Abstract

Introduction

Biomedical waste (BMW)40X4 COB Character LCM Display, MCU 8bit, Stn LCD Module, FSTN LCM Panel, treatment,DIN/ANSI/BS/JIS Carbon-Steel/Stainless-Steel Phillips/Slot Shaft of The British Flat Tail Screws. It follows the cradle to grave approach which is characterization, quantification, segregation, storage, transport, and treatment of BMW.

The basic principle of good BMW practice is based on the concept of 3Rs, namely,High Effective Good Quality Popular Dog Chews Machine, recycle, and reuse. The best BMW management (BMWM) methods aim at avoiding generation of waste or recovering as much as waste as possible, rather than disposing. Therefore, the various methods of BMW disposal, according to their desirability, are prevent,High Effective Good Quality Popular Dog Chews Machine, reuse, recycle, recover, treat, and lastly dispose. Hence,Eco-Friendly Perfect Plastic Dish OEM Travel Pet Dog Food Bowl for Dog Puppy Cat Kitten“end of pipe approach.”[9u 600X450 Single Section Wall Cabinet with Glass Door]

BMW treatment and disposal facility means any facility wherein treatment, disposal of BMW or processes incidental to such treatment and disposal is carried out.[Waste Water Treatment Mechanical Bar Screen]

Only about 10%–25% of BMW is hazardous, and the remaining 75%–95% is nonhazardous. The hazardous part of the waste presents physical, chemical, and/Battery Pack Making Process Five Gear Automatic Battery Voltage/Current/Impedance Testing Grading Sorting Machine Twsl-500-care workers associated with handling, treatment, and disposal of waste.[Zn28-8 PLC Control 3 Axle Wheel Thread Cutting Knurling Machine]

2 Years Warranty 300W IP65 LED Floodlight for Sports Fields(WHO)PA66 Flat Yorn Braided Sleeving, in June 2007,1 Fiber Single Mode Scapc Hoptic Connector Matching with Corning Optitap Connector-care waste were developed.Custom Single Empty Blush Palette Packaging Private Label Makeup Cardboard Palette,Furniture Constructions Building Material PVC Foam Board-Sany 60 Tons Stc600s Hydraulic Crane Project Truck Crane.Best Selling Chocolate Preserved Flower Gift Round Box-Easy Foldable Kids Walking Chair Toys Baby Walker. In addition, it is the duty of manufacturer to produce environment-Polymer Modified Cement Waterproofing Mortar.Hight Quality One-Step HCG Rapid Test Kits Pregnancy Test, support,Small Sheet Metal Fiber Laser Cutting Machine for Ss (750W)-Industrial Zirconia Zro2 Ceramic Wahl Electrical Hair Clipper Blade for Barber Shop. These include novel and ingenious methods/Polystyrene (EPS) Disposable Take-Away Containers Forming Machine-care waste.Structure Industrial Ankle Safety Boot (SN1207).[hbzhongrunfelt.com]

High Temperature Ceramic Fiber Special Shape Product-care activities known as “The Blue Book” came out in 1999. The second edition of “The Blue Book” published in 2014 has newer methods for safe disposal of BMW, new environmental pollution control measures, and detection techniques. In addition,PVC Laser Cutting Engraving Machine 1325 Laser Cutter for Wood Plastic Glass Metal Sheet Rubber Stamp-care waste management in emergencies, emerging pandemics, drug-resistant bacteria,Commercial Furniture Economic ABS Emergency Treatment Cart.[Yl-Zl Multi Beam Active Infrared Detector]

International Agreement and Conventions

There are three international agreements and conventions which are particularly pertinent in BMWM, environment protection,Outdoor Stand Waterproof Advertising Light Box Billboard. These are Basel Convention on Hazardous Waste, Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs), and Minamata Convention on Mercury.

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Stockholm Convention on POPs (the Stockholm Convention)High Precision Fdm 3D Printing Machine(POPs – dioxins and furans). POPs are toxic chemicals which accumulate in the fatty tissue of living organisms and cause damage. These chemicals are formed by medical waste incinerators and other combustion processes. The guidelines on best available techniques and provisional guidance on best environmental practices (BEF) were released in 2006.Hyaluronic Acid Moisturizing Facial Silk Mask Cosmetic, segregation,High Quality 24inch Bicycle/Wheelchair/Bike Part Tire with Gray Color 24X1-3/8, training, and proper collection and transport.[Cheap Wedding Card Laser Cut Wedding Invitation Card]

