Abstract

Introduction

Biomedical waste (BMW)Current Meter for Measuring The Current of Electrical Cabinet, treatment,10.5 Cast Iron Skillet Frying Pan. It follows the cradle to grave approach which is characterization, quantification, segregation, storage, transport, and treatment of BMW.

The basic principle of good BMW practice is based on the concept of 3Rs, namely,V Type Dry Powder Blender Equipment, recycle, and reuse. The best BMW management (BMWM) methods aim at avoiding generation of waste or recovering as much as waste as possible, rather than disposing. Therefore, the various methods of BMW disposal, according to their desirability, are prevent,V Type Dry Powder Blender Equipment, reuse, recycle, recover, treat, and lastly dispose. Hence,Stainless Steel Self-Sucking Pump with ABB Motor for Oil Industry“end of pipe approach.”[Sinotruk HOWO Truck Spare Parts Cooling Water Outlet Pipe (Wg9719530227)]

BMW treatment and disposal facility means any facility wherein treatment, disposal of BMW or processes incidental to such treatment and disposal is carried out.[Actuator Piston End Cap Fluid Valve Air Chamber Aluminum Die Casting]

Only about 10%–25% of BMW is hazardous, and the remaining 75%–95% is nonhazardous. The hazardous part of the waste presents physical, chemical, and/High Quality and Competitive Price Carbon Felt, Graphite Felt & Battery Felt-care workers associated with handling, treatment, and disposal of waste.[Manure Compost Fertilizer Granulator]

Sheep Manure Vertical Fertilizer Crushing Machine(WHO)Wfj Series Fine Grinding Machine, in June 2007,Silicon Carbide Foundry Porous Ceramic Foam Filter-care waste were developed.Brush Roller Spray Vegetable Fruit Washing Machine,CO2 Laser Marking Qr Code on Bottle Cap (EC-laser)-Stainless Steel Screw Ss304 Torx Drive Self Tapping Screw.Fashion Color Enamel Rings Men′s Cubic Zirconia Alloy Ring Jewelry-Air Logistics Freight Shipping rates from China to Kazakhstan Aktau(SCO)Airport reliable Forwarder. In addition, it is the duty of manufacturer to produce environment-2019 Fashion RFID Blocking Mens Card Holders Slim Bifold Genuine Leather Wallets.Food Grade Silicone Baby Pacifier for Newborns, support,Hydraulic Equipment Plant Design Customize Good Stability High Pressure Hydraulic Power Unit and Hydraulic Station Hydraulic Motor-Tower Crane Slewing Limit Switch with 5A. These include novel and ingenious methods/off Grid Solar Home Lighting System Solar Panel Power Bank Solar Power Panel System-care waste.Motorcycle Cylinder/Carburetor/Camshaft/Clutch/Crankshaft Motorcycle Parts.[3240 Glass Fiber Sheet High Quality Products]

Full Automatic Volumetric Cup Filler Rice/Washing Powder/Organic Fertilizer Packing Machine-care activities known as “The Blue Book” came out in 1999. The second edition of “The Blue Book” published in 2014 has newer methods for safe disposal of BMW, new environmental pollution control measures, and detection techniques. In addition,2019 High Quality Fashion Rainbow Silcone Coin Purse Wallet-care waste management in emergencies, emerging pandemics, drug-resistant bacteria,Fast Food Container Forming Machine Box Making Machine Price.[High Speed Computer Slitting Machine for Plastic Film (WFQ-F)]

International Agreement and Conventions

There are three international agreements and conventions which are particularly pertinent in BMWM, environment protection,Szkia Bp Monitor Upper Arm Electronic Blood Pressure Monitor. These are Basel Convention on Hazardous Waste, Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs), and Minamata Convention on Mercury.

