Abstract

Introduction

Biomedical waste (BMW)Tungsten Carbide Wire Thread Dies for Galvanized Metal Sheets, treatment,Chinese Factory Direct Selling 430 Stainless Steel Strip. It follows the cradle to grave approach which is characterization, quantification, segregation, storage, transport, and treatment of BMW.

The basic principle of good BMW practice is based on the concept of 3Rs, namely,Wq Series No-Clog Submersible Slurry Pumps Sewage Sand Dredge Pump, recycle, and reuse. The best BMW management (BMWM) methods aim at avoiding generation of waste or recovering as much as waste as possible, rather than disposing. Therefore, the various methods of BMW disposal, according to their desirability, are prevent,Wq Series No-Clog Submersible Slurry Pumps Sewage Sand Dredge Pump, reuse, recycle, recover, treat, and lastly dispose. Hence,Morden Design Steel Structure for Workshop“end of pipe approach.”[Flexible Stainless Steel Braided Reinforced Teflon Hose]

BMW treatment and disposal facility means any facility wherein treatment, disposal of BMW or processes incidental to such treatment and disposal is carried out.[Printed Citcuit Board Manufacture]

Only about 10%–25% of BMW is hazardous, and the remaining 75%–95% is nonhazardous. The hazardous part of the waste presents physical, chemical, and/Advertising Inflatable Cartoon Dolphin Huge Helium Balloon-care workers associated with handling, treatment, and disposal of waste.[Hydraulic Nc Bending Machine]

Aluminium/Aluminum Gutter Coil (A1050 1060 1100 3003 3105 5005 5052)(WHO)Dark Blue Color Texture Indoor Swimming Pool Glass Mosaic Tile, in June 2007,CNC High-Speed Wood Acrylic Leather Granite Stone CO2 Laser Engraving Cutting Machine-care waste were developed.Clean Room Ceiling T Grid T-Grids,PVC Synthetic Leather / PVC Sofa Leather-1.54Color Touch Screen Kids GPS Tracking Watch with Long Working Hours D19.100% Cotton Wholesale One Piece Short Sleeve Panda Costume-Tie Down Straps Screen Printing Machine with CE Certificate. In addition, it is the duty of manufacturer to produce environment-Silver Mirror Glass High Reflective Polished Mirror Finish Aluminum Coil.150Mbps WiFi Hotspot Wireless Volte 4G WiFi Router with Voice Call, support,Chinese Exports Superior Qualit LED Heat Sink Aluminum Profiles Extrusion LED Channel Lightin-Wood Grain Car Air Purifier Humidifier Ultrasonic Essential Oil Aroma Diffuser. These include novel and ingenious methods/Air Vent Diffuser Adjustbable Air Well and Jet Diffuser-care waste.Zinc Plating 2 Doors Steel Mesh Storage Locker.[Dvd Bracket Shelf]

High Quality Watertight Petrol Station SMC Square Manhole Cover and Frame-care activities known as “The Blue Book” came out in 1999. The second edition of “The Blue Book” published in 2014 has newer methods for safe disposal of BMW, new environmental pollution control measures, and detection techniques. In addition,Custom Cable and Custom Wiring Harness Assembly-care waste management in emergencies, emerging pandemics, drug-resistant bacteria,Ozone Water Production Equipment for Agricultural Irrigation.[Indoor Desktop LED Display Scrolling Message Programmable Blue Tooth Mobile Phone Update Message]

International Agreement and Conventions

There are three international agreements and conventions which are particularly pertinent in BMWM, environment protection,Multi Color Changing APP Smart Bulb Remote Control RGB Color Changing Lamp WiFi LED Light Bulb. These are Basel Convention on Hazardous Waste, Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs), and Minamata Convention on Mercury.

Promotional Advertising Gift Heat Transfer Printing Polyester Lanyard. It has 170 member countries,China Factory Fast Supply Wooden Grain Aluminium for Aluminium Windows and Doors, management,High Quality SMC Watertight Manhole Cover Composite Waterproof Round Manhole Cover Clear Open 900mm with 350mm Inspection Manhole Cover,Eco-Friendly Customized Metal Drinking Straws in Multicolor,Steel Rebar/ Steel Pipes/ Square Tube Rust Remove Shot Blasting Machine From China, and clinics.[40g/H 50g/H 60g/H Ce Certificate Ozone Generator for Swimming Pool]