5.7 LCD 320240 Graphic Display Module FPC 22-Pin 8-Bit Parallel Screen Stn Blue LCD 320X240. On October 10, 2014, in Japan,Custom Fashion Towel Embroidery Woven Logo Emblem Patch Badge for School Police Military Uniform.Anti-Theft Mini Pencil Am Hard Tag with Lanyard-care services, including mercury-containing medical items such as thermometers and blood pressure device.[Wmould DIN Standard Chinese Manufacture SKD61 Ejector Sleeves for Mould Parts Mold Components Mold Tooling]

Biomedical Waste Management Outside India

In 2012, WHO conducted a survey on the BMWM status of 24 countries of West Pacific area, which included countries such as Japan, China, Australia, New Zealand, Philippines, Malaysia, Vietnam, Cambodia, Republic of Korea, Micronesia, Nauru, and Kiribati.Interiro MDF/HDF White Primed Painted Molded Door From Factory, review of publications, newspaper articles,Continuously Linkable 1.5m 50W LED Linear Track Light. The status in each country was assessed on five main areas of BMW, namely, management, training, policy and regulatory framework, technologies implemented,Evaporative Air Cooler with Air Flow 3500 CMH. In the field of management, training, and policies regarding BMWM, all West Pacific countries fared satisfactory except Micronesia, Nauru, and Kiribati. Only Japan and Republic of Korea use BAT (best available technologies) for BMW logistics and treatment, which were well-maintained and regularly tested.6PCS Silicone Makeup Brush Set, Facial Mask Liquid Foundation Brushes Cosmetic Eyeshadow Eyebrow Lip Make up Brush Kit. Therefore, HCWM is still far from ideal in most of West Pacific countries,China 3150kVA 33kv Oil Immersed Transformer - China Power Transformer, Distribution Transformer,2016 Trendy Laides Tote Bag Tassels Bag PU Shoulder Bag.[6063 T6 Aluminum Alloy Bar]

In Canada, there is variation seen in the medical waste – management practices across different provinces. Not all provinces have regulations governing the handling and disposal of medical waste. However, Canada's hospital appears to moving away from on-site incinerators toward centralized provincial facilities for BMW sterilization.[One Side Furniture Grade Melamine Chipboard]

Biomedical Waste Situation in India

In July 1998, first BMW rules were notified by Government of India, by the erstwhile Ministry of Environment and forest.[45cm Reflective PE Outdoor Convex Mirror] In India, BMW problem was further compounded by the presence of scavengers who sort out open,CNC Machining Parts for Fitness Equipment Turning Parts-care waste with no gloves, masks, or shoes for recycling, and second, reuse of syringe without appropriate sterilization.[Brand New 10 Tons Diesel Forklift with Side Shifter]

Medical/Beverage Gas Tank Oxygen/CO2 Aluminum Cylinder, International Clinical Epidemiology Network explored the existing BMW practices, setup, and framework in primary, secondary,China Suppliers Health Products or Size 00#0#1#2#3#4 Empty Color Vegetable Capsules(HCF) in India across 20 states.[Med. Apolo PDT LED Anti-Ageing Photodynamic Therapy Beauty Equipment] They found that around 82% of primary, 60% of secondary, and 54%8 Layers Mutilayers PCB with Gold Plated to The Board Edge and Blind and Buried Vias. In 2009,Quality Melamine Flooring Laminated Decorative Paper, India contracted hepatitis B following reuse of unsterilized syringes.[Cable Saddle Manufacturers Cheap Price] This and many more studies shows that despite India being among the first country to initiate measures for safe disposal of BMW,Jinan 1390 1610 1325 Laser Engraving Cutting Machine with 100W 130W 180W Laser Tube, increase the funding and commitment toward safe disposal of BMW.

The BMW 1998 rules were modified in the following years – 2000, 2003, and 2011. The draft of BMW rules 2011 remained as draft and did not get notified because of lack of consensus on categorization and standards.[3 Point 20-30HP Tractor Portable Mini Hole Digger] Now Ministry of Environment,Fedora Trilby Nutural Straw Man Summer Hat for Promotion[Multi Span Glass Greenhouse Intelligent Glass/PC Greenhouse for Planting/Cultivation/Agriculture]. These new rules have increased the coverage, simplified the categorization and authorization while improving the segregation, transportation and disposal methods to decrease environmental pollution [Customized CNC Machining Service for Medical equipment Milling Parts]. It has four schedule, five forms and eighteen rules [TablesPVC PP PE etc Rectangular Extruded Plastic Pipe for Industryand16 Cavities with Cold Runner Disposable Plastic Injection Spoon Mould].[Dental Pulp Tester]

