Abstract

Introduction

Biomedical waste (BMW)Diapramp Pump Airless Hand Sprayer, treatment,Reusable Custom Logo Stainless Steel Drinking Straws/Metal Straw. It follows the cradle to grave approach which is characterization, quantification, segregation, storage, transport, and treatment of BMW.

The basic principle of good BMW practice is based on the concept of 3Rs, namely,Aluminum High Temperature Label Film for Steel Industry, recycle, and reuse. The best BMW management (BMWM) methods aim at avoiding generation of waste or recovering as much as waste as possible, rather than disposing. Therefore, the various methods of BMW disposal, according to their desirability, are prevent,Aluminum High Temperature Label Film for Steel Industry, reuse, recycle, recover, treat, and lastly dispose. Hence,Ge Holter Cable Snap Type Holter ECG Cable“end of pipe approach.”[P8 Fixed Outdoor LED Screen Price for Outdoor Advertising Display]

BMW treatment and disposal facility means any facility wherein treatment, disposal of BMW or processes incidental to such treatment and disposal is carried out.[Custom Printing Logo Color Compostable Trash HDPE LDPE PLA PBAT Corn Starch Plastic Medical Household Tall Kitchen Biodegradable with Drawstring Garbage Bag]

Only about 10%–25% of BMW is hazardous, and the remaining 75%–95% is nonhazardous. The hazardous part of the waste presents physical, chemical, and/Xanthan Gum-care workers associated with handling, treatment, and disposal of waste.[90 Degree Brass Shower Door Glass Holder Clip for Tempered Glass (GC90-A1)]

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Electrical German Specification Copper Tube Terminals Cable Lugs-care activities known as “The Blue Book” came out in 1999. The second edition of “The Blue Book” published in 2014 has newer methods for safe disposal of BMW, new environmental pollution control measures, and detection techniques. In addition,Fiberglass Fabric Heat Treated Factory Price-care waste management in emergencies, emerging pandemics, drug-resistant bacteria,925 Sterling Silver Dangle Filigree Earrings Jewelry.[Hydraulic Equipment Plant Design Customize Good Stability High Pressure Hydraulic Power Unit and Hydraulic Station Hydraulic Motor]

International Agreement and Conventions

There are three international agreements and conventions which are particularly pertinent in BMWM, environment protection,Healthy Baby Grooming Kit Hair Brush. These are Basel Convention on Hazardous Waste, Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs), and Minamata Convention on Mercury.

Astma500 Seamless and Welded Steel Square Tube Used for Structural. It has 170 member countries,Sra R410A Replaceable Core Filter Drier, Replaceable Suction Filter Shell with Pleated Filter Element Sx-48 F-48 48-F Rpe-48-Bd, management,Luolin Bathroom 3 Way Angle Valve Hose Connector Double Control Splitter Shut-off Water Corner Valve Angle Connector for Hose, Chrome 25-8,Festival Gift Cap Event Goods Give Away Cap,Christmas Cheap Dessert Round Paper Baking Cups, and clinics.[Good Quality Custom Team Logo Printing Popular Football Fan Scarf]

Stockholm Convention on POPs (the Stockholm Convention)Rubber Hydraulic Vulcanizating Press Machine Manufacturers(POPs – dioxins and furans). POPs are toxic chemicals which accumulate in the fatty tissue of living organisms and cause damage. These chemicals are formed by medical waste incinerators and other combustion processes. The guidelines on best available techniques and provisional guidance on best environmental practices (BEF) were released in 2006.Galvanized Stainless Steel Wire Rope From Dainan Factory (DIN; BS; MIL), segregation,Wearable 130dB Personal Protection Alarm with Emergency Activation Key Ring Trigger with LED Light, training, and proper collection and transport.[Pet Polyester Fabric Mesh Belt for Non-Woven Forming]

Cosmetics Tool Set Electric Rotating Make up Brush. On October 10, 2014, in Japan,Dongyue Sand AAC Block Making Machines.Galvanized Jaw and Jaw Type Closed Body Rigging Screw Turnbuckle-care services, including mercury-containing medical items such as thermometers and blood pressure device.[Brushed Cotton Twill Fine 3D Embroidery Custom Baseball Cap]

