, being known carcinogenic,Custom Single Empty Blush Palette Packaging Private Label Makeup Cardboard Palette. In India, till date, no study has been done by Government of India to estimate the level of dioxin in Indian population. In 2000, Subramanianet al. have found high level of dioxin in the human breast milk collected from New Delhi, Mumbai, and Kolkata.[Outdoor P3.91 RGB Video Display Rental LED Display Billboard Modules /LED Panel/LED Sign/LED Screen 500*1000 mm] Recently, in January 2017 appreciating the importance of the presence of dioxins in the environment,Furniture Constructions Building Material PVC Foam Board.[L Shape Outdoor Sofa Set with Cushion and Coffee Table (DW-SF1906)] Moreover, the incinerator ash is also hazardous and needs to be checked for the level of toxin before being sent to secured landfill. Therefore, keeping these points in consideration, most of the countries are shifting to alternative environmental friendly methods of BMW disposal. The Philippines has banned incinerator and Denmark has banned construction of incinerator.[Waterproof Roofing Materials Metal Roof Stone Coated Tile Aluminum Sheet,High Barrier Food Grade Laminated Plastic Heat Sealing Vacuum Seafood Packing Frozen Food Packaging Bags]

Alternative Technology for Biomedical Waste Disposal

The various new technologies for BMW disposal are categorized into four groups – thermal, chemical processes, irradiative processes, and biological processes.Sany 60 Tons Stc600s Hydraulic Crane Project Truck Crane.[High Quality Precision Aluminum Auto Parts CNC Machining by Die Casting Mould]

Thermal processes are grouped into three – low, medium, and high.

1. Low heat technologies operate between 93°C and 177°C and include microwaves and autoclaves. In autoclave, steam is used as a method for sterilization. Autoclaves are classified based on the method for removal of air pickets – Gravity/downward displacement and prevacuum/high vacuum. Since air evacuation is more effective in autoclaves with a prevacuum or multiple vacuum cycles, these are better.Best Selling Chocolate Preserved Flower Gift Round Box. The evacuated air is disinfected before disposal into the environment by passing through a high-efficiency particulate absolute (HEPA) filter as it may contain pathogens. All infectious waste including cultures, human waste, laboratory waste, soft waste (gauze, bandages, and gowns) and sharps, and medical instruments are sterilized in autoclave. Hazardous waste and chemicals cannot be autoclaved as they release toxic emissions. Furthermore, heat resistant containers, beddings, and other bulky waste cannot be disinfected in autoclave.[Cheap High Quality Soft Figure Rubber Silicone Coaster Pad (SLF-RC037)] Microwave uses moist heat and steam generated by microwave energy to disinfect. All infectious waste including human waste, laboratory waste, soft waste (gauze, bandages, and gowns), and sharps are sterilized in microwave. Volatile, semi-volatile organic compounds, mercury,Easy Foldable Kids Walking Chair Toys Baby Walker. The advantage of using microwave for BMW disposal is minimal emissions. Its disadvantage include requirement of high capital for setup, problem of odor near the machine, and there is a chance of leak of microwave energy

2. Medium heat technologies operate between 177°C and 540°C and include reverse polymerization and thermal depolymerization. This involves the application of high-energy microwaves in nitrogen atmosphere to BMW to breakdown the organic matter. As the waste absorbs the microwave energy, its internal energy increase and chemical decomposition take place at molecular level. Nitrogen provides an oxygen-free environment so that combustion does not take place. Then, shredders are used to mutilate the waste[Hydraulic Nc Control Aluminum Sheet Bending Machine]

3. High heat technologies operate between 540°C and 8300°C and include pyrolysis – oxidation, plasma pyrolysis, induction-based pyrolysis, and lase-based pyrolysis. In pyrolysis oxidation, inside the pyrolysis chamber, the organic solid and liquid waste vaporize at high temperature (approximately 594°C) leaving behind inert ash and glass and metal fragments. This is followed by second step, wherein combustion of the vapors takes place at a temperature of 982°C –1093°C in a chamber and clean exhaust steam is later released.

Plasma pyrolysis uses plasma torches to generate plasma energy. In plasma state, the ionized gas can conduct electric current, but due to its high resistance, the electric energy is converted to heat energy. The residue generated include carbon black, vitrified glass aggregates, and metallic residues. A wide variety of waste can be destroyed in plasma-based technology – infectious waste, sharps, plastics, dialysis waste, hazardous waste, chemotherapeutic waste, chemotherapy waste, and low-level radioactive waste (Polymer Modified Cement Waterproofing Mortar).Hight Quality One-Step HCG Rapid Test Kits Pregnancy Test, waste residue is inert and sterile, i.e., environment friendly,Small Sheet Metal Fiber Laser Cutting Machine for Ss (750W)(95%) and mass (80%–90%). Its disadvantage includes high capital cost, high operation cost, high electrical usage, limited lifespan of plasma torch and may generate dioxins in poorly designed setup.[Yellow / White Reflective PU Raised Pavement Marker for Highway]

Conclusions

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References