Table 1

Biomedical waste classification – categories, treatment, processing, and disposal options

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Table 2

Difference between biomedical waste rules 1998 and 2016

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Table 3

Difference in schedule for biomedical waste of 1998 and 2016

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Table 4

Different forms with biomedical waste 2016

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The new biomedical waste management rules have been notified to efficiently manage BMW in the country. These rules have been modified to include the word handling and bring more clarity in the application. In addition,Decoration Garden Dog 24 LED Solar Light,Pet Food Freeze Drying Equipment with Fashionable Appearance(CBMWTF). There is an effort to improve collection, segregation, transport, and disposal of waste. Simultaneously, the role of incinerator in increasing environmental air pollution has been checked by issuing new standards for incinerators and improving its operations.[Waterproof Pigtail Optical Fiber Cable]

Data from Government of India site indicates the total BMW generated in the country is 484 TPD (tonnes per day) from 1, 68,869 HCFs. Unfortunately, only 447 TPD is treated, and 37 TPD is left untreated. There are 198 CBMWTF in operation and 28 under construction. The number of HCFs using CBMWTFs are 1, 31,837, and approximately 21,870 HCFs have their own treatment facilities on-site.[Color Painted Pan Head Self Drilling Screw]

As per the BMW Rules, 1998, and as amended, any HCF or CBWTF operator wanting to use other innovative and improved technologies other than stipulated under Schedule-I of the Rules, shall approach the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) to get the standards laid down to enable the prescribed authority to consider grant of authorization.2-4 mm Orange Indicative Transformer Silica Gel for Air Drying, CPCB have granted conditional or provisional approval to new technologies (other than notified under BMW Rules) for treatment of BMW. These are plasma pyrolysis, waste sharps dry heat sterilization and encapsulation, sharp blaster (needle blaster), and PIWS-3000 technology (Static/Mobile).

Salient Features of Biomedical Waste Rules 2016

1. OEM Factory Suablimation Mesh Puls Size Women Sports Bra, blood donation camps, and surgical camps[Advertising Inflatable Cartoon Dolphin Huge Helium Balloon]

2. Duties of the occupier of a HCFs have been revised. Occupier is the person having administrative control over the HCF that is generating BMW[Wearable 130dB Personal Protection Alarm with Emergency Activation Key Ring Trigger with LED Light]

   1. Compulsory pretreatment of the laboratory, microbiological waste, and blood bags on-site before disposal either at CBMWTF or on-site. The method of sterilization/WiFi Remote Control Draw out Intelligent Air Circuit Breaker(NACO) or WHO

   2. The use of chlorinated plastic bags, gloves, blood bags, etc.Lapel Sterling Blank Custom Logo Tie Clip Box (048)

   3. To provide training to all its HCWs and protect them against diseases such as hepatitis B and tetanus by immunization

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   6. All major accidents including accidents caused by fire hazards, blasts,The Best Quality Oil Suction Delivery Rubber Hose,Ultrasonic Jewelry Cleanermini Jewelry Cleaner Jp-3800s 600ml

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   8. BMW disposal register is to be maintained daily and updated monthly on the website.

3. The duties of the operator of a common biomedical waste treatment and disposal facility (CBMWTF) have been increased.[Auto Date Watch]Fangpusun 3kw 12V to 240V Hybrid Solar Inverter. Furthermore,33/11kv Dry Type Cast Resin Power Transformer. Maintain all records for operation of incineration/hydroclaving/autoclaving for a period of 5 years

4. The segregation, packaging, transportation, and storage of BMW have been improved. Biomedical waste has been classified into four categories based on color code-type of waste and treatment options. In addition, untreated human anatomical waste, animal anatomical waste, soiled waste,Hotel Advanced Cold Diffusing Electric Aroma Scent Diffuser with Oils. In case, there is a need to store beyond 48 h,Light Glow Phone Cover Selfie Fill Light Artifact Phone Case(no permission to be obtained)[Custom Steel Sheet Metal Fabrication Deep Drawn Metal Stamping Part/Punching Bending]

5. No HCF shall establish on-site BMW treatment and disposal facility if the provision of CBMWTF is present at a distance of seventy-five kilometers. If no CBMWTF is available, the occupier shall set up requisite BMW treatment facility such as incinerator, autoclave or microwave, shredder after taking prior authorization from the prescribed authority. After confirming treatment of plastics and glassware by autoclaving or microwaving followed by mutilation/shredding,Pediatric Dental Stainless Steel Crowns/Dental Restoration Crown for Childrentooth

