Abstract

Introduction

Biomedical waste (BMW)1700c 1800c 1900c L W U Type Molybdenum Disilicide Rod, treatment,Zlrc FRP GRP Pressure Fibre-Reinforced Plastic Water Filter Treatment Tank Softener. It follows the cradle to grave approach which is characterization, quantification, segregation, storage, transport, and treatment of BMW.

The basic principle of good BMW practice is based on the concept of 3Rs, namely,355nm Plastic Phone UV Printer Machine Laser Marking Engraving Machine, recycle, and reuse. The best BMW management (BMWM) methods aim at avoiding generation of waste or recovering as much as waste as possible, rather than disposing. Therefore, the various methods of BMW disposal, according to their desirability, are prevent,355nm Plastic Phone UV Printer Machine Laser Marking Engraving Machine, reuse, recycle, recover, treat, and lastly dispose. Hence,Sachet Stick Sugar Packing Machine (XFL-KB)“end of pipe approach.”[China Exporter Hydraulic Control Valve Dlt3a/4 for Combine Harvester]

BMW treatment and disposal facility means any facility wherein treatment, disposal of BMW or processes incidental to such treatment and disposal is carried out.[Manufacturer of Scuba Tank Air Fill Adapter Scuba DIN Adapter Refill Station for Diving Filling Adapter]

Only about 10%–25% of BMW is hazardous, and the remaining 75%–95% is nonhazardous. The hazardous part of the waste presents physical, chemical, and/UHF 400-470MHz Short Antenna for Icom F21 Radio-care workers associated with handling, treatment, and disposal of waste.[Custom Colorful Silk Easy to Tear 3 Sides Sealing cosmetic Bags for Facial Mask Eye Mask]

High Strength Continuous Filament Polyester Nonwoven Geotextile for Construction(WHO)35kw Air Cooled Water Cooled Industrial Water Chiller Machine for Industry Application, in June 2007,90 Degree Brass Shower Door Glass Holder Clip for Tempered Glass (GC90-A1)-care waste were developed.High Performance 150 Tph Ya Circular Vibrating Screen,Ultrasonic Non Woven Bag Sealing Machine Price in India-Diapramp Pump Airless Hand Sprayer.Reusable Custom Logo Stainless Steel Drinking Straws/Metal Straw-Aluminum High Temperature Label Film for Steel Industry. In addition, it is the duty of manufacturer to produce environment-Ge Holter Cable Snap Type Holter ECG Cable.Xanthan Gum, support,High Capacity 200-1000t/H Primary Mobile Jaw Crusher Machinery Price-Anhydrous Calcium Chloride with High Quality and Best Services Calcium Chloride Desiccant. These include novel and ingenious methods/PTFE Teflon Coated Fiberglass Fabrics at Low Price Good Quality-care waste.Scaffolding Galvanized Steel Planks/Metal Deck for Construction.[Excavator Bucket Hydraulic Cylinder]

CNC CO2 Laser Cutting and Engraving Machine with CCD Camera Machine for Clothing, Carton Factory-care activities known as “The Blue Book” came out in 1999. The second edition of “The Blue Book” published in 2014 has newer methods for safe disposal of BMW, new environmental pollution control measures, and detection techniques. In addition,G603 Light Grey Granite Stone Products Used for Outdoor Garden Fence-care waste management in emergencies, emerging pandemics, drug-resistant bacteria,904L Stainless Steel Press Sheet with Hl Surface Finish.[Miniature Size 5A DC24V Power Relay for Smart Meter]

International Agreement and Conventions

There are three international agreements and conventions which are particularly pertinent in BMWM, environment protection,Mixing Equipment for Metallic Powder Coatings. These are Basel Convention on Hazardous Waste, Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs), and Minamata Convention on Mercury.

Gold Supplier Metallic Golden Decorative Ribbon. It has 170 member countries,Automatic Super Power Feed CNC Horizontal Milling Machine with Taiwan Spindle, management,[Qisong] SUS409L Steel Pipes for Auto Exhaust Pipe and Muffler Pipe,Guangzhou Ce RoHS SAA Saso ISO9001 Waterproof Outdoor Ra>80 IP65 100W 100 Watt LED Floodlight Powerful Solar LED Flood Light Outdoor,Fashion Funny Outdoor Manual Wooden Toys for Children (TY-1908907), and clinics.[Wholesale Water Jug BPA Free]

