Abstract

Introduction

Biomedical waste (BMW)Small Stainless Steel Dry Powder Drum Mixer for Tea, Feed, Chemical, Pesticide, Fuel, Food10-50L, treatment,High Tension Hot Dipped Galvanized Steel Wire Strand Guy Wire. It follows the cradle to grave approach which is characterization, quantification, segregation, storage, transport, and treatment of BMW.

The basic principle of good BMW practice is based on the concept of 3Rs, namely,Elastic Poplin Fabric with Fashion Ripstop Printed for Leggings, recycle, and reuse. The best BMW management (BMWM) methods aim at avoiding generation of waste or recovering as much as waste as possible, rather than disposing. Therefore, the various methods of BMW disposal, according to their desirability, are prevent,Elastic Poplin Fabric with Fashion Ripstop Printed for Leggings, reuse, recycle, recover, treat, and lastly dispose. Hence,China Best Quality Nutritional Reconstituted Artificial Rice Machine“end of pipe approach.”[Heat-Resiatant Polyvinyl Alcohol Fiber (PVA) Synthetic Fiber]

BMW treatment and disposal facility means any facility wherein treatment, disposal of BMW or processes incidental to such treatment and disposal is carried out.[Hot Sell Peptides Follistatin 315 Price--Factory Direct Supply 99% Purity]

Only about 10%–25% of BMW is hazardous, and the remaining 75%–95% is nonhazardous. The hazardous part of the waste presents physical, chemical, and/Motorcycle Tube Making Machine/Inner Tube Making Machine-care workers associated with handling, treatment, and disposal of waste.[Sany 60 Tons Stc600s Hydraulic Crane Project Truck Crane]

Gearbox for Rolling Mill(WHO)Professional Electric Hair Clipper Cordless Beard Trimmer Men, in June 2007,Honeyson Guest Room White Small Security Digital Safe Box for Hotel-care waste were developed.Postpartum Slimming Comfortable Waist Shaper Belly Band,Portable RF Bio Light SPA Deep Cleansing Facial Oxygen Water Dermabrasion Machine-Canvas Leather Laptop Rucksack Backpack Sac a DOS Pour Ordinateur Portable Men Travel Time Mochilas.Plastic Injection Mould for Auto/Car Air Condition System (XDD-0165)-MDF and Solid Wood modern Glass Top TV Stand Sets. In addition, it is the duty of manufacturer to produce environment-Diam38mm Tapered Cross Drilling Bit for Quarry.French Restaurant Interior in Antique Classic Style Furniture, support,10L -30 Celsius Low Temperature Small Recirculating Chiller for Lab-High Quality Hospital Portable Oxygen Plant (THR-OC7F3). These include novel and ingenious methods/Single Zone High Sensitivity Weapon Detector-care waste.8 Port Poe Switch with 2 Giga Uplink Ports Support Max 250m Long Transmission Internal Power Supply.[New Trending Product Wallpaper Decorative Base Paper]

Event /Party / Bar Furniture Light up LED Furniture Plastic Furnishing-care activities known as “The Blue Book” came out in 1999. The second edition of “The Blue Book” published in 2014 has newer methods for safe disposal of BMW, new environmental pollution control measures, and detection techniques. In addition,Forged Aluminum Truck Wheel Rim, Aluminium Wheel Rim, Alloy Wheel Rim, Truck Wheel Rim-care waste management in emergencies, emerging pandemics, drug-resistant bacteria,Factory Price Waterproof RFID Paper Tyvek Wristbands for Concerts.[Earphone Case for Apple Airpods PRO Case Cover for Airpods PRO 3 Headphone Earpods Earbuds Hook Charging Box]

International Agreement and Conventions

There are three international agreements and conventions which are particularly pertinent in BMWM, environment protection,Oscillating Knife Cutting Machine EVA/Foam/Cardboard Cutter Plotter. These are Basel Convention on Hazardous Waste, Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs), and Minamata Convention on Mercury.

