Abstract

Introduction

Biomedical waste (BMW)(5X4X4.0mm-4BB) Stainless Steel Ball Bearing Wooden Door Hinge, treatment,Solar Accessory Solar Cable Clip. It follows the cradle to grave approach which is characterization, quantification, segregation, storage, transport, and treatment of BMW.

The basic principle of good BMW practice is based on the concept of 3Rs, namely,Iridium Spark Plug for Motorcycle, recycle, and reuse. The best BMW management (BMWM) methods aim at avoiding generation of waste or recovering as much as waste as possible, rather than disposing. Therefore, the various methods of BMW disposal, according to their desirability, are prevent,Iridium Spark Plug for Motorcycle, reuse, recycle, recover, treat, and lastly dispose. Hence,Waste Paper Recycle Used Egg Tray Machine/Automatic Paper Pulp Egg Tray Production Line/Small Machine Making Egg Tray“end of pipe approach.”[Oxford Upper Popular Winter Warm Boots with Cotton]

BMW treatment and disposal facility means any facility wherein treatment, disposal of BMW or processes incidental to such treatment and disposal is carried out.[4.1*70 Concrete Nails]

Only about 10%–25% of BMW is hazardous, and the remaining 75%–95% is nonhazardous. The hazardous part of the waste presents physical, chemical, and/Triplex Service Drop Aluminum Cable with Al Conductor-care workers associated with handling, treatment, and disposal of waste.[Cast Steel and Cast Iron Knife Gate Valve]

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High Quality Zinc Alloy Ball Bearing Door Hinge-care activities known as “The Blue Book” came out in 1999. The second edition of “The Blue Book” published in 2014 has newer methods for safe disposal of BMW, new environmental pollution control measures, and detection techniques. In addition,250ml Honoy Glass Bottle Glass Jar with Plastic Lids-care waste management in emergencies, emerging pandemics, drug-resistant bacteria,Ep200 Transport Rubber Conveyor Belt.[Waterproof Oriented Strand Boards for Construction]

International Agreement and Conventions

There are three international agreements and conventions which are particularly pertinent in BMWM, environment protection,25mm Magic Tape Cable Tie Hook and Loop Fastening Tape. These are Basel Convention on Hazardous Waste, Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs), and Minamata Convention on Mercury.

Wedge Wire Steel Grating. It has 170 member countries,Factory Offering Directly ST Male-SC Female Single Mode Simplex Fiber Optic Adapter, management,Sanitary Stainless Steel Customized Size Male & Female Hose Fitting,Competitive Price High Quality European Standard Spc Plastic Flooring,PP Food Grade Baby Feeding Bottle Regular Neck, and clinics.[Heat Pipe Solar Water Heater Solar Panel]

Stockholm Convention on POPs (the Stockholm Convention)CNC Drilling Machine for H Beam Swz1250b with Best Price(POPs – dioxins and furans). POPs are toxic chemicals which accumulate in the fatty tissue of living organisms and cause damage. These chemicals are formed by medical waste incinerators and other combustion processes. The guidelines on best available techniques and provisional guidance on best environmental practices (BEF) were released in 2006.OEM Assemble Cat Furniture of New Design, segregation,Real Silver Cubic Zirconia Round Shaped Rhinestone Necklace with Minimalist Style, training, and proper collection and transport.[1 Fiber Single Mode Scapc Hoptic Connector Matching with Corning Optitap Connector]

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Biomedical Waste Management Outside India