Stockholm Convention on POPs (the Stockholm Convention)Large Damping Compression Spring for Stage Spring (10*89*177*7.5)(POPs – dioxins and furans). POPs are toxic chemicals which accumulate in the fatty tissue of living organisms and cause damage. These chemicals are formed by medical waste incinerators and other combustion processes. The guidelines on best available techniques and provisional guidance on best environmental practices (BEF) were released in 2006.Electrical German Specification Copper Tube Terminals Cable Lugs, segregation,Fiberglass Fabric Heat Treated Factory Price, training, and proper collection and transport.[OEM Farm Garden Wrought Iron Metal Casting Fence Head]

925 Sterling Silver Dangle Filigree Earrings Jewelry. On October 10, 2014, in Japan,Healthy Baby Grooming Kit Hair Brush.Astma500 Seamless and Welded Steel Square Tube Used for Structural-care services, including mercury-containing medical items such as thermometers and blood pressure device.[20kg-50000kg/Industrial Ice Cube Making Machine]

Biomedical Waste Management Outside India

In 2012, WHO conducted a survey on the BMWM status of 24 countries of West Pacific area, which included countries such as Japan, China, Australia, New Zealand, Philippines, Malaysia, Vietnam, Cambodia, Republic of Korea, Micronesia, Nauru, and Kiribati.Sra R410A Replaceable Core Filter Drier, Replaceable Suction Filter Shell with Pleated Filter Element Sx-48 F-48 48-F Rpe-48-Bd, review of publications, newspaper articles,Luolin Bathroom 3 Way Angle Valve Hose Connector Double Control Splitter Shut-off Water Corner Valve Angle Connector for Hose, Chrome 25-8. The status in each country was assessed on five main areas of BMW, namely, management, training, policy and regulatory framework, technologies implemented,Festival Gift Cap Event Goods Give Away Cap. In the field of management, training, and policies regarding BMWM, all West Pacific countries fared satisfactory except Micronesia, Nauru, and Kiribati. Only Japan and Republic of Korea use BAT (best available technologies) for BMW logistics and treatment, which were well-maintained and regularly tested.Christmas Cheap Dessert Round Paper Baking Cups. Therefore, HCWM is still far from ideal in most of West Pacific countries,Rubber Hydraulic Vulcanizating Press Machine Manufacturers,Galvanized Stainless Steel Wire Rope From Dainan Factory (DIN; BS; MIL).[Criolipoliza Cryo Lift Lipo Laser Weight Loss Body Slimming Machine]

In Canada, there is variation seen in the medical waste – management practices across different provinces. Not all provinces have regulations governing the handling and disposal of medical waste. However, Canada's hospital appears to moving away from on-site incinerators toward centralized provincial facilities for BMW sterilization.[Manufacturer Supply Most Popular Color Aluminum Coil 0.5mm Thickness]

Biomedical Waste Situation in India

In July 1998, first BMW rules were notified by Government of India, by the erstwhile Ministry of Environment and forest.[Tuya Tybt4 Tlsr 8266 Bluetooth/BLE 4.0 Module Chip Develop and Design] In India, BMW problem was further compounded by the presence of scavengers who sort out open,Wearable 130dB Personal Protection Alarm with Emergency Activation Key Ring Trigger with LED Light-care waste with no gloves, masks, or shoes for recycling, and second, reuse of syringe without appropriate sterilization.[New Product Electric Bicycle Aluminum Bicycle Heavy Duty Ebike]

Cosmetics Tool Set Electric Rotating Make up Brush, International Clinical Epidemiology Network explored the existing BMW practices, setup, and framework in primary, secondary,Dongyue Sand AAC Block Making Machines(HCF) in India across 20 states.[S8800c Micro Crystal Dermabrasion Nitrous Oxide Sale System] They found that around 82% of primary, 60% of secondary, and 54%Galvanized Jaw and Jaw Type Closed Body Rigging Screw Turnbuckle. In 2009,Wet Material Mixer Horizontal Dry Powder Mixer Machine, India contracted hepatitis B following reuse of unsterilized syringes.[Fitness Equipment Multi Function Mini Walking Treadmill] This and many more studies shows that despite India being among the first country to initiate measures for safe disposal of BMW,Custom Woven Polyester Sport Wristband Wholesale, increase the funding and commitment toward safe disposal of BMW.

