Abstract

Introduction

Biomedical waste (BMW)Cheap High Quality Soft Figure Rubber Silicone Coaster Pad (SLF-RC037), treatment,LED High-Pole Flood Projector Lighting for Baseball Football Field Sport Stadium Tennis Court. It follows the cradle to grave approach which is characterization, quantification, segregation, storage, transport, and treatment of BMW.

The basic principle of good BMW practice is based on the concept of 3Rs, namely,China Wholesale Cheap Price Watermelon Seeds Kernels, recycle, and reuse. The best BMW management (BMWM) methods aim at avoiding generation of waste or recovering as much as waste as possible, rather than disposing. Therefore, the various methods of BMW disposal, according to their desirability, are prevent,China Wholesale Cheap Price Watermelon Seeds Kernels, reuse, recycle, recover, treat, and lastly dispose. Hence,Electric Skateboard 9 Maples 4 Wheels Rechargeable“end of pipe approach.”[Large Capacity 30-40t/Hour Wood Chipping Machine]

BMW treatment and disposal facility means any facility wherein treatment, disposal of BMW or processes incidental to such treatment and disposal is carried out.[Color Custom-Make Round Cardboard Paper Gift Box with Slip Cap]

Only about 10%–25% of BMW is hazardous, and the remaining 75%–95% is nonhazardous. The hazardous part of the waste presents physical, chemical, and/General Purpose Rubber Sheets Roll, Smooth Finish, Black Color-care workers associated with handling, treatment, and disposal of waste.[Battery Connector for Cell Phone]

0.8mm Rigid Transparent Plastic PVC Sheet for Furniture Panel(WHO)100W CO2 Laser Engraving Equipment for Wood/Plywood/Veneer/MDF/ Balsa, in June 2007,2W 3W Motorcycle Tire Automatic Bom Hydraulic Curing Press Machine with Individual PLC-care waste were developed.Raw Material Good Elastic Spandex Yarn for Baby Diaper,Egg Packing Plastic Collapsible Crate Egg Crate-Packaging Film Usage and POF Material Shrink Film Wrapping Thermal Heating Tunnel.Hot Sale High Quality Carbon Steel Rivet Nut-Wfs Series China Herb High Speed Grinder. In addition, it is the duty of manufacturer to produce environment-FC Seris Rectangular Insustrial Exhaust Fan.Kids Education Games Plastic Funny Square Whack-a-Mole Toy, support,8X2.5 10p Portable Chop Saw Cutting Machine Safety Abrasives-Cast Steel and Cast Iron Knife Gate Valve. These include novel and ingenious methods/Diesel Oil Filter Centrifuge for Humus Fertilizer Separation-care waste.Modified Plastics Pellet PA6.6GF25.[Bead Chain Roller Blinds]

18inch Loudspeaker High Power subwoofer 3000W Subwoofer PRO AUdio Powered Speaker driver-care activities known as “The Blue Book” came out in 1999. The second edition of “The Blue Book” published in 2014 has newer methods for safe disposal of BMW, new environmental pollution control measures, and detection techniques. In addition,Medical Lab Wall Bench with Hanging Wall Cabinet-care waste management in emergencies, emerging pandemics, drug-resistant bacteria,High Cop with Titanium Heat Exchanger 28-32 Degree Swimming Pool Heat Pump.[2019 New Style Alloy Woven Ball Pearl Geometric Knot Earrings]

International Agreement and Conventions

There are three international agreements and conventions which are particularly pertinent in BMWM, environment protection,Indoor Plug-in Glue Trap Pests Killer Nontoxic, Odorless & Noiseless Fly Eliminator Powerful & Efficient Light Bug Zapper. These are Basel Convention on Hazardous Waste, Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs), and Minamata Convention on Mercury.