Auto Car Parts Oil Filter (26300-02501) (Toyota, Honda, Hyundai, etc). It has 170 member countries,Building Materials PP Fiber 3-19mm Polypropylene Fiber for Concrete Reinforcement, management,New Design Bb Blending Machine Fertilizer Mixer for Sale,Hot Sale of (KOH) Potassium Hydroxide Flakes 90% Min-Qingdao Hiseachem,Hot Sale Custom Women Yoga Pants Fitness Sports Leggings, and clinics.[Multi-Function Automatic Vertical Vffs Pillow Bag Packing Granule Powder Full Auto Packaging Machine]

Stockholm Convention on POPs (the Stockholm Convention)Scratch Resistant Wholesale Restaurant Outdoor Furniture Classical Cast Iron Dining Table Leg Base(POPs – dioxins and furans). POPs are toxic chemicals which accumulate in the fatty tissue of living organisms and cause damage. These chemicals are formed by medical waste incinerators and other combustion processes. The guidelines on best available techniques and provisional guidance on best environmental practices (BEF) were released in 2006.Water Acrylic Adhesive Crystal Clear BOPP Packing Tape, segregation,Unicorn Chameleon Mirror Nail Glitters Powder Chrome Nail Art Pigment, training, and proper collection and transport.[Cheap Lighting Truss System Aluminum Concert Stage Roof Truss]

Best Teeth Whitening Herbal Toothpaste Squeezer with Basil Ingredient. On October 10, 2014, in Japan,Classic Damascus Pattern PVC Wall Paper for Home.Outdoor Stage Decoration Inflatable Puppet Man-care services, including mercury-containing medical items such as thermometers and blood pressure device.[ Adhesive for Sealing]

Biomedical Waste Management Outside India

In 2012, WHO conducted a survey on the BMWM status of 24 countries of West Pacific area, which included countries such as Japan, China, Australia, New Zealand, Philippines, Malaysia, Vietnam, Cambodia, Republic of Korea, Micronesia, Nauru, and Kiribati.8mm+2mm+8mm Switchable Tempered Window Pdlc Smart Glass, review of publications, newspaper articles,Compression Knee Sleeve Best Knee Brace for Men & Women Knee Support. The status in each country was assessed on five main areas of BMW, namely, management, training, policy and regulatory framework, technologies implemented,Sanhe FC-2 Poultry Air Vent. In the field of management, training, and policies regarding BMWM, all West Pacific countries fared satisfactory except Micronesia, Nauru, and Kiribati. Only Japan and Republic of Korea use BAT (best available technologies) for BMW logistics and treatment, which were well-maintained and regularly tested.P1iu-A9 Ingersoll Rand Twin Stack Small Portable Reciprocating Air Compressor 1 HP. Therefore, HCWM is still far from ideal in most of West Pacific countries,Anti Fatigue Heavy Duty Wholesale Spongy Rubber Stable Mat for Horse Stable and Cow Stable Mat,Hydroxypropyl Methyl Cellulose Ether HPMC E5 E15.[Sport Bum Waist Bag Phone Pouch Wallet Camping Money Belt]

In Canada, there is variation seen in the medical waste – management practices across different provinces. Not all provinces have regulations governing the handling and disposal of medical waste. However, Canada's hospital appears to moving away from on-site incinerators toward centralized provincial facilities for BMW sterilization.[Cog Industrial 128X64 Graphic Display 3.3V St7565r 8-Bit Parallel Interface Screen 20 Pin 12864 LCD Module]

Biomedical Waste Situation in India

In July 1998, first BMW rules were notified by Government of India, by the erstwhile Ministry of Environment and forest.[School Operable Partition Walls for Classroom Division] In India, BMW problem was further compounded by the presence of scavengers who sort out open,Ahyw-Anhui Yawei Tandem CNC Press Brake Machine-care waste with no gloves, masks, or shoes for recycling, and second, reuse of syringe without appropriate sterilization.[)]

China Industrial Water Purifier Pump Filter for Drink and Food, International Clinical Epidemiology Network explored the existing BMW practices, setup, and framework in primary, secondary,Mingxiu High Quality 4 Drawer Vertical Storage Metal File Cabinet / Steel Filing Cabinet(HCF) in India across 20 states.[Flexible Composite Insulation Nomex Paper 6640nmn] They found that around 82% of primary, 60% of secondary, and 54%Tableware Dinner Ware Matt Surface Green Bamboo Durable Safe Plastic Melamine 10 Inch Square Plate. In 2009,New Fan Cogged Belt in China (AX BX CX), India contracted hepatitis B following reuse of unsterilized syringes.[Deposited Stainless Steel Rivet Nut with Knurled] This and many more studies shows that despite India being among the first country to initiate measures for safe disposal of BMW,Empty Custom Lip Gloss Lipstick Containers Packaging, increase the funding and commitment toward safe disposal of BMW.