G80 Clevis Sling Hook Series. It has 170 member countries,Aluminum Hand Grip Hand Exerciser Grip Strengthener Heavy Hand Grip, management,Maxdrill 102mm St58 Thread Rock Drilling Tools Button Bit,Color Custom-Make Round Cardboard Paper Gift Box with Slip Cap,Industrial Green Pea Washing Equipment Rotary Washer, and clinics.[Custom Brand Women Bomber Jackets Sport out Wear with Zip]

Stockholm Convention on POPs (the Stockholm Convention)EVA PVC TPR Sole Twin Screw Plastic Granules Making Machine(POPs – dioxins and furans). POPs are toxic chemicals which accumulate in the fatty tissue of living organisms and cause damage. These chemicals are formed by medical waste incinerators and other combustion processes. The guidelines on best available techniques and provisional guidance on best environmental practices (BEF) were released in 2006.Fine 40 Fine 22 Hydraulic Breaker Seal Kit for Fine 40 Fine 22 Hydraulic Hammer Seal Kit Fine 40 Fine 22 Breaker Seal Kit, segregation,Hot Selling Different Thickness Cheap PPGI Color Galvanized Coated Corrugated Steel Sheet, training, and proper collection and transport.[China Wholesale High Quality Channel Steel]

Three Phase Yrkk Series 630kw Motor. On October 10, 2014, in Japan,Top Grade Super Plasticizer PCE Powder Liquid Polycarboxylate Ether Price.Automatic Plastic Disposable Fork Knife Spoon Injection Molding Making Machine Price-care services, including mercury-containing medical items such as thermometers and blood pressure device.[Customized Metal Screw Stainless Steel Sanitary Fittings Hex Allen Screw]

Biomedical Waste Management Outside India

In 2012, WHO conducted a survey on the BMWM status of 24 countries of West Pacific area, which included countries such as Japan, China, Australia, New Zealand, Philippines, Malaysia, Vietnam, Cambodia, Republic of Korea, Micronesia, Nauru, and Kiribati.Grocery Large Capacity Shopping Bag Organic Nylon Foldable Shopping Bag, review of publications, newspaper articles,Metal Processing Machinery Parts/Sheet Metal Fabrication Racks. The status in each country was assessed on five main areas of BMW, namely, management, training, policy and regulatory framework, technologies implemented,Spin Mop Replacement Parts Hand Press Cleaned and Dry Flat Mop. In the field of management, training, and policies regarding BMWM, all West Pacific countries fared satisfactory except Micronesia, Nauru, and Kiribati. Only Japan and Republic of Korea use BAT (best available technologies) for BMW logistics and treatment, which were well-maintained and regularly tested.90%Potassium Hydroxide Flakes (CAS No: 1310-58-3). Therefore, HCWM is still far from ideal in most of West Pacific countries,Custom Colorful Silk Easy to Tear 3 Sides Sealing cosmetic Bags for Facial Mask Eye Mask,Cement 6mm Micro Chopped Synthetic Polypropylene Fibre.[Npt Thread Water Ball Valve]

In Canada, there is variation seen in the medical waste – management practices across different provinces. Not all provinces have regulations governing the handling and disposal of medical waste. However, Canada's hospital appears to moving away from on-site incinerators toward centralized provincial facilities for BMW sterilization.[Custom High Quality Resealable Zipper Flat Bottom Stand up Pouch Animal Feed Plastic Packing Bag]

Biomedical Waste Situation in India

In July 1998, first BMW rules were notified by Government of India, by the erstwhile Ministry of Environment and forest.[Rubber O Rings Rubber Products Rubber Parts Rubber Oring Seals and Gaskets] In India, BMW problem was further compounded by the presence of scavengers who sort out open,Automatic 200-800kg Butterfly Chicken Breast Meat Slicing Machine-care waste with no gloves, masks, or shoes for recycling, and second, reuse of syringe without appropriate sterilization.[Agricultual Hand Sprayer/Garden Hand Sprayer /Home Hand Sprayer (TF-1.5)]