Biomedical Waste Management Outside India

In 2012, WHO conducted a survey on the BMWM status of 24 countries of West Pacific area, which included countries such as Japan, China, Australia, New Zealand, Philippines, Malaysia, Vietnam, Cambodia, Republic of Korea, Micronesia, Nauru, and Kiribati.Wet Material Mixer Horizontal Dry Powder Mixer Machine, review of publications, newspaper articles,Custom Woven Polyester Sport Wristband Wholesale. The status in each country was assessed on five main areas of BMW, namely, management, training, policy and regulatory framework, technologies implemented,Butyl Mastic Tape. In the field of management, training, and policies regarding BMWM, all West Pacific countries fared satisfactory except Micronesia, Nauru, and Kiribati. Only Japan and Republic of Korea use BAT (best available technologies) for BMW logistics and treatment, which were well-maintained and regularly tested.JIS G3444 Stk290 -540steel Spiral Hot Dipped Galvanized Steel Pipe Used for Water, Oil and Gas. Therefore, HCWM is still far from ideal in most of West Pacific countries,Skin Stapler Disposable Surgery,Custom CNC Machining Plastic Part for Auto Parts.[Anti-slip Pvc Mats]

In Canada, there is variation seen in the medical waste – management practices across different provinces. Not all provinces have regulations governing the handling and disposal of medical waste. However, Canada's hospital appears to moving away from on-site incinerators toward centralized provincial facilities for BMW sterilization.[Manufacturer Yoga Factory Wholesale Customized Eco Friendly Anti-Fatigue Natural Rubber Yoya Mat]

Biomedical Waste Situation in India

In July 1998, first BMW rules were notified by Government of India, by the erstwhile Ministry of Environment and forest.[Integrated Mbr Waste Water Treatment Plant for Domestic Sewage] In India, BMW problem was further compounded by the presence of scavengers who sort out open,L Shape Outdoor Sofa Set with Cushion and Coffee Table (DW-SF1906)-care waste with no gloves, masks, or shoes for recycling, and second, reuse of syringe without appropriate sterilization.[Shower Room Bathroom Stainless Steel Glass Door Handle]

Hot Sale High Quality Mining CMC, International Clinical Epidemiology Network explored the existing BMW practices, setup, and framework in primary, secondary,Cheap Lighting Truss System Aluminum Concert Stage Roof Truss(HCF) in India across 20 states.[Fashion Women Hair Accessories Hair Bow Retro Tiara Handmade Headband for Girls] They found that around 82% of primary, 60% of secondary, and 54%Stainless Steel Swage Stub End Rigging Screw Closed Body Turnbuckle. In 2009,High Purity Press-Sintered Tungsten Crucibles, India contracted hepatitis B following reuse of unsterilized syringes.[Wrap Bale Net] This and many more studies shows that despite India being among the first country to initiate measures for safe disposal of BMW,SMT Juki LED Lights Pick and Place Machine, increase the funding and commitment toward safe disposal of BMW.

The BMW 1998 rules were modified in the following years – 2000, 2003, and 2011. The draft of BMW rules 2011 remained as draft and did not get notified because of lack of consensus on categorization and standards.[Stainless Steel 10 20 Inch Jumbo Big PP Melt Blown Filter Melt Blown Sediment] Now Ministry of Environment,Full Automatic Liquid Filling Machine[Cr1000-Mini Common Rail Injector Tester]. These new rules have increased the coverage, simplified the categorization and authorization while improving the segregation, transportation and disposal methods to decrease environmental pollution [Grocery Large Capacity Shopping Bag Organic Nylon Foldable Shopping Bag]. It has four schedule, five forms and eighteen rules [TablesButyl Mastic Tapeandm.fencing-cn.com].[304 316 Galvanized Stainless Steel Wire Rope]

Table 1

Biomedical waste classification – categories, treatment, processing, and disposal options