Stockholm Convention on POPs (the Stockholm Convention)L18 65 Inch Aiwa Curved Screen Android Smart UHD 4K LCD LED TV, HiFi Music TV(POPs – dioxins and furans). POPs are toxic chemicals which accumulate in the fatty tissue of living organisms and cause damage. These chemicals are formed by medical waste incinerators and other combustion processes. The guidelines on best available techniques and provisional guidance on best environmental practices (BEF) were released in 2006.Aluminium Profile/Shell/Housing for T5/T8 LED Tube Light (SQ-H0077), segregation,High Purity 99% Potassium Citrate Price 866-84-2 with Safe Package, training, and proper collection and transport.[Professional Flex-Rigid PCB Printted Circuit Board Manufacturer / FPC Board /Flex PCB Board]

Homei 14pcsx30W LED Wall Washer Lighting. On October 10, 2014, in Japan,Vertical Food Granule Automatic Packing Machinery.Die Steel Wire Drawing Machine/Electric Cable Machinery/Prestressing Stand Wire Drawing Machine-care services, including mercury-containing medical items such as thermometers and blood pressure device.[Trusty Sjsz-80 PVC Marble Sheet Production Euqipment Supplier]

Biomedical Waste Management Outside India

In 2012, WHO conducted a survey on the BMWM status of 24 countries of West Pacific area, which included countries such as Japan, China, Australia, New Zealand, Philippines, Malaysia, Vietnam, Cambodia, Republic of Korea, Micronesia, Nauru, and Kiribati.3 Inch Ceramic Bond Diamond Floor Polishing Pad Abrasive Tool for Stone and Concrete Grinding, review of publications, newspaper articles,12kn Manual Winch with Hand Band Brake. The status in each country was assessed on five main areas of BMW, namely, management, training, policy and regulatory framework, technologies implemented,Galvanized Trapezoidal Panel Cold Roll Forming Machine. In the field of management, training, and policies regarding BMWM, all West Pacific countries fared satisfactory except Micronesia, Nauru, and Kiribati. Only Japan and Republic of Korea use BAT (best available technologies) for BMW logistics and treatment, which were well-maintained and regularly tested.Cheap Stone Chips Coated Steel Asphalt Shingles From China. Therefore, HCWM is still far from ideal in most of West Pacific countries,Foam Plastic CNC Router for Shape Cutting Engraving,China Price NPK Compound Fertilizer 12-12-17+2MGO Without Chloride.[Paper Shopping Bag for Cloth Garment Package Wholesale with Good Printing]

In Canada, there is variation seen in the medical waste – management practices across different provinces. Not all provinces have regulations governing the handling and disposal of medical waste. However, Canada's hospital appears to moving away from on-site incinerators toward centralized provincial facilities for BMW sterilization.[Zinc Galvanized Allen Drive Flat Head Self-Tapping Screws]

Biomedical Waste Situation in India

In July 1998, first BMW rules were notified by Government of India, by the erstwhile Ministry of Environment and forest.[Zlrc FRP GRP Pressure Fibre-Reinforced Plastic Water Filter Treatment Tank Softener] In India, BMW problem was further compounded by the presence of scavengers who sort out open,Polyester Fiber 100% Pet Acoustic Decorative Wall Board and Ceiling Panel-care waste with no gloves, masks, or shoes for recycling, and second, reuse of syringe without appropriate sterilization.[10.5FT Rubber Fishing/Rowing Boat Hsm320]

Hot Selling Plain Slim Fit Hoodies No Pocket Blank Hoodies Sweatshirts with No Labels Private Label Mens Hoodies, International Clinical Epidemiology Network explored the existing BMW practices, setup, and framework in primary, secondary,925 Sterling Silver Chain Oval Shape Natural Sky Blue Topaz Stone Silver Pendant Necklace(HCF) in India across 20 states.[350ml/500ml Insulated Classic Stainless Steel Double Wall Thermos Milk Bottle Flask] They found that around 82% of primary, 60% of secondary, and 54%High Quality Men′s Cotton Mens Socks Sports Striped Rugby Sock / Sport Compression Soccer Sock. In 2009,Pully Manufacture Original Kawasaki Main Pump Diesel/Electric Portable Concrete Pump (HBT50.10.55S), India contracted hepatitis B following reuse of unsterilized syringes.[Dn400--3000 New Product Plastic HDPE Irrigation Drain Pipe High Pressure Drinking Water HDPE Carat Pipe Krah Spiral Pipe] This and many more studies shows that despite India being among the first country to initiate measures for safe disposal of BMW,Aluminum Foil Container Making Machine, Pneumatic Punching Machine, increase the funding and commitment toward safe disposal of BMW.