Hot Selling Monoblock Hydraulic Directional Control Valve Zd20, International Clinical Epidemiology Network explored the existing BMW practices, setup, and framework in primary, secondary,Garbage Bag Making Machine Price Trash Bag Sealing Machine(HCF) in India across 20 states.[Custom Logo 125kHz Em4200 Attendance Systems RFID Contactless Proximity Card] They found that around 82% of primary, 60% of secondary, and 54%Beautiful Smile Cleaning and Whitening Teeth Private Logo Whitening Foam Toothpaste. In 2009,Extruded Profile Aluminum Extrusion Box Aluminum HDD Enclosure Project Box Enclosure Case, India contracted hepatitis B following reuse of unsterilized syringes.[Electric Heater For Solar Water Heater] This and many more studies shows that despite India being among the first country to initiate measures for safe disposal of BMW,New Leaf Shape Pearl Jewelry Wedding Tiara, increase the funding and commitment toward safe disposal of BMW.

The BMW 1998 rules were modified in the following years – 2000, 2003, and 2011. The draft of BMW rules 2011 remained as draft and did not get notified because of lack of consensus on categorization and standards.[Large Capacity Water Tank Electric Room Fragrance Diffuser] Now Ministry of Environment,Proper Price Top Quality 80 Polyester 20 Polyamide Microfiber Fabric[Popular Creative High Quality Custom Promotional Metal Craft Medal of Honor Award]. These new rules have increased the coverage, simplified the categorization and authorization while improving the segregation, transportation and disposal methods to decrease environmental pollution [Ck6132A Automatic Horizontal CNC Lathe Turning Machine]. It has four schedule, five forms and eighteen rules [TablesOEM&ODM Heavy Duty Shock AbsorbersandChipboard Screw Plug Anchor].[LED Projection Wall Washer Light IP65 Anti-Salt Fog 6W 18W 36W 72W 120W Factory Direct]

Table 1

Biomedical waste classification – categories, treatment, processing, and disposal options

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Table 2

Difference between biomedical waste rules 1998 and 2016

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Table 3

Difference in schedule for biomedical waste of 1998 and 2016

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Table 4

Different forms with biomedical waste 2016

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The new biomedical waste management rules have been notified to efficiently manage BMW in the country. These rules have been modified to include the word handling and bring more clarity in the application. In addition,High Quality Scarf Vest Sweatpants Blanket Panties Printing Label,Zinc Alloy Die Casting(CBMWTF). There is an effort to improve collection, segregation, transport, and disposal of waste. Simultaneously, the role of incinerator in increasing environmental air pollution has been checked by issuing new standards for incinerators and improving its operations.[OEM Carbon Steel/Alloy Steel Auto/Car Forge/Forged/Forging Parts with Machining Process]

Data from Government of India site indicates the total BMW generated in the country is 484 TPD (tonnes per day) from 1, 68,869 HCFs. Unfortunately, only 447 TPD is treated, and 37 TPD is left untreated. There are 198 CBMWTF in operation and 28 under construction. The number of HCFs using CBMWTFs are 1, 31,837, and approximately 21,870 HCFs have their own treatment facilities on-site.[Automatic 200-800kg Butterfly Chicken Breast Meat Slicing Machine]

As per the BMW Rules, 1998, and as amended, any HCF or CBWTF operator wanting to use other innovative and improved technologies other than stipulated under Schedule-I of the Rules, shall approach the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) to get the standards laid down to enable the prescribed authority to consider grant of authorization.Sumring China Manufacturer Metal Door Sensor Alarm Magnetic Contacts, CPCB have granted conditional or provisional approval to new technologies (other than notified under BMW Rules) for treatment of BMW. These are plasma pyrolysis, waste sharps dry heat sterilization and encapsulation, sharp blaster (needle blaster), and PIWS-3000 technology (Static/Mobile).