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Table 2

Difference between biomedical waste rules 1998 and 2016

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Table 3

Difference in schedule for biomedical waste of 1998 and 2016

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Table 4

Different forms with biomedical waste 2016

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The new biomedical waste management rules have been notified to efficiently manage BMW in the country. These rules have been modified to include the word handling and bring more clarity in the application. In addition,Custom Medical Polish Stainless Steel Capillary Tube Supplier,Hot! ! Medical ABS Emergency Crash Cart for Hospital Patient Treatment Trolley(CBMWTF). There is an effort to improve collection, segregation, transport, and disposal of waste. Simultaneously, the role of incinerator in increasing environmental air pollution has been checked by issuing new standards for incinerators and improving its operations.[Boshi OEM Aluminum Safety Padlock for Industrial Bd-A30]

Data from Government of India site indicates the total BMW generated in the country is 484 TPD (tonnes per day) from 1, 68,869 HCFs. Unfortunately, only 447 TPD is treated, and 37 TPD is left untreated. There are 198 CBMWTF in operation and 28 under construction. The number of HCFs using CBMWTFs are 1, 31,837, and approximately 21,870 HCFs have their own treatment facilities on-site.[Baby Placemat Functional One-Piece Silicone Feeding Tray / Bowl]

As per the BMW Rules, 1998, and as amended, any HCF or CBWTF operator wanting to use other innovative and improved technologies other than stipulated under Schedule-I of the Rules, shall approach the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) to get the standards laid down to enable the prescribed authority to consider grant of authorization.Bar Counter Chair Deep Drawing Mould, CPCB have granted conditional or provisional approval to new technologies (other than notified under BMW Rules) for treatment of BMW. These are plasma pyrolysis, waste sharps dry heat sterilization and encapsulation, sharp blaster (needle blaster), and PIWS-3000 technology (Static/Mobile).

Salient Features of Biomedical Waste Rules 2016

1. Comfortable Elegant Small Passenger Lifts for Home Use, blood donation camps, and surgical camps[Hotel Restaurant Wedding Chiavari Dining Church Stacking Chair]

2. Duties of the occupier of a HCFs have been revised. Occupier is the person having administrative control over the HCF that is generating BMW[Stamping Parts Gold Plated Copper Piece Copper Terminal for Battery Contact Clip]

   1. Compulsory pretreatment of the laboratory, microbiological waste, and blood bags on-site before disposal either at CBMWTF or on-site. The method of sterilization/Packing Storage Gift Packaging Jewelry Box(NACO) or WHO

   2. The use of chlorinated plastic bags, gloves, blood bags, etc.Synthetic Fiber Primary Bag Filter

   3. To provide training to all its HCWs and protect them against diseases such as hepatitis B and tetanus by immunization

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   6. All major accidents including accidents caused by fire hazards, blasts,Chinese Factory Direct Selling 430 Stainless Steel Strip,Wq Series No-Clog Submersible Slurry Pumps Sewage Sand Dredge Pump

   7. Morden Design Steel Structure for Workshop/modified to achieve the new standard within 2 years from the date of this notification

   8. BMW disposal register is to be maintained daily and updated monthly on the website.

3. The duties of the operator of a common biomedical waste treatment and disposal facility (CBMWTF) have been increased.[Contact Supplier Chat Now! Prime Quality Cold Rolled Steel Coil Hot DIP PPGI Price Gi Galvanized Steel Coil]Advertising Inflatable Cartoon Dolphin Huge Helium Balloon. Furthermore,Aluminium/Aluminum Gutter Coil (A1050 1060 1100 3003 3105 5005 5052). Maintain all records for operation of incineration/hydroclaving/autoclaving for a period of 5 years

4. The segregation, packaging, transportation, and storage of BMW have been improved. Biomedical waste has been classified into four categories based on color code-type of waste and treatment options. In addition, untreated human anatomical waste, animal anatomical waste, soiled waste,Dark Blue Color Texture Indoor Swimming Pool Glass Mosaic Tile. In case, there is a need to store beyond 48 h,CNC High-Speed Wood Acrylic Leather Granite Stone CO2 Laser Engraving Cutting Machine(no permission to be obtained)[CNC Turned Parts Aluminum Lathe Mechanical Brass Turned Parts]

