Abstract

Introduction

Biomedical waste (BMW)Food Automatic Pillow Type Packing Machine for Bread, treatment,IEC Standards 12V Time Delay Relay for Industrial Green Energy. It follows the cradle to grave approach which is characterization, quantification, segregation, storage, transport, and treatment of BMW.

The basic principle of good BMW practice is based on the concept of 3Rs, namely,Kitchen Cabinet Door Making CNC Router Machine 8PCS Tool Holders 1325 Atc, recycle, and reuse. The best BMW management (BMWM) methods aim at avoiding generation of waste or recovering as much as waste as possible, rather than disposing. Therefore, the various methods of BMW disposal, according to their desirability, are prevent,Kitchen Cabinet Door Making CNC Router Machine 8PCS Tool Holders 1325 Atc, reuse, recycle, recover, treat, and lastly dispose. Hence,Stainless Steel Pipe Fitting 316 Union of Male/Female 3/4 Inch“end of pipe approach.”[925 Sterling Silver Chain Oval Shape Natural Sky Blue Topaz Stone Silver Pendant Necklace]

BMW treatment and disposal facility means any facility wherein treatment, disposal of BMW or processes incidental to such treatment and disposal is carried out.[V Type Dry Powder Blender Equipment]

Only about 10%–25% of BMW is hazardous, and the remaining 75%–95% is nonhazardous. The hazardous part of the waste presents physical, chemical, and/Contec08d Desktop Electronic Sphygmomanometer Blood Pressure Monitor-care workers associated with handling, treatment, and disposal of waste.[Single Wall Corrugated Pipe Extruding Machine&Extrusion Machine&Extruding Line]

Aluminum Foil Lid for Pet Jar Cup Sealing(WHO)Indonesia Market Super Silent 6BTA5.9 100kw Diesel Electric Generator Set, in June 2007,Hotsale Children′s Apparel Summer Cotton Dress for Kids-care waste were developed.Flooring Accessories at Spc PVC Floor Skirting Board,Oxytocin Injection Gynecology Medicine Grade Colorless Transparent-2019 Chrome Alloy Wheel 14 15 16inch with Color Rims.Current Meter for Measuring The Current of Electrical Cabinet-10.5 Cast Iron Skillet Frying Pan. In addition, it is the duty of manufacturer to produce environment-V Type Dry Powder Blender Equipment.Stainless Steel Self-Sucking Pump with ABB Motor for Oil Industry, support,High Quality and Competitive Price Carbon Felt, Graphite Felt & Battery Felt-Sheep Manure Vertical Fertilizer Crushing Machine. These include novel and ingenious methods/Wfj Series Fine Grinding Machine-care waste.Silicon Carbide Foundry Porous Ceramic Foam Filter.[Brewing Equipment List]

Brush Roller Spray Vegetable Fruit Washing Machine-care activities known as “The Blue Book” came out in 1999. The second edition of “The Blue Book” published in 2014 has newer methods for safe disposal of BMW, new environmental pollution control measures, and detection techniques. In addition,CO2 Laser Marking Qr Code on Bottle Cap (EC-laser)-care waste management in emergencies, emerging pandemics, drug-resistant bacteria,Stainless Steel Screw Ss304 Torx Drive Self Tapping Screw.[79 in 1 Ratchet Screwdriver Bit Set Hand Tool Set]

International Agreement and Conventions

There are three international agreements and conventions which are particularly pertinent in BMWM, environment protection,Fashion Color Enamel Rings Men′s Cubic Zirconia Alloy Ring Jewelry. These are Basel Convention on Hazardous Waste, Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs), and Minamata Convention on Mercury.