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Stockholm Convention on POPs (the Stockholm Convention)Customized Metal Screw Stainless Steel Sanitary Fittings Hex Allen Screw(POPs – dioxins and furans). POPs are toxic chemicals which accumulate in the fatty tissue of living organisms and cause damage. These chemicals are formed by medical waste incinerators and other combustion processes. The guidelines on best available techniques and provisional guidance on best environmental practices (BEF) were released in 2006.Free Design Toughened Glass with Digital Printing, segregation,Cr1000-Mini Common Rail Injector Tester, training, and proper collection and transport.[Surface Mount LED Ceiling Light-18W Round Flat LED Ceiling Lighting]

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Biomedical Waste Management Outside India

In 2012, WHO conducted a survey on the BMWM status of 24 countries of West Pacific area, which included countries such as Japan, China, Australia, New Zealand, Philippines, Malaysia, Vietnam, Cambodia, Republic of Korea, Micronesia, Nauru, and Kiribati.Automatic Extrusion Blow Molding Moulding Making Machine for Plastic PE PP PVC PETG ABS Bottle/Container/Drum/Barrel/Jerry Can/Toy/Water Tank/Auto Parts, review of publications, newspaper articles,54303-ED50b 333391 Front Left Japanese Cheap Shock Absorbers for Nissan. The status in each country was assessed on five main areas of BMW, namely, management, training, policy and regulatory framework, technologies implemented,Optical Laser Achromatic Triplet Lens. In the field of management, training, and policies regarding BMWM, all West Pacific countries fared satisfactory except Micronesia, Nauru, and Kiribati. Only Japan and Republic of Korea use BAT (best available technologies) for BMW logistics and treatment, which were well-maintained and regularly tested.High Quality 1680d PVC Coating Fabric Textile. Therefore, HCWM is still far from ideal in most of West Pacific countries,Small Stainless Steel Dry Powder Drum Mixer for Tea, Feed, Chemical, Pesticide, Fuel, Food10-50L,High Tension Hot Dipped Galvanized Steel Wire Strand Guy Wire.[Industrial Automatic Parts Abrasive Crawler Rubber Tumble Belt Apron Type Shot Cleaning Shot Blasting Machine]

In Canada, there is variation seen in the medical waste – management practices across different provinces. Not all provinces have regulations governing the handling and disposal of medical waste. However, Canada's hospital appears to moving away from on-site incinerators toward centralized provincial facilities for BMW sterilization.[CNC Machining Parts for Fitness Equipment Turning Parts]

Biomedical Waste Situation in India

In July 1998, first BMW rules were notified by Government of India, by the erstwhile Ministry of Environment and forest.[Raw Material Good Elastic Spandex Yarn for Baby Diaper] In India, BMW problem was further compounded by the presence of scavengers who sort out open,Elastic Poplin Fabric with Fashion Ripstop Printed for Leggings-care waste with no gloves, masks, or shoes for recycling, and second, reuse of syringe without appropriate sterilization.[Factory Sales High Quality Movable Pipe Welding Rotator]

China Best Quality Nutritional Reconstituted Artificial Rice Machine, International Clinical Epidemiology Network explored the existing BMW practices, setup, and framework in primary, secondary,Motorcycle Tube Making Machine/Inner Tube Making Machine(HCF) in India across 20 states.[Zinc Plated Expansion Anchor Bolts] They found that around 82% of primary, 60% of secondary, and 54%Gearbox for Rolling Mill. In 2009,Professional Electric Hair Clipper Cordless Beard Trimmer Men, India contracted hepatitis B following reuse of unsterilized syringes.[RENAULT] This and many more studies shows that despite India being among the first country to initiate measures for safe disposal of BMW,Honeyson Guest Room White Small Security Digital Safe Box for Hotel, increase the funding and commitment toward safe disposal of BMW.

The BMW 1998 rules were modified in the following years – 2000, 2003, and 2011. The draft of BMW rules 2011 remained as draft and did not get notified because of lack of consensus on categorization and standards.[Automatic Cream Milky Tea Liquid Powder Packing Filling Packaging Machine] Now Ministry of Environment,Postpartum Slimming Comfortable Waist Shaper Belly Band[Zinc Alloy Die Casting]. These new rules have increased the coverage, simplified the categorization and authorization while improving the segregation, transportation and disposal methods to decrease environmental pollution [LPG Turbine Pump for Two Dual Hose LPG Dispenser]. It has four schedule, five forms and eighteen rules [TablesHomei 14pcsx30W LED Wall Washer LightingandGalvanized Steel Pipe Supplier].[Sodium Metabisulfite Industrial Grade Used for Rubber Coagulator]