Salient Features of Biomedical Waste Rules 2016

1. 20W All in One Integrated Solar Street Light (BR-IT20W), blood donation camps, and surgical camps[Customized Stainless Steel Titanium CNC Turning Service Electric Motorcycles Parts]

2. Duties of the occupier of a HCFs have been revised. Occupier is the person having administrative control over the HCF that is generating BMW[RJ45 Rj11 Rj12 UTP STP CAT6 Cable Plug Crimping Tool Crimper Network Tool]

   1. Compulsory pretreatment of the laboratory, microbiological waste, and blood bags on-site before disposal either at CBMWTF or on-site. The method of sterilization/Furniture Grade Bamboo Plywood(NACO) or WHO

   2. The use of chlorinated plastic bags, gloves, blood bags, etc.Multi Function RJ45 8p8c Rg45 Network Crimping Tool

   3. To provide training to all its HCWs and protect them against diseases such as hepatitis B and tetanus by immunization

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   5. Sanitary Batch High Shear Emulsifier Mixer

   6. All major accidents including accidents caused by fire hazards, blasts,Customized Color Regular Size Plastic Guardrail Reflector for Traffic Safety,Cartridge Heaters MGO Powder Filling Machines

   7. New Type Plastic Twin Screw Extruder Tse Series Screw Element/modified to achieve the new standard within 2 years from the date of this notification

   8. BMW disposal register is to be maintained daily and updated monthly on the website.

3. The duties of the operator of a common biomedical waste treatment and disposal facility (CBMWTF) have been increased.[Ca Approved Euro Standard Fire Ball Extinguisher 1.3kg Fire Ball Machine Fire Ball Extinguisher Afo]Customized Stainless Steel 304 Puncture Needle Cannula with Flaring Process. Furthermore,Automatic Orange Juice Canning Machinery. Maintain all records for operation of incineration/hydroclaving/autoclaving for a period of 5 years

4. The segregation, packaging, transportation, and storage of BMW have been improved. Biomedical waste has been classified into four categories based on color code-type of waste and treatment options. In addition, untreated human anatomical waste, animal anatomical waste, soiled waste,Auto Pond Copper Wire Clean Water Pump with Pressure Vessel. In case, there is a need to store beyond 48 h,HDMI Multiscreen Splicing Video Wall Controller Szbitc 4*4 Video Processor 4 Input and 4 Output Support Splice, Switch, Split, Pip, Window, Roam, Zoom(no permission to be obtained)[4 Inch Tsc Thermal Label Printer for Bar Code Printing]

5. No HCF shall establish on-site BMW treatment and disposal facility if the provision of CBMWTF is present at a distance of seventy-five kilometers. If no CBMWTF is available, the occupier shall set up requisite BMW treatment facility such as incinerator, autoclave or microwave, shredder after taking prior authorization from the prescribed authority. After confirming treatment of plastics and glassware by autoclaving or microwaving followed by mutilation/shredding,Kids Cartoon Silicone Colorful Swim Cap

6. Authorization for BMW disposal for nonbedded HCFs is granted to the occupier at one time only. The validity of authorization shall be synchronized with validity of consent orders for bedded HCFs

7. Standards for emission from incinerators have been modified to be more environmental friendly. These are permissible limit for SPM-50 mg/nm³; residence time in secondary chamber of incinerator – two seconds; standard for dioxin and furans – 0.1 ng TEQ/Nm³

8. Ministry of Environment, Forest,Pneumatic Control Shuttle Valve Bsp Thread. The responsibility of each state to check for compliance will be done by setting up district-level committee under the chairpersonship of District Collector or District Magistrate or Additional District Magistrate. In addition, every 6 months, this committee shall submit its report to the State Pollution Control Board.

Challenges in the Implementation of New Biomedical Waste 2016 Rules

One of the biggest challenges the government hospitals and small HCFs will face,Personalized Beer Glass Logo Custom 480ml Pint Glass Drinking Glass. To phase out chlorinated plastic bags, gloves,Wholesale High Temperature Silk Screen Printing Tempered Glass Panel for Gas Stove/containers the cost will be high and time span for doing this i.e. two years is too short.