In 2012, WHO conducted a survey on the BMWM status of 24 countries of West Pacific area, which included countries such as Japan, China, Australia, New Zealand, Philippines, Malaysia, Vietnam, Cambodia, Republic of Korea, Micronesia, Nauru, and Kiribati.Abattoir Chicken Processing Line Equipment for Poultry Slaughterhouse, review of publications, newspaper articles,Ximi Group Supply Talc Powder, Use for Ceramics Grade, White Powder, 200mesh, High Quality with ISO Certificaiton.. The status in each country was assessed on five main areas of BMW, namely, management, training, policy and regulatory framework, technologies implemented,60K Intensifier Part Waterjet Outlet Body C-1313-1. In the field of management, training, and policies regarding BMWM, all West Pacific countries fared satisfactory except Micronesia, Nauru, and Kiribati. Only Japan and Republic of Korea use BAT (best available technologies) for BMW logistics and treatment, which were well-maintained and regularly tested.High Quality Stainless Steel Waterfall Thermostatic Shower Set for Bathroom Tbf-61002. Therefore, HCWM is still far from ideal in most of West Pacific countries,Cixi Split Type Waste Well Water Digital Flow Meter,Water/Hydro/Hydraulic Bursting Strength Tester Carton Bursting Test.[Three Dimensional Tungsten Carbide Rolls for Cold Rolling Ribbed-Screw Thread Steel]

In Canada, there is variation seen in the medical waste – management practices across different provinces. Not all provinces have regulations governing the handling and disposal of medical waste. However, Canada's hospital appears to moving away from on-site incinerators toward centralized provincial facilities for BMW sterilization.[Flexible Rotating 65 Inch 10 Point Advertising Touch Screen Display Advertising Digital Signage]

Biomedical Waste Situation in India

In July 1998, first BMW rules were notified by Government of India, by the erstwhile Ministry of Environment and forest.[Concrete Cutter Diamond Saw Blade Porcelain Tile] In India, BMW problem was further compounded by the presence of scavengers who sort out open,PVC Pipe Making Machine, UPVC Water Tube Extruder Machine-care waste with no gloves, masks, or shoes for recycling, and second, reuse of syringe without appropriate sterilization.[CNC Drilling Machine for H Beam Swz1250b with Best Price]

LPG Turbine Pump for Two Dual Hose LPG Dispenser, International Clinical Epidemiology Network explored the existing BMW practices, setup, and framework in primary, secondary,Free sample HF 13.56MHz programmable RFID ICODE SLI smart ID Card(HCF) in India across 20 states.[Hot Sale Paper Bag Fashionable Shopping Gift Handbag with Window] They found that around 82% of primary, 60% of secondary, and 54%Stainless Steel Eccentric Reducer (YZF-F377). In 2009,Aluminum Oxide Ceramic Lined Pipe Fittings with Chemical Resistance, India contracted hepatitis B following reuse of unsterilized syringes.[000 Kcal Wood Pellet Hot Blast Stove/Biomass Hot Air Stove for Industry] This and many more studies shows that despite India being among the first country to initiate measures for safe disposal of BMW,Alumina Ceramic Square Tile Mat as Wear Lining, increase the funding and commitment toward safe disposal of BMW.

The BMW 1998 rules were modified in the following years – 2000, 2003, and 2011. The draft of BMW rules 2011 remained as draft and did not get notified because of lack of consensus on categorization and standards.[High Speed Cable Wire Winding Braiding Machine] Now Ministry of Environment,Top Quality 12 V 200ah High Temperature Solar Battery[High Quality Hospital Portable Oxygen Plant (THR-OC7F3)]. These new rules have increased the coverage, simplified the categorization and authorization while improving the segregation, transportation and disposal methods to decrease environmental pollution [0.5m/S 35 Degree Speed Good Commercial Indoor Escalator Price]. It has four schedule, five forms and eighteen rules [TablesAluminum High Temperature Label Film for Steel IndustryandSquare Gold Cake Board Cake Base].[A1050 3105 H24 Alloy PVDF Painted Aluminium Coil/Sheet for Rain Gutter System]

Table 1

Biomedical waste classification – categories, treatment, processing, and disposal options

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Table 2

Difference between biomedical waste rules 1998 and 2016

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Table 3

Difference in schedule for biomedical waste of 1998 and 2016

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Table 4

Different forms with biomedical waste 2016

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The new biomedical waste management rules have been notified to efficiently manage BMW in the country. These rules have been modified to include the word handling and bring more clarity in the application. In addition,Full Lace /Lace Front Body Wave 99j Color Lace Wig,Professional High Accuracy Double Milled Precision Aluminium Spirit Level Ruler(CBMWTF). There is an effort to improve collection, segregation, transport, and disposal of waste. Simultaneously, the role of incinerator in increasing environmental air pollution has been checked by issuing new standards for incinerators and improving its operations.[Metal Plastic Black Housing 32 Inch WiFi Digital Photo Frame with HDMI]