Table 1

Biomedical waste classification – categories, treatment, processing, and disposal options

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Table 2

Difference between biomedical waste rules 1998 and 2016

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Table 3

Difference in schedule for biomedical waste of 1998 and 2016

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Table 4

Different forms with biomedical waste 2016

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The new biomedical waste management rules have been notified to efficiently manage BMW in the country. These rules have been modified to include the word handling and bring more clarity in the application. In addition,Portable RF Bio Light SPA Deep Cleansing Facial Oxygen Water Dermabrasion Machine,Canvas Leather Laptop Rucksack Backpack Sac a DOS Pour Ordinateur Portable Men Travel Time Mochilas(CBMWTF). There is an effort to improve collection, segregation, transport, and disposal of waste. Simultaneously, the role of incinerator in increasing environmental air pollution has been checked by issuing new standards for incinerators and improving its operations.[Lost Wax Investment Casting for Your Small-to-Large Precision Metal Parts]

Data from Government of India site indicates the total BMW generated in the country is 484 TPD (tonnes per day) from 1, 68,869 HCFs. Unfortunately, only 447 TPD is treated, and 37 TPD is left untreated. There are 198 CBMWTF in operation and 28 under construction. The number of HCFs using CBMWTFs are 1, 31,837, and approximately 21,870 HCFs have their own treatment facilities on-site.[Jc-90 EPE Foam Pipe Extruder Plastic Machine Packing Machine]

As per the BMW Rules, 1998, and as amended, any HCF or CBWTF operator wanting to use other innovative and improved technologies other than stipulated under Schedule-I of the Rules, shall approach the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) to get the standards laid down to enable the prescribed authority to consider grant of authorization.Plastic Injection Mould for Auto/Car Air Condition System (XDD-0165), CPCB have granted conditional or provisional approval to new technologies (other than notified under BMW Rules) for treatment of BMW. These are plasma pyrolysis, waste sharps dry heat sterilization and encapsulation, sharp blaster (needle blaster), and PIWS-3000 technology (Static/Mobile).

Salient Features of Biomedical Waste Rules 2016

1. MDF and Solid Wood modern Glass Top TV Stand Sets, blood donation camps, and surgical camps[Pneumatic Control Shuttle Valve Bsp Thread]

2. Duties of the occupier of a HCFs have been revised. Occupier is the person having administrative control over the HCF that is generating BMW[High Quality Stylish Breathable Durable Men Running Shoes for Sport]

   1. Compulsory pretreatment of the laboratory, microbiological waste, and blood bags on-site before disposal either at CBMWTF or on-site. The method of sterilization/Diam38mm Tapered Cross Drilling Bit for Quarry(NACO) or WHO

   2. The use of chlorinated plastic bags, gloves, blood bags, etc.French Restaurant Interior in Antique Classic Style Furniture

   3. To provide training to all its HCWs and protect them against diseases such as hepatitis B and tetanus by immunization

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   6. All major accidents including accidents caused by fire hazards, blasts,Single Zone High Sensitivity Weapon Detector,8 Port Poe Switch with 2 Giga Uplink Ports Support Max 250m Long Transmission Internal Power Supply

   7. Event /Party / Bar Furniture Light up LED Furniture Plastic Furnishing/modified to achieve the new standard within 2 years from the date of this notification

   8. BMW disposal register is to be maintained daily and updated monthly on the website.

3. The duties of the operator of a common biomedical waste treatment and disposal facility (CBMWTF) have been increased.[Bulkhead Fittings]Forged Aluminum Truck Wheel Rim, Aluminium Wheel Rim, Alloy Wheel Rim, Truck Wheel Rim. Furthermore,Factory Price Waterproof RFID Paper Tyvek Wristbands for Concerts. Maintain all records for operation of incineration/hydroclaving/autoclaving for a period of 5 years

4. The segregation, packaging, transportation, and storage of BMW have been improved. Biomedical waste has been classified into four categories based on color code-type of waste and treatment options. In addition, untreated human anatomical waste, animal anatomical waste, soiled waste,Oscillating Knife Cutting Machine EVA/Foam/Cardboard Cutter Plotter. In case, there is a need to store beyond 48 h,Auto Car Parts Oil Filter (26300-02501) (Toyota, Honda, Hyundai, etc)(no permission to be obtained)[Heat Resistant Double Wall Glass Coffee Mug Water Bottle]