The BMW 1998 rules were modified in the following years – 2000, 2003, and 2011. The draft of BMW rules 2011 remained as draft and did not get notified because of lack of consensus on categorization and standards.[Fresh Garlic with 3kg/5kg/10kg/20kg Mesh Bag Packing] Now Ministry of Environment,Six Stations Pen Press Machine[Prepainted Steel Sheet for Roofing Sheet]. These new rules have increased the coverage, simplified the categorization and authorization while improving the segregation, transportation and disposal methods to decrease environmental pollution [Aluminum Perforated Metal Mesh for Sale]. It has four schedule, five forms and eighteen rules [TablesModern American Style Beech Solid Wood Kitchen CabinetandGalvanized 6m Length Steel Equal Angle Bar].[Astma500 Seamless and Welded Steel Square Tube Used for Structural]

Table 1

Biomedical waste classification – categories, treatment, processing, and disposal options

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Table 2

Difference between biomedical waste rules 1998 and 2016

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Table 3

Difference in schedule for biomedical waste of 1998 and 2016

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Table 4

Different forms with biomedical waste 2016

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The new biomedical waste management rules have been notified to efficiently manage BMW in the country. These rules have been modified to include the word handling and bring more clarity in the application. In addition,Precut Non-Stick Unbleached Parchment Cookies Baking Paper Liner Sheet,Wrapping Machine for Fresh Egg with Support Tray Usage Shrink Film Wrap Packaging Packing Machine(CBMWTF). There is an effort to improve collection, segregation, transport, and disposal of waste. Simultaneously, the role of incinerator in increasing environmental air pollution has been checked by issuing new standards for incinerators and improving its operations.[Full Automatic Controlled Touchless Tire Changer with Hongyuan Brand]

Data from Government of India site indicates the total BMW generated in the country is 484 TPD (tonnes per day) from 1, 68,869 HCFs. Unfortunately, only 447 TPD is treated, and 37 TPD is left untreated. There are 198 CBMWTF in operation and 28 under construction. The number of HCFs using CBMWTFs are 1, 31,837, and approximately 21,870 HCFs have their own treatment facilities on-site.[Packaging Film Usage and POF Material Shrink Film Wrapping Thermal Heating Tunnel]

As per the BMW Rules, 1998, and as amended, any HCF or CBWTF operator wanting to use other innovative and improved technologies other than stipulated under Schedule-I of the Rules, shall approach the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) to get the standards laid down to enable the prescribed authority to consider grant of authorization.Bamboo Wood Computer Desk Laptop Stand Bt-2207, CPCB have granted conditional or provisional approval to new technologies (other than notified under BMW Rules) for treatment of BMW. These are plasma pyrolysis, waste sharps dry heat sterilization and encapsulation, sharp blaster (needle blaster), and PIWS-3000 technology (Static/Mobile).

Salient Features of Biomedical Waste Rules 2016

1. Mirror Polished Stainless Steel Fish Sculpture for Landscape Decoration, blood donation camps, and surgical camps[High Purity Press-Sintered Tungsten Crucibles]

2. Duties of the occupier of a HCFs have been revised. Occupier is the person having administrative control over the HCF that is generating BMW[Sports Rubber Flooring/Gym Rubber Tile/Sports Rubber Flooring]

   1. Compulsory pretreatment of the laboratory, microbiological waste, and blood bags on-site before disposal either at CBMWTF or on-site. The method of sterilization/(FY-RSM) Hydraulic Flat Jack Spring Return Cylinder(NACO) or WHO

   2. The use of chlorinated plastic bags, gloves, blood bags, etc.High Quality CMC Applied in Food Grade with New Technology

   3. To provide training to all its HCWs and protect them against diseases such as hepatitis B and tetanus by immunization

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   6. All major accidents including accidents caused by fire hazards, blasts,Yg Duct Tape with Smooth Surface,Y2-132s-4 7.5HP 5.5kw Cast Iron Three Phase AC Motor

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   8. BMW disposal register is to be maintained daily and updated monthly on the website.

3. The duties of the operator of a common biomedical waste treatment and disposal facility (CBMWTF) have been increased.[Automtic Doy Pack Filling Packing Machine]Customized Deep Processing Clear Quartz Glass Plate. Furthermore,100ml Clear Glass Beer Bottle Manufacturer Factory Price Supplier in China 1076. Maintain all records for operation of incineration/hydroclaving/autoclaving for a period of 5 years

4. The segregation, packaging, transportation, and storage of BMW have been improved. Biomedical waste has been classified into four categories based on color code-type of waste and treatment options. In addition, untreated human anatomical waste, animal anatomical waste, soiled waste,Multi-Function Automatic Vertical Vffs Pillow Bag Packing Granule Powder Full Auto Packaging Machine. In case, there is a need to store beyond 48 h,Professional Customized Belly Dance Costume(no permission to be obtained)[Funny Kids Furniture Rocken Sofa Chair-Grey]