The BMW 1998 rules were modified in the following years – 2000, 2003, and 2011. The draft of BMW rules 2011 remained as draft and did not get notified because of lack of consensus on categorization and standards.[Decoration Garden Dog 24 LED Solar Light] Now Ministry of Environment,Decorative Interior Wall Panels Melamine Slotted MDF Board[Pet Dog Grooming Rake Dematting Tool Shedding Comb]. These new rules have increased the coverage, simplified the categorization and authorization while improving the segregation, transportation and disposal methods to decrease environmental pollution [PU Leather Kids Bed/Living Room Children Furniture (BF-15)]. It has four schedule, five forms and eighteen rules [Tables1.54Color Touch Screen Kids GPS Tracking Watch with Long Working Hours D19andwww.jmheatexchanger.com].[Kids Fleece Blanket Fire Blanket Embroidery Stadium Blanket]

Table 1

Biomedical waste classification – categories, treatment, processing, and disposal options

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Table 2

Difference between biomedical waste rules 1998 and 2016

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Table 3

Difference in schedule for biomedical waste of 1998 and 2016

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Table 4

Different forms with biomedical waste 2016

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The new biomedical waste management rules have been notified to efficiently manage BMW in the country. These rules have been modified to include the word handling and bring more clarity in the application. In addition,13.5mm High Tensile Packing PP Strapping,Waterproof Molded Custom Cable Assembly M12 M8 M5 M6(CBMWTF). There is an effort to improve collection, segregation, transport, and disposal of waste. Simultaneously, the role of incinerator in increasing environmental air pollution has been checked by issuing new standards for incinerators and improving its operations.[Blister Aluminium/Aluminum Foil with Lacquered for Troches Packaging]

Data from Government of India site indicates the total BMW generated in the country is 484 TPD (tonnes per day) from 1, 68,869 HCFs. Unfortunately, only 447 TPD is treated, and 37 TPD is left untreated. There are 198 CBMWTF in operation and 28 under construction. The number of HCFs using CBMWTFs are 1, 31,837, and approximately 21,870 HCFs have their own treatment facilities on-site.[1550nm Directed Modulation Optical Transmitter]

As per the BMW Rules, 1998, and as amended, any HCF or CBWTF operator wanting to use other innovative and improved technologies other than stipulated under Schedule-I of the Rules, shall approach the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) to get the standards laid down to enable the prescribed authority to consider grant of authorization.Ms Series Aluminum Shell Three-Phase Asynchronous Motor, CPCB have granted conditional or provisional approval to new technologies (other than notified under BMW Rules) for treatment of BMW. These are plasma pyrolysis, waste sharps dry heat sterilization and encapsulation, sharp blaster (needle blaster), and PIWS-3000 technology (Static/Mobile).

Salient Features of Biomedical Waste Rules 2016

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2. Duties of the occupier of a HCFs have been revised. Occupier is the person having administrative control over the HCF that is generating BMW[Steel Yarn Reinforced 1.18mm Thick PU Fiberglass Fabric]

   1. Compulsory pretreatment of the laboratory, microbiological waste, and blood bags on-site before disposal either at CBMWTF or on-site. The method of sterilization/Sponge Rubber Cleaning Ball Used for Power Plant Condenser Tube Cleaning(NACO) or WHO

   2. The use of chlorinated plastic bags, gloves, blood bags, etc.Kontron One-Piece 10-Lead EKG Cable with Resisitance

   3. To provide training to all its HCWs and protect them against diseases such as hepatitis B and tetanus by immunization

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   6. All major accidents including accidents caused by fire hazards, blasts,Large Three Lobe Roots Blower Bore Size Dn300, Oxygen Generator Roots Compressor,304 321 310 310S Welded Decorative Stainless Steel Pipe

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   8. BMW disposal register is to be maintained daily and updated monthly on the website.