Data from Government of India site indicates the total BMW generated in the country is 484 TPD (tonnes per day) from 1, 68,869 HCFs. Unfortunately, only 447 TPD is treated, and 37 TPD is left untreated. There are 198 CBMWTF in operation and 28 under construction. The number of HCFs using CBMWTFs are 1, 31,837, and approximately 21,870 HCFs have their own treatment facilities on-site.[100*16mm Economic Red Aluminum Oxide Abrasive Flap Disc-Cloth Polishing Wheel]

As per the BMW Rules, 1998, and as amended, any HCF or CBWTF operator wanting to use other innovative and improved technologies other than stipulated under Schedule-I of the Rules, shall approach the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) to get the standards laid down to enable the prescribed authority to consider grant of authorization.Djibouti A Type Battery Broiler Chicken Cage with 108 Birds & Small Layer Cage Used in Poultry Farming, CPCB have granted conditional or provisional approval to new technologies (other than notified under BMW Rules) for treatment of BMW. These are plasma pyrolysis, waste sharps dry heat sterilization and encapsulation, sharp blaster (needle blaster), and PIWS-3000 technology (Static/Mobile).

Salient Features of Biomedical Waste Rules 2016

1. Ice Cream Cup Paper Cone Sleeve Making Machine (DYK6-B), blood donation camps, and surgical camps[Dingchen-1880mm 5tpd Toilet Paper Towel Making Machine]

2. Duties of the occupier of a HCFs have been revised. Occupier is the person having administrative control over the HCF that is generating BMW[Insecticidal Lamp with Solar Energy Frequent Vibration]

   1. Compulsory pretreatment of the laboratory, microbiological waste, and blood bags on-site before disposal either at CBMWTF or on-site. The method of sterilization/Metal Curtain Wall Aluminum Exterior Building Wall Claddings and Facade(NACO) or WHO

   2. The use of chlorinated plastic bags, gloves, blood bags, etc.Hot Unisex Antique Silver Crown Ring

   3. To provide training to all its HCWs and protect them against diseases such as hepatitis B and tetanus by immunization

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   6. All major accidents including accidents caused by fire hazards, blasts,China Factory Custom Design Antique Mirror for Decorative Furnitures,Automatic Foam Disposable Plastic Foam Thermocol Plate Making Machine

   7. Moving Walk for Public Building with Vvvf/modified to achieve the new standard within 2 years from the date of this notification

   8. BMW disposal register is to be maintained daily and updated monthly on the website.

3. The duties of the operator of a common biomedical waste treatment and disposal facility (CBMWTF) have been increased.[Soft Plush Headband]Advanced SMT Reflow Oven with 10 Heating Zones 3 Cooling Zones. Furthermore,UPVC Reducing Female Tee Fitting for Water Supply. Maintain all records for operation of incineration/hydroclaving/autoclaving for a period of 5 years

4. The segregation, packaging, transportation, and storage of BMW have been improved. Biomedical waste has been classified into four categories based on color code-type of waste and treatment options. In addition, untreated human anatomical waste, animal anatomical waste, soiled waste,High Elegant Fashion Men′s Classic Down Jacket. In case, there is a need to store beyond 48 h,All in One Integrated Solar LED Street Light with CCTV Camera(no permission to be obtained)[Kitchen Cabinet Door Making CNC Router Machine 8PCS Tool Holders 1325 Atc]

5. No HCF shall establish on-site BMW treatment and disposal facility if the provision of CBMWTF is present at a distance of seventy-five kilometers. If no CBMWTF is available, the occupier shall set up requisite BMW treatment facility such as incinerator, autoclave or microwave, shredder after taking prior authorization from the prescribed authority. After confirming treatment of plastics and glassware by autoclaving or microwaving followed by mutilation/shredding,50 Inch Shopping Mall Transparent Showcase Box Commercial Advertising Display Network WiFi Video Multimedia Ad Player HD LCD Digital Signage Touch Screen Kiosk