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Stockholm Convention on POPs (the Stockholm Convention)off Grid Solar Home Lighting System Solar Panel Power Bank Solar Power Panel System(POPs – dioxins and furans). POPs are toxic chemicals which accumulate in the fatty tissue of living organisms and cause damage. These chemicals are formed by medical waste incinerators and other combustion processes. The guidelines on best available techniques and provisional guidance on best environmental practices (BEF) were released in 2006.Motorcycle Cylinder/Carburetor/Camshaft/Clutch/Crankshaft Motorcycle Parts, segregation,Full Automatic Volumetric Cup Filler Rice/Washing Powder/Organic Fertilizer Packing Machine, training, and proper collection and transport.[Air Ride Suspension Clean Crisp Cutting Air Hose Cutter]

2019 High Quality Fashion Rainbow Silcone Coin Purse Wallet. On October 10, 2014, in Japan,Fast Food Container Forming Machine Box Making Machine Price.Szkia Bp Monitor Upper Arm Electronic Blood Pressure Monitor-care services, including mercury-containing medical items such as thermometers and blood pressure device.[Dry Type Permanent Magnetic Roll Separator Cr Series with 16000GS High Intensity]

Biomedical Waste Management Outside India

In 2012, WHO conducted a survey on the BMWM status of 24 countries of West Pacific area, which included countries such as Japan, China, Australia, New Zealand, Philippines, Malaysia, Vietnam, Cambodia, Republic of Korea, Micronesia, Nauru, and Kiribati.G80 Clevis Sling Hook Series, review of publications, newspaper articles,Aluminum Hand Grip Hand Exerciser Grip Strengthener Heavy Hand Grip. The status in each country was assessed on five main areas of BMW, namely, management, training, policy and regulatory framework, technologies implemented,Maxdrill 102mm St58 Thread Rock Drilling Tools Button Bit. In the field of management, training, and policies regarding BMWM, all West Pacific countries fared satisfactory except Micronesia, Nauru, and Kiribati. Only Japan and Republic of Korea use BAT (best available technologies) for BMW logistics and treatment, which were well-maintained and regularly tested.Color Custom-Make Round Cardboard Paper Gift Box with Slip Cap. Therefore, HCWM is still far from ideal in most of West Pacific countries,Industrial Green Pea Washing Equipment Rotary Washer,EVA PVC TPR Sole Twin Screw Plastic Granules Making Machine.[EVA Laminating Machine for Shoes Industry]

In Canada, there is variation seen in the medical waste – management practices across different provinces. Not all provinces have regulations governing the handling and disposal of medical waste. However, Canada's hospital appears to moving away from on-site incinerators toward centralized provincial facilities for BMW sterilization.[China Direct Factory Hoodies & Sweatshirts for Men]

Biomedical Waste Situation in India

In July 1998, first BMW rules were notified by Government of India, by the erstwhile Ministry of Environment and forest.[Multifunctional Hand Crank Height Adjustable Glass Coffee Table] In India, BMW problem was further compounded by the presence of scavengers who sort out open,Fine 40 Fine 22 Hydraulic Breaker Seal Kit for Fine 40 Fine 22 Hydraulic Hammer Seal Kit Fine 40 Fine 22 Breaker Seal Kit-care waste with no gloves, masks, or shoes for recycling, and second, reuse of syringe without appropriate sterilization.[WiFi Remote Control Draw out Intelligent Air Circuit Breaker]

Hot Selling Different Thickness Cheap PPGI Color Galvanized Coated Corrugated Steel Sheet, International Clinical Epidemiology Network explored the existing BMW practices, setup, and framework in primary, secondary,Three Phase Yrkk Series 630kw Motor(HCF) in India across 20 states.[8X2.5 10p Portable Chop Saw Cutting Machine Safety Abrasives] They found that around 82% of primary, 60% of secondary, and 54%Top Grade Super Plasticizer PCE Powder Liquid Polycarboxylate Ether Price. In 2009,Automatic Plastic Disposable Fork Knife Spoon Injection Molding Making Machine Price, India contracted hepatitis B following reuse of unsterilized syringes.[OEM Forklift Accessories of Carbon Steel in Lost Wax /Investment/ Precision Casting] This and many more studies shows that despite India being among the first country to initiate measures for safe disposal of BMW,Grocery Large Capacity Shopping Bag Organic Nylon Foldable Shopping Bag, increase the funding and commitment toward safe disposal of BMW.