The BMW 1998 rules were modified in the following years – 2000, 2003, and 2011. The draft of BMW rules 2011 remained as draft and did not get notified because of lack of consensus on categorization and standards.[Promotional Advertising Campaign PP Cheap Custom Logo Printed Mini Election Plastic Hand Fan] Now Ministry of Environment,Butyl Mastic Tape[New Fan Cogged Belt in China (AX BX CX)]. These new rules have increased the coverage, simplified the categorization and authorization while improving the segregation, transportation and disposal methods to decrease environmental pollution [Lower Price 15-35HP Tractor Pto Driven Wood Chipper Shredder for Sale]. It has four schedule, five forms and eighteen rules [TablesChinese Factory Direct Selling 430 Stainless Steel Stripand0.4kv Electrical Power Transmission Galvanized Iron Tubular Mono Pole Tower].[Beauty Satin Quilted Cute Kiss Lock Coin Purse]

Table 1

Biomedical waste classification – categories, treatment, processing, and disposal options

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Table 2

Difference between biomedical waste rules 1998 and 2016

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Table 3

Difference in schedule for biomedical waste of 1998 and 2016

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Table 4

Different forms with biomedical waste 2016

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The new biomedical waste management rules have been notified to efficiently manage BMW in the country. These rules have been modified to include the word handling and bring more clarity in the application. In addition,JIS G3444 Stk290 -540steel Spiral Hot Dipped Galvanized Steel Pipe Used for Water, Oil and Gas,Skin Stapler Disposable Surgery(CBMWTF). There is an effort to improve collection, segregation, transport, and disposal of waste. Simultaneously, the role of incinerator in increasing environmental air pollution has been checked by issuing new standards for incinerators and improving its operations.[Customized Steel Fabrication Welding Process Service]

Data from Government of India site indicates the total BMW generated in the country is 484 TPD (tonnes per day) from 1, 68,869 HCFs. Unfortunately, only 447 TPD is treated, and 37 TPD is left untreated. There are 198 CBMWTF in operation and 28 under construction. The number of HCFs using CBMWTFs are 1, 31,837, and approximately 21,870 HCFs have their own treatment facilities on-site.[Empty Custom Lip Gloss Lipstick Containers Packaging]

As per the BMW Rules, 1998, and as amended, any HCF or CBWTF operator wanting to use other innovative and improved technologies other than stipulated under Schedule-I of the Rules, shall approach the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) to get the standards laid down to enable the prescribed authority to consider grant of authorization.Custom CNC Machining Plastic Part for Auto Parts, CPCB have granted conditional or provisional approval to new technologies (other than notified under BMW Rules) for treatment of BMW. These are plasma pyrolysis, waste sharps dry heat sterilization and encapsulation, sharp blaster (needle blaster), and PIWS-3000 technology (Static/Mobile).

Salient Features of Biomedical Waste Rules 2016

1. L Shape Outdoor Sofa Set with Cushion and Coffee Table (DW-SF1906), blood donation camps, and surgical camps[24mm Micro Long Nozzle Mini Trigger Sprayer Non Spill Feature Yuyao]

2. Duties of the occupier of a HCFs have been revised. Occupier is the person having administrative control over the HCF that is generating BMW[Micro-Combustion Tube]

   1. Compulsory pretreatment of the laboratory, microbiological waste, and blood bags on-site before disposal either at CBMWTF or on-site. The method of sterilization/Hot Sale High Quality Mining CMC(NACO) or WHO

   2. The use of chlorinated plastic bags, gloves, blood bags, etc.Cheap Lighting Truss System Aluminum Concert Stage Roof Truss

   3. To provide training to all its HCWs and protect them against diseases such as hepatitis B and tetanus by immunization

   4. Stainless Steel Swage Stub End Rigging Screw Closed Body Turnbuckle

   5. High Purity Press-Sintered Tungsten Crucibles

   6. All major accidents including accidents caused by fire hazards, blasts,SMT Juki LED Lights Pick and Place Machine,Full Automatic Liquid Filling Machine

   7. Custom Medical Polish Stainless Steel Capillary Tube Supplier/modified to achieve the new standard within 2 years from the date of this notification

   8. BMW disposal register is to be maintained daily and updated monthly on the website.

3. The duties of the operator of a common biomedical waste treatment and disposal facility (CBMWTF) have been increased.[Cabinet Gas Springs Gas Cylinder]Hot! ! Medical ABS Emergency Crash Cart for Hospital Patient Treatment Trolley. Furthermore,Bar Counter Chair Deep Drawing Mould. Maintain all records for operation of incineration/hydroclaving/autoclaving for a period of 5 years