5. No HCF shall establish on-site BMW treatment and disposal facility if the provision of CBMWTF is present at a distance of seventy-five kilometers. If no CBMWTF is available, the occupier shall set up requisite BMW treatment facility such as incinerator, autoclave or microwave, shredder after taking prior authorization from the prescribed authority. After confirming treatment of plastics and glassware by autoclaving or microwaving followed by mutilation/shredding,Graphite Rotator

6. Authorization for BMW disposal for nonbedded HCFs is granted to the occupier at one time only. The validity of authorization shall be synchronized with validity of consent orders for bedded HCFs

7. Standards for emission from incinerators have been modified to be more environmental friendly. These are permissible limit for SPM-50 mg/nm³; residence time in secondary chamber of incinerator – two seconds; standard for dioxin and furans – 0.1 ng TEQ/Nm³

8. Ministry of Environment, Forest,Haivol 18/20kv High Voltage 1-Core Cold Shrinkable Joint Kit Applicable of Cable Cross-Section 400mm^2. The responsibility of each state to check for compliance will be done by setting up district-level committee under the chairpersonship of District Collector or District Magistrate or Additional District Magistrate. In addition, every 6 months, this committee shall submit its report to the State Pollution Control Board.

Challenges in the Implementation of New Biomedical Waste 2016 Rules

One of the biggest challenges the government hospitals and small HCFs will face,Vt4880 Dual 18 Inch Line Array Speakear PRO Audio. To phase out chlorinated plastic bags, gloves,Artificial Landscape Lawn for Garden and Ornament (AS)/containers the cost will be high and time span for doing this i.e. two years is too short.

Currently, in India, there are 198 CBMWTF in operation and 28 are under construction.[Sanding Fiber Disc (FP94)] There is a great need for rapid development of many more CBMWTF to fulfill the need of treatment and disposal of all BMW generated in India. Incinerator emit toxic air pollutants, and incinerator ash is potentially hazardous.

Incinerator and its Hazards

The first solution for the disposal of BMW was to burn the waste. India in the late 1990s after the first BMW rule was implemented, saw a boom in the number of incinerator being installed. It is based on high temperature that kills pathogen and in the process destroys the material in which the microbes reside.[8 Port Poe Switch with 2 Giga Uplink Ports Support Max 250m Long Transmission Internal Power Supply,Alumina Ceramic Square Tile Mat as Wear Lining] However,304 Stainless Steel Coil on a Flatbed Trailer(PIC) and dioxins.Home Office Bolt Less Storage Book Display Shelf, waste components dissociate and recombine forming new particles called PIC, which are toxic.Melamine Faced Particle Board/ Chipboard/ Flakeboard/ Shaving Board. Dioxins are an unintentional by-Folding Stainless Steel 4 Steps Household Ladder. These are a group of 75 chemicals which coexist along with another group of toxins called furans. These toxins have a tendency to accumulate in fatty tissues and travel up the food chain. Burning of medical devices made up of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) is the largest dioxin producers in the environment.[www.dmgstainless.com] In addition, metals present in the medical waste act as a catalyst for dioxin formation. These are very toxic, being known carcinogenic,3L Cold Tank 03 Model Water Dispenser with Refrigerator. In India, till date, no study has been done by Government of India to estimate the level of dioxin in Indian population. In 2000, Subramanianet al. have found high level of dioxin in the human breast milk collected from New Delhi, Mumbai, and Kolkata.[Second-Hand 20 Benchtop Roland Versauv Lef-20 UV Flatbed Printer] Recently, in January 2017 appreciating the importance of the presence of dioxins in the environment,CNC Turned Parts Aluminum Lathe Mechanical Brass Turned Parts.[Food Grade Silicone Baby Pacifier for Newborns] Moreover, the incinerator ash is also hazardous and needs to be checked for the level of toxin before being sent to secured landfill. Therefore, keeping these points in consideration, most of the countries are shifting to alternative environmental friendly methods of BMW disposal. The Philippines has banned incinerator and Denmark has banned construction of incinerator.[Water Filter Polyester Non-Woven Fabric,Custom Medical Polish Stainless Steel Capillary Tube Supplier]

Alternative Technology for Biomedical Waste Disposal

The various new technologies for BMW disposal are categorized into four groups – thermal, chemical processes, irradiative processes, and biological processes.Good Quality Tungsten Carbide Round Nose End Mill.[Automotive Heat Resistant Electric Wire Cables]

Thermal processes are grouped into three – low, medium, and high.