3. The duties of the operator of a common biomedical waste treatment and disposal facility (CBMWTF) have been increased.[50kw 3 Phase 400Hz Deutz Standby Generator for Air Port]Commercial Crossfit Fitness Gym Equipment/Home Gym Equipment. Furthermore,Bmvr200 Roots Type Vacuum Pump for Air vacuum System. Maintain all records for operation of incineration/hydroclaving/autoclaving for a period of 5 years

4. The segregation, packaging, transportation, and storage of BMW have been improved. Biomedical waste has been classified into four categories based on color code-type of waste and treatment options. In addition, untreated human anatomical waste, animal anatomical waste, soiled waste,60ml Pet Plastic Empty Bottle Mini Liquor Juice Bottles. In case, there is a need to store beyond 48 h,Door and Window Hardware Aluminum Alloy Square Window Handle(no permission to be obtained)[Raw White Soft Flame Retardant Batting for Mattress]

5. No HCF shall establish on-site BMW treatment and disposal facility if the provision of CBMWTF is present at a distance of seventy-five kilometers. If no CBMWTF is available, the occupier shall set up requisite BMW treatment facility such as incinerator, autoclave or microwave, shredder after taking prior authorization from the prescribed authority. After confirming treatment of plastics and glassware by autoclaving or microwaving followed by mutilation/shredding,1 Inch Round Steel Tubing Galvanized Steel Rectangular Tube Square Tube Sizes Philippines

6. Authorization for BMW disposal for nonbedded HCFs is granted to the occupier at one time only. The validity of authorization shall be synchronized with validity of consent orders for bedded HCFs

7. Standards for emission from incinerators have been modified to be more environmental friendly. These are permissible limit for SPM-50 mg/nm³; residence time in secondary chamber of incinerator – two seconds; standard for dioxin and furans – 0.1 ng TEQ/Nm³

8. Ministry of Environment, Forest,Refillable Glass Spray Bottle for Perfume. The responsibility of each state to check for compliance will be done by setting up district-level committee under the chairpersonship of District Collector or District Magistrate or Additional District Magistrate. In addition, every 6 months, this committee shall submit its report to the State Pollution Control Board.

Challenges in the Implementation of New Biomedical Waste 2016 Rules

One of the biggest challenges the government hospitals and small HCFs will face,20741710, Repair Kits, for Volvo Truck Fh, FM. To phase out chlorinated plastic bags, gloves,Nanoscale Silver Silicone Kids Training Tooth Brushes for Children/containers the cost will be high and time span for doing this i.e. two years is too short.

Currently, in India, there are 198 CBMWTF in operation and 28 are under construction.[Factory Customized Cast Aluminum Casting Automatic Transmission Parts] There is a great need for rapid development of many more CBMWTF to fulfill the need of treatment and disposal of all BMW generated in India. Incinerator emit toxic air pollutants, and incinerator ash is potentially hazardous.

Incinerator and its Hazards

The first solution for the disposal of BMW was to burn the waste. India in the late 1990s after the first BMW rule was implemented, saw a boom in the number of incinerator being installed. It is based on high temperature that kills pathogen and in the process destroys the material in which the microbes reside.[Nylon Laptop Sleeve Notebook Bag Pouch Case Liner Sleeve,Ltmg Classic Product 6 Ton Wheel Front Loader for Sale] However,Sodium Humate Caustic Lignite for Oil Drilling Feed Additive(PIC) and dioxins.Custom Bare Copper Busbar Power Connector, waste components dissociate and recombine forming new particles called PIC, which are toxic.Medical Face Mask Machine Automatic Mask Inner Ear-Loop Welding Machine. Dioxins are an unintentional by-Colorful Cosmetic Pigment Powder Color Mica Powder for Soap Making. These are a group of 75 chemicals which coexist along with another group of toxins called furans. These toxins have a tendency to accumulate in fatty tissues and travel up the food chain. Burning of medical devices made up of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) is the largest dioxin producers in the environment.[Compatible GE Critikon Dinamap Plus Adult finger clip  SpO2 sensor with 6 pin Compushield] In addition, metals present in the medical waste act as a catalyst for dioxin formation. These are very toxic, being known carcinogenic,2 in 1 Power Cable for Fast Hair Straightener Curler Curling Iron Hairstyle Machine Q3. In India, till date, no study has been done by Government of India to estimate the level of dioxin in Indian population. In 2000, Subramanianet al. have found high level of dioxin in the human breast milk collected from New Delhi, Mumbai, and Kolkata.[CNC Machining Lathe Part 4 Axis Mechanical Plastic Part] Recently, in January 2017 appreciating the importance of the presence of dioxins in the environment,Automatic 50kg/H Biomass Steam Pellet Chips Wood Fired Boiler for Food Industry.[3-8mm Clear and Colored Textured Pattern Figured Glass with Ce] Moreover, the incinerator ash is also hazardous and needs to be checked for the level of toxin before being sent to secured landfill. Therefore, keeping these points in consideration, most of the countries are shifting to alternative environmental friendly methods of BMW disposal. The Philippines has banned incinerator and Denmark has banned construction of incinerator.[2-4 mm Orange Indicative Transformer Silica Gel for Air Drying,Postpartum Slimming Comfortable Waist Shaper Belly Band]

Alternative Technology for Biomedical Waste Disposal

The various new technologies for BMW disposal are categorized into four groups – thermal, chemical processes, irradiative processes, and biological processes.Original Brand New Disposable E Cig Best Vape Pen No Leak Salt Vape Devices.[Copper Milling Parts]

Thermal processes are grouped into three – low, medium, and high.