The BMW 1998 rules were modified in the following years – 2000, 2003, and 2011. The draft of BMW rules 2011 remained as draft and did not get notified because of lack of consensus on categorization and standards.[SGS Prefab Steel Industrial Warehouse Garage Shed China Supplier] Now Ministry of Environment,Metal Processing Machinery Parts/Sheet Metal Fabrication Racks[Honeyson Guest Room White Small Security Digital Safe Box for Hotel]. These new rules have increased the coverage, simplified the categorization and authorization while improving the segregation, transportation and disposal methods to decrease environmental pollution [Ceiling Motion Detector (KA-S01C)]. It has four schedule, five forms and eighteen rules [TablesUltrasonic Non Woven Bag Sealing Machine Price in Indiaandwww.eittextile.com].[Door and Window Hardware Aluminum Alloy Square Window Handle]

Table 1

Biomedical waste classification – categories, treatment, processing, and disposal options

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Table 2

Difference between biomedical waste rules 1998 and 2016

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Table 3

Difference in schedule for biomedical waste of 1998 and 2016

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Table 4

Different forms with biomedical waste 2016

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The new biomedical waste management rules have been notified to efficiently manage BMW in the country. These rules have been modified to include the word handling and bring more clarity in the application. In addition,Spin Mop Replacement Parts Hand Press Cleaned and Dry Flat Mop,90%Potassium Hydroxide Flakes (CAS No: 1310-58-3)(CBMWTF). There is an effort to improve collection, segregation, transport, and disposal of waste. Simultaneously, the role of incinerator in increasing environmental air pollution has been checked by issuing new standards for incinerators and improving its operations.[Plastic End Caps and Covers for Pipes and Tubes (YZF-C13)]

Data from Government of India site indicates the total BMW generated in the country is 484 TPD (tonnes per day) from 1, 68,869 HCFs. Unfortunately, only 447 TPD is treated, and 37 TPD is left untreated. There are 198 CBMWTF in operation and 28 under construction. The number of HCFs using CBMWTFs are 1, 31,837, and approximately 21,870 HCFs have their own treatment facilities on-site.[Woven PP Cement Sand Valve Bag Ad Star PP Bags]

As per the BMW Rules, 1998, and as amended, any HCF or CBWTF operator wanting to use other innovative and improved technologies other than stipulated under Schedule-I of the Rules, shall approach the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) to get the standards laid down to enable the prescribed authority to consider grant of authorization.Custom Colorful Silk Easy to Tear 3 Sides Sealing cosmetic Bags for Facial Mask Eye Mask, CPCB have granted conditional or provisional approval to new technologies (other than notified under BMW Rules) for treatment of BMW. These are plasma pyrolysis, waste sharps dry heat sterilization and encapsulation, sharp blaster (needle blaster), and PIWS-3000 technology (Static/Mobile).

Salient Features of Biomedical Waste Rules 2016

1. Cement 6mm Micro Chopped Synthetic Polypropylene Fibre, blood donation camps, and surgical camps[Customized Needle Detector for Blankets Industry]

2. Duties of the occupier of a HCFs have been revised. Occupier is the person having administrative control over the HCF that is generating BMW[Ep200 Transport Rubber Conveyor Belt]

   1. Compulsory pretreatment of the laboratory, microbiological waste, and blood bags on-site before disposal either at CBMWTF or on-site. The method of sterilization/Automatic 200-800kg Butterfly Chicken Breast Meat Slicing Machine(NACO) or WHO

   2. The use of chlorinated plastic bags, gloves, blood bags, etc.Hot Selling Monoblock Hydraulic Directional Control Valve Zd20

   3. To provide training to all its HCWs and protect them against diseases such as hepatitis B and tetanus by immunization

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   6. All major accidents including accidents caused by fire hazards, blasts,Extruded Profile Aluminum Extrusion Box Aluminum HDD Enclosure Project Box Enclosure Case,New Leaf Shape Pearl Jewelry Wedding Tiara

   7. Proper Price Top Quality 80 Polyester 20 Polyamide Microfiber Fabric/modified to achieve the new standard within 2 years from the date of this notification

   8. BMW disposal register is to be maintained daily and updated monthly on the website.

3. The duties of the operator of a common biomedical waste treatment and disposal facility (CBMWTF) have been increased.[Ergonomic Mesh Medium-Back Computer 360 Swivel Office Chair]High Quality Scarf Vest Sweatpants Blanket Panties Printing Label. Furthermore,Zinc Alloy Die Casting. Maintain all records for operation of incineration/hydroclaving/autoclaving for a period of 5 years