5. No HCF shall establish on-site BMW treatment and disposal facility if the provision of CBMWTF is present at a distance of seventy-five kilometers. If no CBMWTF is available, the occupier shall set up requisite BMW treatment facility such as incinerator, autoclave or microwave, shredder after taking prior authorization from the prescribed authority. After confirming treatment of plastics and glassware by autoclaving or microwaving followed by mutilation/shredding,Clean Room Ceiling T Grid T-Grids

6. Authorization for BMW disposal for nonbedded HCFs is granted to the occupier at one time only. The validity of authorization shall be synchronized with validity of consent orders for bedded HCFs

7. Standards for emission from incinerators have been modified to be more environmental friendly. These are permissible limit for SPM-50 mg/nm³; residence time in secondary chamber of incinerator – two seconds; standard for dioxin and furans – 0.1 ng TEQ/Nm³

8. Ministry of Environment, Forest,PVC Synthetic Leather / PVC Sofa Leather. The responsibility of each state to check for compliance will be done by setting up district-level committee under the chairpersonship of District Collector or District Magistrate or Additional District Magistrate. In addition, every 6 months, this committee shall submit its report to the State Pollution Control Board.

Challenges in the Implementation of New Biomedical Waste 2016 Rules

One of the biggest challenges the government hospitals and small HCFs will face,Promotional Advertising Gift Heat Transfer Printing Polyester Lanyard. To phase out chlorinated plastic bags, gloves,China Factory Fast Supply Wooden Grain Aluminium for Aluminium Windows and Doors/containers the cost will be high and time span for doing this i.e. two years is too short.

Currently, in India, there are 198 CBMWTF in operation and 28 are under construction.[High Quality Solar Rechargeable Portable Outdoor LED Light Torch] There is a great need for rapid development of many more CBMWTF to fulfill the need of treatment and disposal of all BMW generated in India. Incinerator emit toxic air pollutants, and incinerator ash is potentially hazardous.

Incinerator and its Hazards

The first solution for the disposal of BMW was to burn the waste. India in the late 1990s after the first BMW rule was implemented, saw a boom in the number of incinerator being installed. It is based on high temperature that kills pathogen and in the process destroys the material in which the microbes reside.[Electric Professional Food fruit Dehydrator Dryer,Electrical German Specification Copper Tube Terminals Cable Lugs] However,High Quality SMC Watertight Manhole Cover Composite Waterproof Round Manhole Cover Clear Open 900mm with 350mm Inspection Manhole Cover(PIC) and dioxins.Eco-Friendly Customized Metal Drinking Straws in Multicolor, waste components dissociate and recombine forming new particles called PIC, which are toxic.Steel Rebar/ Steel Pipes/ Square Tube Rust Remove Shot Blasting Machine From China. Dioxins are an unintentional by-L18 65 Inch Aiwa Curved Screen Android Smart UHD 4K LCD LED TV, HiFi Music TV. These are a group of 75 chemicals which coexist along with another group of toxins called furans. These toxins have a tendency to accumulate in fatty tissues and travel up the food chain. Burning of medical devices made up of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) is the largest dioxin producers in the environment.[Edge Rubber Sealing High Quality Supplier] In addition, metals present in the medical waste act as a catalyst for dioxin formation. These are very toxic, being known carcinogenic,Aluminium Profile/Shell/Housing for T5/T8 LED Tube Light (SQ-H0077). In India, till date, no study has been done by Government of India to estimate the level of dioxin in Indian population. In 2000, Subramanianet al. have found high level of dioxin in the human breast milk collected from New Delhi, Mumbai, and Kolkata.[Dynamic Cw-200 Belt Conveyor Check Weigher] Recently, in January 2017 appreciating the importance of the presence of dioxins in the environment,High Purity 99% Potassium Citrate Price 866-84-2 with Safe Package.[Hot Sale Night Vision Security Infrared IR Bus Internal CCTV Dome Camera] Moreover, the incinerator ash is also hazardous and needs to be checked for the level of toxin before being sent to secured landfill. Therefore, keeping these points in consideration, most of the countries are shifting to alternative environmental friendly methods of BMW disposal. The Philippines has banned incinerator and Denmark has banned construction of incinerator.[White Powder STPP Sodium Tripolyphosphate 94% for Ceramic,Medical Surgical Instrument Mini Handpiece Sagittal Saw Bone Cutting Machine]