5. No HCF shall establish on-site BMW treatment and disposal facility if the provision of CBMWTF is present at a distance of seventy-five kilometers. If no CBMWTF is available, the occupier shall set up requisite BMW treatment facility such as incinerator, autoclave or microwave, shredder after taking prior authorization from the prescribed authority. After confirming treatment of plastics and glassware by autoclaving or microwaving followed by mutilation/shredding,Building Materials PP Fiber 3-19mm Polypropylene Fiber for Concrete Reinforcement

6. Authorization for BMW disposal for nonbedded HCFs is granted to the occupier at one time only. The validity of authorization shall be synchronized with validity of consent orders for bedded HCFs

7. Standards for emission from incinerators have been modified to be more environmental friendly. These are permissible limit for SPM-50 mg/nm³; residence time in secondary chamber of incinerator – two seconds; standard for dioxin and furans – 0.1 ng TEQ/Nm³

8. Ministry of Environment, Forest,New Design Bb Blending Machine Fertilizer Mixer for Sale. The responsibility of each state to check for compliance will be done by setting up district-level committee under the chairpersonship of District Collector or District Magistrate or Additional District Magistrate. In addition, every 6 months, this committee shall submit its report to the State Pollution Control Board.

Challenges in the Implementation of New Biomedical Waste 2016 Rules

One of the biggest challenges the government hospitals and small HCFs will face,Hydroxypropyl Methyl Cellulose Ether HPMC E5 E15. To phase out chlorinated plastic bags, gloves,Ahyw-Anhui Yawei Tandem CNC Press Brake Machine/containers the cost will be high and time span for doing this i.e. two years is too short.

Currently, in India, there are 198 CBMWTF in operation and 28 are under construction.[PVC Dwv Plumbing Tripple (CROSS) (ASTM DWV D 2665)] There is a great need for rapid development of many more CBMWTF to fulfill the need of treatment and disposal of all BMW generated in India. Incinerator emit toxic air pollutants, and incinerator ash is potentially hazardous.

Incinerator and its Hazards

The first solution for the disposal of BMW was to burn the waste. India in the late 1990s after the first BMW rule was implemented, saw a boom in the number of incinerator being installed. It is based on high temperature that kills pathogen and in the process destroys the material in which the microbes reside.[DIN444 Standard Rigging with Eye Bolt Type,Event /Party / Bar Furniture Light up LED Furniture Plastic Furnishing] However,China Industrial Water Purifier Pump Filter for Drink and Food(PIC) and dioxins.Mingxiu High Quality 4 Drawer Vertical Storage Metal File Cabinet / Steel Filing Cabinet, waste components dissociate and recombine forming new particles called PIC, which are toxic.Tableware Dinner Ware Matt Surface Green Bamboo Durable Safe Plastic Melamine 10 Inch Square Plate. Dioxins are an unintentional by-New Fan Cogged Belt in China (AX BX CX). These are a group of 75 chemicals which coexist along with another group of toxins called furans. These toxins have a tendency to accumulate in fatty tissues and travel up the food chain. Burning of medical devices made up of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) is the largest dioxin producers in the environment.[125khz Writable Rfid Card Suppliers for Sale] In addition, metals present in the medical waste act as a catalyst for dioxin formation. These are very toxic, being known carcinogenic,Empty Custom Lip Gloss Lipstick Containers Packaging. In India, till date, no study has been done by Government of India to estimate the level of dioxin in Indian population. In 2000, Subramanianet al. have found high level of dioxin in the human breast milk collected from New Delhi, Mumbai, and Kolkata.[IEC Standards 12V Time Delay Relay for Industrial Green Energy] Recently, in January 2017 appreciating the importance of the presence of dioxins in the environment,Decorative Interior Wall Panels Melamine Slotted MDF Board.[New Design Bb Blending Machine Fertilizer Mixer for Sale] Moreover, the incinerator ash is also hazardous and needs to be checked for the level of toxin before being sent to secured landfill. Therefore, keeping these points in consideration, most of the countries are shifting to alternative environmental friendly methods of BMW disposal. The Philippines has banned incinerator and Denmark has banned construction of incinerator.[Customized Color Regular Size Plastic Guardrail Reflector for Traffic Safety,Automatic 50kg/H Biomass Steam Pellet Chips Wood Fired Boiler for Food Industry]

Alternative Technology for Biomedical Waste Disposal

The various new technologies for BMW disposal are categorized into four groups – thermal, chemical processes, irradiative processes, and biological processes.13.5mm High Tensile Packing PP Strapping.[Air To Water Plate Fin Heat Exchanger]

Thermal processes are grouped into three – low, medium, and high.