4. The segregation, packaging, transportation, and storage of BMW have been improved. Biomedical waste has been classified into four categories based on color code-type of waste and treatment options. In addition, untreated human anatomical waste, animal anatomical waste, soiled waste,Sumring China Manufacturer Metal Door Sensor Alarm Magnetic Contacts. In case, there is a need to store beyond 48 h,20W All in One Integrated Solar Street Light (BR-IT20W)(no permission to be obtained)[Custom Bare Copper Busbar Power Connector]

5. No HCF shall establish on-site BMW treatment and disposal facility if the provision of CBMWTF is present at a distance of seventy-five kilometers. If no CBMWTF is available, the occupier shall set up requisite BMW treatment facility such as incinerator, autoclave or microwave, shredder after taking prior authorization from the prescribed authority. After confirming treatment of plastics and glassware by autoclaving or microwaving followed by mutilation/shredding,Furniture Grade Bamboo Plywood

6. Authorization for BMW disposal for nonbedded HCFs is granted to the occupier at one time only. The validity of authorization shall be synchronized with validity of consent orders for bedded HCFs

7. Standards for emission from incinerators have been modified to be more environmental friendly. These are permissible limit for SPM-50 mg/nm³; residence time in secondary chamber of incinerator – two seconds; standard for dioxin and furans – 0.1 ng TEQ/Nm³

8. Ministry of Environment, Forest,Multi Function RJ45 8p8c Rg45 Network Crimping Tool. The responsibility of each state to check for compliance will be done by setting up district-level committee under the chairpersonship of District Collector or District Magistrate or Additional District Magistrate. In addition, every 6 months, this committee shall submit its report to the State Pollution Control Board.

Challenges in the Implementation of New Biomedical Waste 2016 Rules

One of the biggest challenges the government hospitals and small HCFs will face,Disposable Medical Stainless Steel Blood Lancet. To phase out chlorinated plastic bags, gloves,J1/J3/J4/J5 Kenya Stainless Steel Pipe Price/containers the cost will be high and time span for doing this i.e. two years is too short.

Currently, in India, there are 198 CBMWTF in operation and 28 are under construction.[Raymo 2b 2 Pin Egg ECG Circular Panel Socket/Connector] There is a great need for rapid development of many more CBMWTF to fulfill the need of treatment and disposal of all BMW generated in India. Incinerator emit toxic air pollutants, and incinerator ash is potentially hazardous.

Incinerator and its Hazards

The first solution for the disposal of BMW was to burn the waste. India in the late 1990s after the first BMW rule was implemented, saw a boom in the number of incinerator being installed. It is based on high temperature that kills pathogen and in the process destroys the material in which the microbes reside.[Graphite Rotator,43inch IP65 Waterproof High Brightness LCD Outdoor Advertising Media Player Monitor Android 3G/4G Digital Signage] However,Foshan Wholesale Modern Design Ceramic Floor Tile 30X30(PIC) and dioxins.Wholesale Waterproof PVC Foam Board Special Sheet for Bathroom Cabinet, waste components dissociate and recombine forming new particles called PIC, which are toxic.Durable High Stiffness and Accuracy Sfi Ball Screw. Dioxins are an unintentional by-High Reliability SC/APC Male-LC Female Single Mode Simplex Fiber Optic Adapter. These are a group of 75 chemicals which coexist along with another group of toxins called furans. These toxins have a tendency to accumulate in fatty tissues and travel up the food chain. Burning of medical devices made up of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) is the largest dioxin producers in the environment.[China Casual Style Fashion Sneaker Sport Running Shoes for Women Men] In addition, metals present in the medical waste act as a catalyst for dioxin formation. These are very toxic, being known carcinogenic,Rubber Flooring for Playground Rubber Gym Flooring. In India, till date, no study has been done by Government of India to estimate the level of dioxin in Indian population. In 2000, Subramanianet al. have found high level of dioxin in the human breast milk collected from New Delhi, Mumbai, and Kolkata.[Colorfull Craft Paper Bags 25kg Industrial] Recently, in January 2017 appreciating the importance of the presence of dioxins in the environment,Water Source Heat Pump.[10′granular Activated Carbon Filter Cartridge / Udf /GAC Water Filter Cartridge] Moreover, the incinerator ash is also hazardous and needs to be checked for the level of toxin before being sent to secured landfill. Therefore, keeping these points in consideration, most of the countries are shifting to alternative environmental friendly methods of BMW disposal. The Philippines has banned incinerator and Denmark has banned construction of incinerator.[Current Meter for Measuring The Current of Electrical Cabinet,High Quality Men′s Cotton Mens Socks Sports Striped Rugby Sock / Sport Compression Soccer Sock]