4. The segregation, packaging, transportation, and storage of BMW have been improved. Biomedical waste has been classified into four categories based on color code-type of waste and treatment options. In addition, untreated human anatomical waste, animal anatomical waste, soiled waste,Comfortable Elegant Small Passenger Lifts for Home Use. In case, there is a need to store beyond 48 h,Packing Storage Gift Packaging Jewelry Box(no permission to be obtained)[Fire Proof Three-Tab Colorful Sand Coated Asphalt Shingles Based on Asphalt Glassfiber]

5. No HCF shall establish on-site BMW treatment and disposal facility if the provision of CBMWTF is present at a distance of seventy-five kilometers. If no CBMWTF is available, the occupier shall set up requisite BMW treatment facility such as incinerator, autoclave or microwave, shredder after taking prior authorization from the prescribed authority. After confirming treatment of plastics and glassware by autoclaving or microwaving followed by mutilation/shredding,Synthetic Fiber Primary Bag Filter

6. Authorization for BMW disposal for nonbedded HCFs is granted to the occupier at one time only. The validity of authorization shall be synchronized with validity of consent orders for bedded HCFs

7. Standards for emission from incinerators have been modified to be more environmental friendly. These are permissible limit for SPM-50 mg/nm³; residence time in secondary chamber of incinerator – two seconds; standard for dioxin and furans – 0.1 ng TEQ/Nm³

8. Ministry of Environment, Forest,ADSS Newest Ultra Therapy Skin Tightening 3D Hifu. The responsibility of each state to check for compliance will be done by setting up district-level committee under the chairpersonship of District Collector or District Magistrate or Additional District Magistrate. In addition, every 6 months, this committee shall submit its report to the State Pollution Control Board.

Challenges in the Implementation of New Biomedical Waste 2016 Rules

One of the biggest challenges the government hospitals and small HCFs will face,Silver Mirror Glass High Reflective Polished Mirror Finish Aluminum Coil. To phase out chlorinated plastic bags, gloves,150Mbps WiFi Hotspot Wireless Volte 4G WiFi Router with Voice Call/containers the cost will be high and time span for doing this i.e. two years is too short.

Currently, in India, there are 198 CBMWTF in operation and 28 are under construction.[High Lumen 60W All in One Motion Sensor Intelligent Integrated Lamp 60watt Smart SMD 2835 Lamp Solar LED Street Light for Garden] There is a great need for rapid development of many more CBMWTF to fulfill the need of treatment and disposal of all BMW generated in India. Incinerator emit toxic air pollutants, and incinerator ash is potentially hazardous.

Incinerator and its Hazards

The first solution for the disposal of BMW was to burn the waste. India in the late 1990s after the first BMW rule was implemented, saw a boom in the number of incinerator being installed. It is based on high temperature that kills pathogen and in the process destroys the material in which the microbes reside.[Factory Lower Price Manual Tray Sealing Machine Fast Food Box Heating Machine, Marquee] However,Chinese Exports Superior Qualit LED Heat Sink Aluminum Profiles Extrusion LED Channel Lightin(PIC) and dioxins.Wood Grain Car Air Purifier Humidifier Ultrasonic Essential Oil Aroma Diffuser, waste components dissociate and recombine forming new particles called PIC, which are toxic.Air Vent Diffuser Adjustbable Air Well and Jet Diffuser. Dioxins are an unintentional by-Zinc Plating 2 Doors Steel Mesh Storage Locker. These are a group of 75 chemicals which coexist along with another group of toxins called furans. These toxins have a tendency to accumulate in fatty tissues and travel up the food chain. Burning of medical devices made up of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) is the largest dioxin producers in the environment.[55 Inch 3000 Nits Outdoor Touchscreen LCD Digital Advertising Player] In addition, metals present in the medical waste act as a catalyst for dioxin formation. These are very toxic, being known carcinogenic,High Quality Watertight Petrol Station SMC Square Manhole Cover and Frame. In India, till date, no study has been done by Government of India to estimate the level of dioxin in Indian population. In 2000, Subramanianet al. have found high level of dioxin in the human breast milk collected from New Delhi, Mumbai, and Kolkata.[Ral8017 TDC51D+Z Prepainted Color Coated Zinc Aluminum Steel Sheet Coil] Recently, in January 2017 appreciating the importance of the presence of dioxins in the environment,Custom Cable and Custom Wiring Harness Assembly.[Outdoor High Brightness P6/P8/P10 LED Display Screen for Commercail Advertising] Moreover, the incinerator ash is also hazardous and needs to be checked for the level of toxin before being sent to secured landfill. Therefore, keeping these points in consideration, most of the countries are shifting to alternative environmental friendly methods of BMW disposal. The Philippines has banned incinerator and Denmark has banned construction of incinerator.[Wall Mounted Plastic Battery Electric Sensor Scent Air Perfume Diffuser,Full Color Outdoor P10 LED Panel Display Good Quality]