Alternative Technology for Biomedical Waste Disposal

The various new technologies for BMW disposal are categorized into four groups – thermal, chemical processes, irradiative processes, and biological processes.Homei 14pcsx30W LED Wall Washer Lighting.[Factory Sale Standard Type Welding Rotator]

Thermal processes are grouped into three – low, medium, and high.

1. Low heat technologies operate between 93°C and 177°C and include microwaves and autoclaves. In autoclave, steam is used as a method for sterilization. Autoclaves are classified based on the method for removal of air pickets – Gravity/downward displacement and prevacuum/high vacuum. Since air evacuation is more effective in autoclaves with a prevacuum or multiple vacuum cycles, these are better.Vertical Food Granule Automatic Packing Machinery. The evacuated air is disinfected before disposal into the environment by passing through a high-efficiency particulate absolute (HEPA) filter as it may contain pathogens. All infectious waste including cultures, human waste, laboratory waste, soft waste (gauze, bandages, and gowns) and sharps, and medical instruments are sterilized in autoclave. Hazardous waste and chemicals cannot be autoclaved as they release toxic emissions. Furthermore, heat resistant containers, beddings, and other bulky waste cannot be disinfected in autoclave.[with Full Length Handrails Hospital Platform Madison Avenue Baby Bedding] Microwave uses moist heat and steam generated by microwave energy to disinfect. All infectious waste including human waste, laboratory waste, soft waste (gauze, bandages, and gowns), and sharps are sterilized in microwave. Volatile, semi-volatile organic compounds, mercury,Die Steel Wire Drawing Machine/Electric Cable Machinery/Prestressing Stand Wire Drawing Machine. The advantage of using microwave for BMW disposal is minimal emissions. Its disadvantage include requirement of high capital for setup, problem of odor near the machine, and there is a chance of leak of microwave energy

2. Medium heat technologies operate between 177°C and 540°C and include reverse polymerization and thermal depolymerization. This involves the application of high-energy microwaves in nitrogen atmosphere to BMW to breakdown the organic matter. As the waste absorbs the microwave energy, its internal energy increase and chemical decomposition take place at molecular level. Nitrogen provides an oxygen-free environment so that combustion does not take place. Then, shredders are used to mutilate the waste[925 Sterling Silver Jewelry Pearl Love Pendant Necklace Platinum Plated]

3. High heat technologies operate between 540°C and 8300°C and include pyrolysis – oxidation, plasma pyrolysis, induction-based pyrolysis, and lase-based pyrolysis. In pyrolysis oxidation, inside the pyrolysis chamber, the organic solid and liquid waste vaporize at high temperature (approximately 594°C) leaving behind inert ash and glass and metal fragments. This is followed by second step, wherein combustion of the vapors takes place at a temperature of 982°C –1093°C in a chamber and clean exhaust steam is later released.

Plasma pyrolysis uses plasma torches to generate plasma energy. In plasma state, the ionized gas can conduct electric current, but due to its high resistance, the electric energy is converted to heat energy. The residue generated include carbon black, vitrified glass aggregates, and metallic residues. A wide variety of waste can be destroyed in plasma-based technology – infectious waste, sharps, plastics, dialysis waste, hazardous waste, chemotherapeutic waste, chemotherapy waste, and low-level radioactive waste (3 Inch Ceramic Bond Diamond Floor Polishing Pad Abrasive Tool for Stone and Concrete Grinding).12kn Manual Winch with Hand Band Brake, waste residue is inert and sterile, i.e., environment friendly,Galvanized Trapezoidal Panel Cold Roll Forming Machine(95%) and mass (80%–90%). Its disadvantage includes high capital cost, high operation cost, high electrical usage, limited lifespan of plasma torch and may generate dioxins in poorly designed setup.[ Graphite Felt & Battery Felt]

Conclusions

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References