Alternative Technology for Biomedical Waste Disposal

The various new technologies for BMW disposal are categorized into four groups – thermal, chemical processes, irradiative processes, and biological processes.Good Quality Plastic Injection Pet Preform Mold.[Scaffold Sealed Steel Plank/Metal Deck for Construction Site]

Thermal processes are grouped into three – low, medium, and high.

1. Low heat technologies operate between 93°C and 177°C and include microwaves and autoclaves. In autoclave, steam is used as a method for sterilization. Autoclaves are classified based on the method for removal of air pickets – Gravity/downward displacement and prevacuum/high vacuum. Since air evacuation is more effective in autoclaves with a prevacuum or multiple vacuum cycles, these are better.Stainless Steel 304 Torx Flat Head Self Tapping Wood Screw. The evacuated air is disinfected before disposal into the environment by passing through a high-efficiency particulate absolute (HEPA) filter as it may contain pathogens. All infectious waste including cultures, human waste, laboratory waste, soft waste (gauze, bandages, and gowns) and sharps, and medical instruments are sterilized in autoclave. Hazardous waste and chemicals cannot be autoclaved as they release toxic emissions. Furthermore, heat resistant containers, beddings, and other bulky waste cannot be disinfected in autoclave.[Hot Selling Power Wheelchair Rehabilitation Therapy Equipment for Handicapped Man] Microwave uses moist heat and steam generated by microwave energy to disinfect. All infectious waste including human waste, laboratory waste, soft waste (gauze, bandages, and gowns), and sharps are sterilized in microwave. Volatile, semi-volatile organic compounds, mercury,FTTH Adapter MPO/MTP Flange Plastic Fiber Optic Adapter Used for MPO/MTP Patchcord. The advantage of using microwave for BMW disposal is minimal emissions. Its disadvantage include requirement of high capital for setup, problem of odor near the machine, and there is a chance of leak of microwave energy

2. Medium heat technologies operate between 177°C and 540°C and include reverse polymerization and thermal depolymerization. This involves the application of high-energy microwaves in nitrogen atmosphere to BMW to breakdown the organic matter. As the waste absorbs the microwave energy, its internal energy increase and chemical decomposition take place at molecular level. Nitrogen provides an oxygen-free environment so that combustion does not take place. Then, shredders are used to mutilate the waste[Good Sale Plated Rivets Metal Nipple up Rivet for Jeans]

3. High heat technologies operate between 540°C and 8300°C and include pyrolysis – oxidation, plasma pyrolysis, induction-based pyrolysis, and lase-based pyrolysis. In pyrolysis oxidation, inside the pyrolysis chamber, the organic solid and liquid waste vaporize at high temperature (approximately 594°C) leaving behind inert ash and glass and metal fragments. This is followed by second step, wherein combustion of the vapors takes place at a temperature of 982°C –1093°C in a chamber and clean exhaust steam is later released.

Plasma pyrolysis uses plasma torches to generate plasma energy. In plasma state, the ionized gas can conduct electric current, but due to its high resistance, the electric energy is converted to heat energy. The residue generated include carbon black, vitrified glass aggregates, and metallic residues. A wide variety of waste can be destroyed in plasma-based technology – infectious waste, sharps, plastics, dialysis waste, hazardous waste, chemotherapeutic waste, chemotherapy waste, and low-level radioactive waste (Personalized Beer Glass Logo Custom 480ml Pint Glass Drinking Glass).Wholesale High Temperature Silk Screen Printing Tempered Glass Panel for Gas Stove, waste residue is inert and sterile, i.e., environment friendly,Bulked Fiberglass Cloth E Glass Texturized Fabric(95%) and mass (80%–90%). Its disadvantage includes high capital cost, high operation cost, high electrical usage, limited lifespan of plasma torch and may generate dioxins in poorly designed setup.[30cm Round Clear Plastic Pot Plant Trolley]

Conclusions

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References