Alternative Technology for Biomedical Waste Disposal

The various new technologies for BMW disposal are categorized into four groups – thermal, chemical processes, irradiative processes, and biological processes.Ozone Water Production Equipment for Agricultural Irrigation.[Cheap Concrete Block Making Machine Manufacturers Cheap Price]

Thermal processes are grouped into three – low, medium, and high.

1. Low heat technologies operate between 93°C and 177°C and include microwaves and autoclaves. In autoclave, steam is used as a method for sterilization. Autoclaves are classified based on the method for removal of air pickets – Gravity/downward displacement and prevacuum/high vacuum. Since air evacuation is more effective in autoclaves with a prevacuum or multiple vacuum cycles, these are better.Multi Color Changing APP Smart Bulb Remote Control RGB Color Changing Lamp WiFi LED Light Bulb. The evacuated air is disinfected before disposal into the environment by passing through a high-efficiency particulate absolute (HEPA) filter as it may contain pathogens. All infectious waste including cultures, human waste, laboratory waste, soft waste (gauze, bandages, and gowns) and sharps, and medical instruments are sterilized in autoclave. Hazardous waste and chemicals cannot be autoclaved as they release toxic emissions. Furthermore, heat resistant containers, beddings, and other bulky waste cannot be disinfected in autoclave.[Fully Automatic Disposable Food Container PE/Pet/OPP Film Packing Packaging Machines] Microwave uses moist heat and steam generated by microwave energy to disinfect. All infectious waste including human waste, laboratory waste, soft waste (gauze, bandages, and gowns), and sharps are sterilized in microwave. Volatile, semi-volatile organic compounds, mercury,Promotional Advertising Gift Heat Transfer Printing Polyester Lanyard. The advantage of using microwave for BMW disposal is minimal emissions. Its disadvantage include requirement of high capital for setup, problem of odor near the machine, and there is a chance of leak of microwave energy

2. Medium heat technologies operate between 177°C and 540°C and include reverse polymerization and thermal depolymerization. This involves the application of high-energy microwaves in nitrogen atmosphere to BMW to breakdown the organic matter. As the waste absorbs the microwave energy, its internal energy increase and chemical decomposition take place at molecular level. Nitrogen provides an oxygen-free environment so that combustion does not take place. Then, shredders are used to mutilate the waste[Film Additive Transparent Filler Talc Masterbatch for Plastic]

3. High heat technologies operate between 540°C and 8300°C and include pyrolysis – oxidation, plasma pyrolysis, induction-based pyrolysis, and lase-based pyrolysis. In pyrolysis oxidation, inside the pyrolysis chamber, the organic solid and liquid waste vaporize at high temperature (approximately 594°C) leaving behind inert ash and glass and metal fragments. This is followed by second step, wherein combustion of the vapors takes place at a temperature of 982°C –1093°C in a chamber and clean exhaust steam is later released.

Plasma pyrolysis uses plasma torches to generate plasma energy. In plasma state, the ionized gas can conduct electric current, but due to its high resistance, the electric energy is converted to heat energy. The residue generated include carbon black, vitrified glass aggregates, and metallic residues. A wide variety of waste can be destroyed in plasma-based technology – infectious waste, sharps, plastics, dialysis waste, hazardous waste, chemotherapeutic waste, chemotherapy waste, and low-level radioactive waste (China Factory Fast Supply Wooden Grain Aluminium for Aluminium Windows and Doors).High Quality SMC Watertight Manhole Cover Composite Waterproof Round Manhole Cover Clear Open 900mm with 350mm Inspection Manhole Cover, waste residue is inert and sterile, i.e., environment friendly,Eco-Friendly Customized Metal Drinking Straws in Multicolor(95%) and mass (80%–90%). Its disadvantage includes high capital cost, high operation cost, high electrical usage, limited lifespan of plasma torch and may generate dioxins in poorly designed setup.[25mm Magic Tape Cable Tie Hook and Loop Fastening Tape]

Conclusions

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References