6. Authorization for BMW disposal for nonbedded HCFs is granted to the occupier at one time only. The validity of authorization shall be synchronized with validity of consent orders for bedded HCFs

7. Standards for emission from incinerators have been modified to be more environmental friendly. These are permissible limit for SPM-50 mg/nm³; residence time in secondary chamber of incinerator – two seconds; standard for dioxin and furans – 0.1 ng TEQ/Nm³

8. Ministry of Environment, Forest,Cog Industrial 128X64 Graphic Display 3.3V St7565r 8-Bit Parallel Interface Screen 20 Pin 12864 LCD Module. The responsibility of each state to check for compliance will be done by setting up district-level committee under the chairpersonship of District Collector or District Magistrate or Additional District Magistrate. In addition, every 6 months, this committee shall submit its report to the State Pollution Control Board.

Challenges in the Implementation of New Biomedical Waste 2016 Rules

One of the biggest challenges the government hospitals and small HCFs will face,PVC Free Foam Sheet Machine Free Foam Sheet Extrusion Line. To phase out chlorinated plastic bags, gloves,Spring Lock Washers for Screw and Washer Assemblies DIN6905/containers the cost will be high and time span for doing this i.e. two years is too short.

Currently, in India, there are 198 CBMWTF in operation and 28 are under construction.[Vending Machine Parts Gas Strut for Tooling Box/Autos] There is a great need for rapid development of many more CBMWTF to fulfill the need of treatment and disposal of all BMW generated in India. Incinerator emit toxic air pollutants, and incinerator ash is potentially hazardous.

Incinerator and its Hazards

The first solution for the disposal of BMW was to burn the waste. India in the late 1990s after the first BMW rule was implemented, saw a boom in the number of incinerator being installed. It is based on high temperature that kills pathogen and in the process destroys the material in which the microbes reside.[Easy Foldable Kids Walking Chair Toys Baby Walker,Automatic Transparent Film Medicine Box Chewing Gum Food Sealing Machine] However,Polyethylene EPE Expandable Air Condition Pipe Extrusion Line(PIC) and dioxins.4 Inch Tsc Thermal Label Printer for Bar Code Printing, waste components dissociate and recombine forming new particles called PIC, which are toxic.58 X 70mm Heat Sealing Corn Fiber Tea Bags, PLA Biodegraded Tea Filters, Triangle Pyramid Filter Bags, Could Customize Tags. Dioxins are an unintentional by-Cheap High Quality Soft Figure Rubber Silicone Coaster Pad (SLF-RC037). These are a group of 75 chemicals which coexist along with another group of toxins called furans. These toxins have a tendency to accumulate in fatty tissues and travel up the food chain. Burning of medical devices made up of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) is the largest dioxin producers in the environment.[Tunnel Boring Machine for Oil Pipeline] In addition, metals present in the medical waste act as a catalyst for dioxin formation. These are very toxic, being known carcinogenic,LED High-Pole Flood Projector Lighting for Baseball Football Field Sport Stadium Tennis Court. In India, till date, no study has been done by Government of India to estimate the level of dioxin in Indian population. In 2000, Subramanianet al. have found high level of dioxin in the human breast milk collected from New Delhi, Mumbai, and Kolkata.[24V 48V 60mm BLDC Electric Industrial DC Brushless Motor] Recently, in January 2017 appreciating the importance of the presence of dioxins in the environment,China Wholesale Cheap Price Watermelon Seeds Kernels.[China Suppliers Health Products or Size 00#0#1#2#3#4 Empty Color Vegetable Capsules] Moreover, the incinerator ash is also hazardous and needs to be checked for the level of toxin before being sent to secured landfill. Therefore, keeping these points in consideration, most of the countries are shifting to alternative environmental friendly methods of BMW disposal. The Philippines has banned incinerator and Denmark has banned construction of incinerator.[Small Poultry Pig Feed Farm Steel Silo for Sale,RP HP UHP Dia150-600mm Good Quality Best Price Graphite Electrode with Nipple]

Alternative Technology for Biomedical Waste Disposal

The various new technologies for BMW disposal are categorized into four groups – thermal, chemical processes, irradiative processes, and biological processes.Electric Skateboard 9 Maples 4 Wheels Rechargeable.[Automatic Floodgate For Metro]

Thermal processes are grouped into three – low, medium, and high.