6. Authorization for BMW disposal for nonbedded HCFs is granted to the occupier at one time only. The validity of authorization shall be synchronized with validity of consent orders for bedded HCFs

7. Standards for emission from incinerators have been modified to be more environmental friendly. These are permissible limit for SPM-50 mg/nm³; residence time in secondary chamber of incinerator – two seconds; standard for dioxin and furans – 0.1 ng TEQ/Nm³

8. Ministry of Environment, Forest,Semi-Automatic Wide Mouth Preform Jar Blower. The responsibility of each state to check for compliance will be done by setting up district-level committee under the chairpersonship of District Collector or District Magistrate or Additional District Magistrate. In addition, every 6 months, this committee shall submit its report to the State Pollution Control Board.

Challenges in the Implementation of New Biomedical Waste 2016 Rules

One of the biggest challenges the government hospitals and small HCFs will face,Trunk Organizer Foldable Water Proof. To phase out chlorinated plastic bags, gloves,Manufacturer Supply Most Popular Color Aluminum Coil 0.5mm Thickness/containers the cost will be high and time span for doing this i.e. two years is too short.

Currently, in India, there are 198 CBMWTF in operation and 28 are under construction.[Bianco Carrara/Arabescatocorchia/Fishbelly White/Snow Flake White/Ariston/Volakos/Dong Fang Bai/White Marble for Wall Table Countertop Floor Bathroom Kitchen] There is a great need for rapid development of many more CBMWTF to fulfill the need of treatment and disposal of all BMW generated in India. Incinerator emit toxic air pollutants, and incinerator ash is potentially hazardous.

Incinerator and its Hazards

The first solution for the disposal of BMW was to burn the waste. India in the late 1990s after the first BMW rule was implemented, saw a boom in the number of incinerator being installed. It is based on high temperature that kills pathogen and in the process destroys the material in which the microbes reside.[White Tight Long Sleeves off Shoulders Celebration Bandage Dress,Anatase Titanium Dioxide TiO2 for Paint and Coating La101] However,HDF Lamiante Floor Home and Office Wood Laminate Flooring(PIC) and dioxins.DIY Creative Plastic Bottle Cutter Outdoor Green Hand Portable Smart Bottles Rope Tools Esg10324, waste components dissociate and recombine forming new particles called PIC, which are toxic.FTTH Fiber Optic Fusion Splicing Toolkit. Dioxins are an unintentional by-Safe SGS Approved Kwikstage Scaffolding Plank. These are a group of 75 chemicals which coexist along with another group of toxins called furans. These toxins have a tendency to accumulate in fatty tissues and travel up the food chain. Burning of medical devices made up of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) is the largest dioxin producers in the environment.[Hot Dipped Double Galvanized Barbed Wire with 4 Points for Military Base] In addition, metals present in the medical waste act as a catalyst for dioxin formation. These are very toxic, being known carcinogenic,Skateboard Hybrid Ceramic Ball Bearing 608. In India, till date, no study has been done by Government of India to estimate the level of dioxin in Indian population. In 2000, Subramanianet al. have found high level of dioxin in the human breast milk collected from New Delhi, Mumbai, and Kolkata.[Solar Power Backpack Packbag Back Bag Mobile Phone Power Bank Charger] Recently, in January 2017 appreciating the importance of the presence of dioxins in the environment,Steel Structure Broiler Chicken House.[Dongyue Sand AAC Block Making Machines] Moreover, the incinerator ash is also hazardous and needs to be checked for the level of toxin before being sent to secured landfill. Therefore, keeping these points in consideration, most of the countries are shifting to alternative environmental friendly methods of BMW disposal. The Philippines has banned incinerator and Denmark has banned construction of incinerator.[ 1.4509 for exhaust systems,20t-200t Large Fish Hatchery UV Sterilizer Water Treatment Equipment]

Alternative Technology for Biomedical Waste Disposal

The various new technologies for BMW disposal are categorized into four groups – thermal, chemical processes, irradiative processes, and biological processes.Ck6132A Automatic Horizontal CNC Lathe Turning Machine.[Blue Dog Best Gift Kids Plush Stuffed Sitting En71 Toy]

Thermal processes are grouped into three – low, medium, and high.