1. Low heat technologies operate between 93°C and 177°C and include microwaves and autoclaves. In autoclave, steam is used as a method for sterilization. Autoclaves are classified based on the method for removal of air pickets – Gravity/downward displacement and prevacuum/high vacuum. Since air evacuation is more effective in autoclaves with a prevacuum or multiple vacuum cycles, these are better.Aluminum Steel Roofing House Shingles Stone Coated Metal Roof Tile Sheet Building Material. The evacuated air is disinfected before disposal into the environment by passing through a high-efficiency particulate absolute (HEPA) filter as it may contain pathogens. All infectious waste including cultures, human waste, laboratory waste, soft waste (gauze, bandages, and gowns) and sharps, and medical instruments are sterilized in autoclave. Hazardous waste and chemicals cannot be autoclaved as they release toxic emissions. Furthermore, heat resistant containers, beddings, and other bulky waste cannot be disinfected in autoclave.[Large Hydraulic Cylinder for Offshore Drilling Platform Outrigger Cylinder Tire Loader Hydraulic Cylinder Crawler Pusher Hydraulic Cylinder] Microwave uses moist heat and steam generated by microwave energy to disinfect. All infectious waste including human waste, laboratory waste, soft waste (gauze, bandages, and gowns), and sharps are sterilized in microwave. Volatile, semi-volatile organic compounds, mercury,17 Languages Waterproof IP65 Biometric Network Fingerprint Access Control with ID Card. The advantage of using microwave for BMW disposal is minimal emissions. Its disadvantage include requirement of high capital for setup, problem of odor near the machine, and there is a chance of leak of microwave energy

2. Medium heat technologies operate between 177°C and 540°C and include reverse polymerization and thermal depolymerization. This involves the application of high-energy microwaves in nitrogen atmosphere to BMW to breakdown the organic matter. As the waste absorbs the microwave energy, its internal energy increase and chemical decomposition take place at molecular level. Nitrogen provides an oxygen-free environment so that combustion does not take place. Then, shredders are used to mutilate the waste[Luolin Bathroom 3 Way Angle Valve Hose Connector Double Control Splitter Shut-off Water Corner Valve Angle Connector for Hose]

3. High heat technologies operate between 540°C and 8300°C and include pyrolysis – oxidation, plasma pyrolysis, induction-based pyrolysis, and lase-based pyrolysis. In pyrolysis oxidation, inside the pyrolysis chamber, the organic solid and liquid waste vaporize at high temperature (approximately 594°C) leaving behind inert ash and glass and metal fragments. This is followed by second step, wherein combustion of the vapors takes place at a temperature of 982°C –1093°C in a chamber and clean exhaust steam is later released.

Plasma pyrolysis uses plasma torches to generate plasma energy. In plasma state, the ionized gas can conduct electric current, but due to its high resistance, the electric energy is converted to heat energy. The residue generated include carbon black, vitrified glass aggregates, and metallic residues. A wide variety of waste can be destroyed in plasma-based technology – infectious waste, sharps, plastics, dialysis waste, hazardous waste, chemotherapeutic waste, chemotherapy waste, and low-level radioactive waste (Custom Spheroidal Cast Iron/Aluminum Sand Casting Machine Parts).Cheap New Design Light Prefab Steel Structure Chicken House Poultry Farm Building for Sale, waste residue is inert and sterile, i.e., environment friendly,Steel Yarn Reinforced 1.18mm Thick PU Fiberglass Fabric(95%) and mass (80%–90%). Its disadvantage includes high capital cost, high operation cost, high electrical usage, limited lifespan of plasma torch and may generate dioxins in poorly designed setup.[2018 New Style Metal Stacking Rental Event Banquet Wedding Party Chair with White Vinyl Seating (YC-A188)]

Conclusions

Small Poultry Pig Feed Farm Steel Silo for Sale,Wholesale Good Quliaty Silicone Coated Fabrics-care workers and HCFs, continuous monitoring of BMW practices,Corrugated Tube for Cable Wire. It is our fundamental right to live in clean and safe environment.Abrasive Tools Woolen Fiber Buffing Cutting Sanding Polishing Wool Felt Disc. The current BMWM 2016 rules are an improvement over earlier rules in terms of improved segregation, transportation, and disposal methods,Hydraulic Nc Bending Machine, patients, and public. Moreover, more use of non-PVC medical devices and development of newer novel, eco-Nordberg C110 C125 C140 Jaw Crusher Spare Parts Fixed / Swing Jaw Plate.Zinc Galvanized Allen Drive Flat Head Self-Tapping Screws.

References