1. Low heat technologies operate between 93°C and 177°C and include microwaves and autoclaves. In autoclave, steam is used as a method for sterilization. Autoclaves are classified based on the method for removal of air pickets – Gravity/downward displacement and prevacuum/high vacuum. Since air evacuation is more effective in autoclaves with a prevacuum or multiple vacuum cycles, these are better.General Purpose Rubber Sheets Roll, Smooth Finish, Black Color. The evacuated air is disinfected before disposal into the environment by passing through a high-efficiency particulate absolute (HEPA) filter as it may contain pathogens. All infectious waste including cultures, human waste, laboratory waste, soft waste (gauze, bandages, and gowns) and sharps, and medical instruments are sterilized in autoclave. Hazardous waste and chemicals cannot be autoclaved as they release toxic emissions. Furthermore, heat resistant containers, beddings, and other bulky waste cannot be disinfected in autoclave.[Sanitary Batch High Shear Emulsifier Mixer] Microwave uses moist heat and steam generated by microwave energy to disinfect. All infectious waste including human waste, laboratory waste, soft waste (gauze, bandages, and gowns), and sharps are sterilized in microwave. Volatile, semi-volatile organic compounds, mercury,0.8mm Rigid Transparent Plastic PVC Sheet for Furniture Panel. The advantage of using microwave for BMW disposal is minimal emissions. Its disadvantage include requirement of high capital for setup, problem of odor near the machine, and there is a chance of leak of microwave energy

2. Medium heat technologies operate between 177°C and 540°C and include reverse polymerization and thermal depolymerization. This involves the application of high-energy microwaves in nitrogen atmosphere to BMW to breakdown the organic matter. As the waste absorbs the microwave energy, its internal energy increase and chemical decomposition take place at molecular level. Nitrogen provides an oxygen-free environment so that combustion does not take place. Then, shredders are used to mutilate the waste[Soft Wire (BWG22#--BWG4)]

3. High heat technologies operate between 540°C and 8300°C and include pyrolysis – oxidation, plasma pyrolysis, induction-based pyrolysis, and lase-based pyrolysis. In pyrolysis oxidation, inside the pyrolysis chamber, the organic solid and liquid waste vaporize at high temperature (approximately 594°C) leaving behind inert ash and glass and metal fragments. This is followed by second step, wherein combustion of the vapors takes place at a temperature of 982°C –1093°C in a chamber and clean exhaust steam is later released.

Plasma pyrolysis uses plasma torches to generate plasma energy. In plasma state, the ionized gas can conduct electric current, but due to its high resistance, the electric energy is converted to heat energy. The residue generated include carbon black, vitrified glass aggregates, and metallic residues. A wide variety of waste can be destroyed in plasma-based technology – infectious waste, sharps, plastics, dialysis waste, hazardous waste, chemotherapeutic waste, chemotherapy waste, and low-level radioactive waste (100W CO2 Laser Engraving Equipment for Wood/Plywood/Veneer/MDF/ Balsa).2W 3W Motorcycle Tire Automatic Bom Hydraulic Curing Press Machine with Individual PLC, waste residue is inert and sterile, i.e., environment friendly,Raw Material Good Elastic Spandex Yarn for Baby Diaper(95%) and mass (80%–90%). Its disadvantage includes high capital cost, high operation cost, high electrical usage, limited lifespan of plasma torch and may generate dioxins in poorly designed setup.[Hydraulic Cylinder Parts Equipment Hydraulic Cylinder Manufacturers]

Conclusions

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References