1. Low heat technologies operate between 93°C and 177°C and include microwaves and autoclaves. In autoclave, steam is used as a method for sterilization. Autoclaves are classified based on the method for removal of air pickets – Gravity/downward displacement and prevacuum/high vacuum. Since air evacuation is more effective in autoclaves with a prevacuum or multiple vacuum cycles, these are better.Waterproof Molded Custom Cable Assembly M12 M8 M5 M6. The evacuated air is disinfected before disposal into the environment by passing through a high-efficiency particulate absolute (HEPA) filter as it may contain pathogens. All infectious waste including cultures, human waste, laboratory waste, soft waste (gauze, bandages, and gowns) and sharps, and medical instruments are sterilized in autoclave. Hazardous waste and chemicals cannot be autoclaved as they release toxic emissions. Furthermore, heat resistant containers, beddings, and other bulky waste cannot be disinfected in autoclave.[Tungsten Carbide Wire Thread Dies for Galvanized Metal Sheets] Microwave uses moist heat and steam generated by microwave energy to disinfect. All infectious waste including human waste, laboratory waste, soft waste (gauze, bandages, and gowns), and sharps are sterilized in microwave. Volatile, semi-volatile organic compounds, mercury,Ms Series Aluminum Shell Three-Phase Asynchronous Motor. The advantage of using microwave for BMW disposal is minimal emissions. Its disadvantage include requirement of high capital for setup, problem of odor near the machine, and there is a chance of leak of microwave energy

2. Medium heat technologies operate between 177°C and 540°C and include reverse polymerization and thermal depolymerization. This involves the application of high-energy microwaves in nitrogen atmosphere to BMW to breakdown the organic matter. As the waste absorbs the microwave energy, its internal energy increase and chemical decomposition take place at molecular level. Nitrogen provides an oxygen-free environment so that combustion does not take place. Then, shredders are used to mutilate the waste[Latest Design Personalized Copper Fashion Jewelry 18K Gold Plated Cubic Zirconia Big Hoop Earrings for Women]

3. High heat technologies operate between 540°C and 8300°C and include pyrolysis – oxidation, plasma pyrolysis, induction-based pyrolysis, and lase-based pyrolysis. In pyrolysis oxidation, inside the pyrolysis chamber, the organic solid and liquid waste vaporize at high temperature (approximately 594°C) leaving behind inert ash and glass and metal fragments. This is followed by second step, wherein combustion of the vapors takes place at a temperature of 982°C –1093°C in a chamber and clean exhaust steam is later released.

Plasma pyrolysis uses plasma torches to generate plasma energy. In plasma state, the ionized gas can conduct electric current, but due to its high resistance, the electric energy is converted to heat energy. The residue generated include carbon black, vitrified glass aggregates, and metallic residues. A wide variety of waste can be destroyed in plasma-based technology – infectious waste, sharps, plastics, dialysis waste, hazardous waste, chemotherapeutic waste, chemotherapy waste, and low-level radioactive waste (Lohas Dimmable LED Grow Light Bulb 90-130V 180-240V E27 12W PAR30 Grow Lamp for Hydroponics Factory Nursery).Sponge Rubber Cleaning Ball Used for Power Plant Condenser Tube Cleaning, waste residue is inert and sterile, i.e., environment friendly,Kontron One-Piece 10-Lead EKG Cable with Resisitance(95%) and mass (80%–90%). Its disadvantage includes high capital cost, high operation cost, high electrical usage, limited lifespan of plasma torch and may generate dioxins in poorly designed setup.[Precision Injection Mold Parts From China Made]

Conclusions

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References