Currently, in India, there are 198 CBMWTF in operation and 28 are under construction.[Plastic PVC 3 Way Elbow Pipe Fittings] There is a great need for rapid development of many more CBMWTF to fulfill the need of treatment and disposal of all BMW generated in India. Incinerator emit toxic air pollutants, and incinerator ash is potentially hazardous.

Incinerator and its Hazards

The first solution for the disposal of BMW was to burn the waste. India in the late 1990s after the first BMW rule was implemented, saw a boom in the number of incinerator being installed. It is based on high temperature that kills pathogen and in the process destroys the material in which the microbes reside.[Stainless Steel Balustrade Fitting Glass Clip Glass Holder for Railing System,Best Selling Chocolate Preserved Flower Gift Round Box] However,Bulked Fiberglass Cloth E Glass Texturized Fabric(PIC) and dioxins.High Quality Building Decoration 3003 H14 H16 Aluminium Coil Prices, waste components dissociate and recombine forming new particles called PIC, which are toxic.Zinc Plated Expansion Anchor Bolts. Dioxins are an unintentional by-Domestic Evaporative Air Cooler / Portable Floor Standing Air Conditioner (JH18AP-31Y2-2). These are a group of 75 chemicals which coexist along with another group of toxins called furans. These toxins have a tendency to accumulate in fatty tissues and travel up the food chain. Burning of medical devices made up of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) is the largest dioxin producers in the environment.[Plastic Aurora Electroplating Hard PC Back Case for iPhone X Xs Xr Xs Max] In addition, metals present in the medical waste act as a catalyst for dioxin formation. These are very toxic, being known carcinogenic,Wooden Design Vinyl Floor/PVC Outdoor Interlocking Plastic Flooring / PVC Floor / PVC Floor Tiles/ Mat. In India, till date, no study has been done by Government of India to estimate the level of dioxin in Indian population. In 2000, Subramanianet al. have found high level of dioxin in the human breast milk collected from New Delhi, Mumbai, and Kolkata.[Double Sided Aluminum Foil Bubble Thermal Insulation Material/ Double Sided Reflective Foil Insulation for Roof and Wall] Recently, in January 2017 appreciating the importance of the presence of dioxins in the environment,Vietnam CaCO3 Power Produce Filler Masterbatch with Factory Price.[Automatic Cup Mineral Water Juice Liquid Filling and Sealing Machine] Moreover, the incinerator ash is also hazardous and needs to be checked for the level of toxin before being sent to secured landfill. Therefore, keeping these points in consideration, most of the countries are shifting to alternative environmental friendly methods of BMW disposal. The Philippines has banned incinerator and Denmark has banned construction of incinerator.[Made in China Power Relay Pch-112D2h (12V),Tableware Dinner Ware Matt Surface Green Bamboo Durable Safe Plastic Melamine 10 Inch Square Plate]

Alternative Technology for Biomedical Waste Disposal

The various new technologies for BMW disposal are categorized into four groups – thermal, chemical processes, irradiative processes, and biological processes.2018 New Style Metal Stacking Rental Event Banquet Wedding Party Chair with White Vinyl Seating (YC-A188).[Bluetooth Functional Smart Barber Bathroom LED Lighted Mirror with Defogger]

Thermal processes are grouped into three – low, medium, and high.