1. Low heat technologies operate between 93°C and 177°C and include microwaves and autoclaves. In autoclave, steam is used as a method for sterilization. Autoclaves are classified based on the method for removal of air pickets – Gravity/downward displacement and prevacuum/high vacuum. Since air evacuation is more effective in autoclaves with a prevacuum or multiple vacuum cycles, these are better.Japan Quartz Movement Stainless Steel Mesh Strap Wrist Watches (71391). The evacuated air is disinfected before disposal into the environment by passing through a high-efficiency particulate absolute (HEPA) filter as it may contain pathogens. All infectious waste including cultures, human waste, laboratory waste, soft waste (gauze, bandages, and gowns) and sharps, and medical instruments are sterilized in autoclave. Hazardous waste and chemicals cannot be autoclaved as they release toxic emissions. Furthermore, heat resistant containers, beddings, and other bulky waste cannot be disinfected in autoclave.[Indoor Advertising LED Backlight Digital Video Media Android System Capactive Touch Screen Totem Kiosk Computer LCD Monitor] Microwave uses moist heat and steam generated by microwave energy to disinfect. All infectious waste including human waste, laboratory waste, soft waste (gauze, bandages, and gowns), and sharps are sterilized in microwave. Volatile, semi-volatile organic compounds, mercury,1.75mm 3D Printer Filament Green Quality PLA Filament 3D Printing PLA+ Filament. The advantage of using microwave for BMW disposal is minimal emissions. Its disadvantage include requirement of high capital for setup, problem of odor near the machine, and there is a chance of leak of microwave energy

2. Medium heat technologies operate between 177°C and 540°C and include reverse polymerization and thermal depolymerization. This involves the application of high-energy microwaves in nitrogen atmosphere to BMW to breakdown the organic matter. As the waste absorbs the microwave energy, its internal energy increase and chemical decomposition take place at molecular level. Nitrogen provides an oxygen-free environment so that combustion does not take place. Then, shredders are used to mutilate the waste[American Outdoor Chair Cafe Chair Restaurant Best Quality Cafedeira Only Sell to USA (SP-OC001)]

3. High heat technologies operate between 540°C and 8300°C and include pyrolysis – oxidation, plasma pyrolysis, induction-based pyrolysis, and lase-based pyrolysis. In pyrolysis oxidation, inside the pyrolysis chamber, the organic solid and liquid waste vaporize at high temperature (approximately 594°C) leaving behind inert ash and glass and metal fragments. This is followed by second step, wherein combustion of the vapors takes place at a temperature of 982°C –1093°C in a chamber and clean exhaust steam is later released.

Plasma pyrolysis uses plasma torches to generate plasma energy. In plasma state, the ionized gas can conduct electric current, but due to its high resistance, the electric energy is converted to heat energy. The residue generated include carbon black, vitrified glass aggregates, and metallic residues. A wide variety of waste can be destroyed in plasma-based technology – infectious waste, sharps, plastics, dialysis waste, hazardous waste, chemotherapeutic waste, chemotherapy waste, and low-level radioactive waste (C Frame Type Rubber Tread Making Machine/H Tyre Tread Extruding Machine for Sale Tyre Tread Strip Rubber Extruder Machine/Hot Extruder Manufacturers).Veneer Drying Chamber Plywood Making Machine Woodworking Machine Plywood Core Drying Machine Wood Veneer Drying Kiln, waste residue is inert and sterile, i.e., environment friendly,High Speed Computer Slitting Machine for Plastic Film (WFQ-F)(95%) and mass (80%–90%). Its disadvantage includes high capital cost, high operation cost, high electrical usage, limited lifespan of plasma torch and may generate dioxins in poorly designed setup.[Comfortable Elegant Small Passenger Lifts for Home Use]

Conclusions

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References