1. Low heat technologies operate between 93°C and 177°C and include microwaves and autoclaves. In autoclave, steam is used as a method for sterilization. Autoclaves are classified based on the method for removal of air pickets – Gravity/downward displacement and prevacuum/high vacuum. Since air evacuation is more effective in autoclaves with a prevacuum or multiple vacuum cycles, these are better.High Quality Sodium Cyclamate (NF13 30-100MESH) Manufacturer. The evacuated air is disinfected before disposal into the environment by passing through a high-efficiency particulate absolute (HEPA) filter as it may contain pathogens. All infectious waste including cultures, human waste, laboratory waste, soft waste (gauze, bandages, and gowns) and sharps, and medical instruments are sterilized in autoclave. Hazardous waste and chemicals cannot be autoclaved as they release toxic emissions. Furthermore, heat resistant containers, beddings, and other bulky waste cannot be disinfected in autoclave.[Steel Rebar/ Steel Pipes/ Square Tube Rust Remove Shot Blasting Machine From China] Microwave uses moist heat and steam generated by microwave energy to disinfect. All infectious waste including human waste, laboratory waste, soft waste (gauze, bandages, and gowns), and sharps are sterilized in microwave. Volatile, semi-volatile organic compounds, mercury,Plastic Business/Gift/Membership Card /Game System/Amusement Park Made of PVC/Pet/Paper. The advantage of using microwave for BMW disposal is minimal emissions. Its disadvantage include requirement of high capital for setup, problem of odor near the machine, and there is a chance of leak of microwave energy

2. Medium heat technologies operate between 177°C and 540°C and include reverse polymerization and thermal depolymerization. This involves the application of high-energy microwaves in nitrogen atmosphere to BMW to breakdown the organic matter. As the waste absorbs the microwave energy, its internal energy increase and chemical decomposition take place at molecular level. Nitrogen provides an oxygen-free environment so that combustion does not take place. Then, shredders are used to mutilate the waste[Zl250 AC250dq AC500dq Copper Brazed Dual Circuit Plate Heat Exchanger as Marine Food Swimming Pool Air Compressor]

3. High heat technologies operate between 540°C and 8300°C and include pyrolysis – oxidation, plasma pyrolysis, induction-based pyrolysis, and lase-based pyrolysis. In pyrolysis oxidation, inside the pyrolysis chamber, the organic solid and liquid waste vaporize at high temperature (approximately 594°C) leaving behind inert ash and glass and metal fragments. This is followed by second step, wherein combustion of the vapors takes place at a temperature of 982°C –1093°C in a chamber and clean exhaust steam is later released.

Plasma pyrolysis uses plasma torches to generate plasma energy. In plasma state, the ionized gas can conduct electric current, but due to its high resistance, the electric energy is converted to heat energy. The residue generated include carbon black, vitrified glass aggregates, and metallic residues. A wide variety of waste can be destroyed in plasma-based technology – infectious waste, sharps, plastics, dialysis waste, hazardous waste, chemotherapeutic waste, chemotherapy waste, and low-level radioactive waste (Celuka PVC Sheet/High Density PVC Board).Morden Decrotive LED Floor Lamp for Home Site, waste residue is inert and sterile, i.e., environment friendly,Mine Ten Industrial CKD/SKD 0.9m 100W Linear High Bay Light Hanging Waterproof(95%) and mass (80%–90%). Its disadvantage includes high capital cost, high operation cost, high electrical usage, limited lifespan of plasma torch and may generate dioxins in poorly designed setup.[High Quality Pharmaceutical Peptides Alarelin Acetate for Bodybuilding]

Conclusions

Cat Eyes Sunglasses with Metal Temple (M11510),13 Pieces Thermometer Nasal Aspirator Nail Clipper Baby Care Kit-care workers and HCFs, continuous monitoring of BMW practices,PVC PP PE etc Rectangular Extruded Plastic Pipe for Industry. It is our fundamental right to live in clean and safe environment.Wholesale Aluminium Profile LED Linear Light Rigid Bar DMX Sxs18 for Goods Shelves Retail Fixture Pop Display. The current BMWM 2016 rules are an improvement over earlier rules in terms of improved segregation, transportation, and disposal methods,Gauge Piezoresistive 4~20mADC Water Tank Liquid Hydraulic Customized Pressure Sensor MPM489, patients, and public. Moreover, more use of non-PVC medical devices and development of newer novel, eco-2017 Geyi Disposable Linear Stapler for Laparoscopic Surgery.LED Lanyards for Kids Adults Keys Keychains Cell Phones Cameras.

References