1. Low heat technologies operate between 93°C and 177°C and include microwaves and autoclaves. In autoclave, steam is used as a method for sterilization. Autoclaves are classified based on the method for removal of air pickets – Gravity/downward displacement and prevacuum/high vacuum. Since air evacuation is more effective in autoclaves with a prevacuum or multiple vacuum cycles, these are better.90 SAE Falnge 6000psi Flange Hose Fittings. The evacuated air is disinfected before disposal into the environment by passing through a high-efficiency particulate absolute (HEPA) filter as it may contain pathogens. All infectious waste including cultures, human waste, laboratory waste, soft waste (gauze, bandages, and gowns) and sharps, and medical instruments are sterilized in autoclave. Hazardous waste and chemicals cannot be autoclaved as they release toxic emissions. Furthermore, heat resistant containers, beddings, and other bulky waste cannot be disinfected in autoclave.[2 Years Warranty 300W IP65 LED Floodlight for Sports Fields] Microwave uses moist heat and steam generated by microwave energy to disinfect. All infectious waste including human waste, laboratory waste, soft waste (gauze, bandages, and gowns), and sharps are sterilized in microwave. Volatile, semi-volatile organic compounds, mercury,Paddle Blender Tea Herb Mixer Lab Mixer. The advantage of using microwave for BMW disposal is minimal emissions. Its disadvantage include requirement of high capital for setup, problem of odor near the machine, and there is a chance of leak of microwave energy

2. Medium heat technologies operate between 177°C and 540°C and include reverse polymerization and thermal depolymerization. This involves the application of high-energy microwaves in nitrogen atmosphere to BMW to breakdown the organic matter. As the waste absorbs the microwave energy, its internal energy increase and chemical decomposition take place at molecular level. Nitrogen provides an oxygen-free environment so that combustion does not take place. Then, shredders are used to mutilate the waste[Te 1717692-6 2 Pin Female Auto Electrical Waterproof Spray Wiring Harness PBT GF20 Waterproof Connector]

3. High heat technologies operate between 540°C and 8300°C and include pyrolysis – oxidation, plasma pyrolysis, induction-based pyrolysis, and lase-based pyrolysis. In pyrolysis oxidation, inside the pyrolysis chamber, the organic solid and liquid waste vaporize at high temperature (approximately 594°C) leaving behind inert ash and glass and metal fragments. This is followed by second step, wherein combustion of the vapors takes place at a temperature of 982°C –1093°C in a chamber and clean exhaust steam is later released.

Plasma pyrolysis uses plasma torches to generate plasma energy. In plasma state, the ionized gas can conduct electric current, but due to its high resistance, the electric energy is converted to heat energy. The residue generated include carbon black, vitrified glass aggregates, and metallic residues. A wide variety of waste can be destroyed in plasma-based technology – infectious waste, sharps, plastics, dialysis waste, hazardous waste, chemotherapeutic waste, chemotherapy waste, and low-level radioactive waste (Miniature Size 5A DC24V Power Relay for Smart Meter).HPMC / HEC / Mhec Manufacturer Supply Industrial Chemical for Dry Mortar Machines, waste residue is inert and sterile, i.e., environment friendly,Vegetables Folding Plastic Crates for Storing Milk, Potato, Eggs(95%) and mass (80%–90%). Its disadvantage includes high capital cost, high operation cost, high electrical usage, limited lifespan of plasma torch and may generate dioxins in poorly designed setup.[Farm Machinery Auto Mechanical Straw Crusher for Poultry]

Conclusions

Printed Citcuit Board Manufacture, PCB Board Factory, 94 V0 PCB,G372xt Gasoline Chain Saw for Husqvarna 372X Torq Chainsaw Machine-care workers and HCFs, continuous monitoring of BMW practices,Professional Trade Show Folding Tent, Canopy, Marquee, Gazebo, Easy up Tent. It is our fundamental right to live in clean and safe environment.Zinc Galvanized Roofing Sheet/ Galvalume Steel Coil / PPGL Sheet Price. The current BMWM 2016 rules are an improvement over earlier rules in terms of improved segregation, transportation, and disposal methods,Hot Sale PVC Lever Arch Clip File Folder with Punch and Label Pocket, patients, and public. Moreover, more use of non-PVC medical devices and development of newer novel, eco-Cheap Casual 500ml Glass Bottle.Red Blue Golden Yellow Painted Coated 1100 Pure Aluminum Coil for Fin Stock.

References