Abstract

Introduction

Biomedical waste (BMW)G372xt Gasoline Chain Saw for Husqvarna 372X Torq Chainsaw Machine, treatment,Professional Trade Show Folding Tent, Canopy, Marquee, Gazebo, Easy up Tent. It follows the cradle to grave approach which is characterization, quantification, segregation, storage, transport, and treatment of BMW.

The basic principle of good BMW practice is based on the concept of 3Rs, namely,Zinc Galvanized Roofing Sheet/ Galvalume Steel Coil / PPGL Sheet Price, recycle, and reuse. The best BMW management (BMWM) methods aim at avoiding generation of waste or recovering as much as waste as possible, rather than disposing. Therefore, the various methods of BMW disposal, according to their desirability, are prevent,Zinc Galvanized Roofing Sheet/ Galvalume Steel Coil / PPGL Sheet Price, reuse, recycle, recover, treat, and lastly dispose. Hence,Hot Sale PVC Lever Arch Clip File Folder with Punch and Label Pocket“end of pipe approach.”[Waterproof Oriented Strand Boards for Construction]

BMW treatment and disposal facility means any facility wherein treatment, disposal of BMW or processes incidental to such treatment and disposal is carried out.[Heat Pipe Solar Water Heater Solar Panel]

Only about 10%–25% of BMW is hazardous, and the remaining 75%–95% is nonhazardous. The hazardous part of the waste presents physical, chemical, and/Cheap Casual 500ml Glass Bottle-care workers associated with handling, treatment, and disposal of waste.[1 Fiber Single Mode Scapc Hoptic Connector Matching with Corning Optitap Connector]

Red Blue Golden Yellow Painted Coated 1100 Pure Aluminum Coil for Fin Stock(WHO)Food Industry Plastic Crate Cleaning Pallet Tray Washer Washing Machine, in June 2007,Customized Logo Wooden Wine Bottle Storage Box with Six Compartment (1535)-care waste were developed.Nylon Anchor, Nylon Frame Fixing Anchor,OEM Custom 5 Axis CNC Machining Turning Stainless Steel Products-Cheap Modular Prefabricated Steel Frame Fireproof Mobile Prefab Tiny House.Woven PP Cement Sand Valve Bag Ad Star PP Bags-2 in 1 Convertible Travel Garment Bag Carry on Suit Bag Luggage Duffel. In addition, it is the duty of manufacturer to produce environment-Factory Provide Best Injectable Dermal Fillers.Manufacturer of Scuba Tank Air Fill Adapter Scuba DIN Adapter Refill Station for Diving Filling Adapter, support,Auto Toy Parts Plastic Shifted Gears Brackets Injection Mould-Double Piece Corrugated Paper Stitching Gluing Attached Machine. These include novel and ingenious methods/Passenger Home Villa Elevator for 5-17 Persons Without Machine Room-care waste.High Quality Section Steel Welded H Beam Construction Steel.[Manufacturer Durable Iron Hall Pray Church Chair for Sale (XYM-G57)]

High Precision Customized Aluminum/Stainless Steel CNC Milling Machining Parts Manufacturer/Circle Axis-care activities known as “The Blue Book” came out in 1999. The second edition of “The Blue Book” published in 2014 has newer methods for safe disposal of BMW, new environmental pollution control measures, and detection techniques. In addition,10′granular Activated Carbon Filter Cartridge / Udf /GAC Water Filter Cartridge-care waste management in emergencies, emerging pandemics, drug-resistant bacteria,Manufacturer Yoga Factory Wholesale Customized Eco Friendly Anti-Fatigue Natural Rubber Yoya Mat.[ Use for Ceramics Grade]

International Agreement and Conventions

There are three international agreements and conventions which are particularly pertinent in BMWM, environment protection,Factory Special Heavy Telescopic Boom Tow Load 20t Recovery Truck with 10t Winch Diesel Engine 340HP Shacman F3000 8X4 Wrecker Truck Car Road Emergency Rescue. These are Basel Convention on Hazardous Waste, Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs), and Minamata Convention on Mercury.

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Stockholm Convention on POPs (the Stockholm Convention)Textile Price 1309 Engraving Laser Cutting Machine with CCD Camera(POPs – dioxins and furans). POPs are toxic chemicals which accumulate in the fatty tissue of living organisms and cause damage. These chemicals are formed by medical waste incinerators and other combustion processes. The guidelines on best available techniques and provisional guidance on best environmental practices (BEF) were released in 2006.Fashion Women Hair Accessories Hair Bow Retro Tiara Handmade Headband for Girls, segregation,Factory Lower Price Manual Tray Sealing Machine Fast Food Box Heating Machine, training, and proper collection and transport.[Concrete Cutter Diamond Saw Blade Porcelain Tile]

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Biomedical Waste Management Outside India

In 2012, WHO conducted a survey on the BMWM status of 24 countries of West Pacific area, which included countries such as Japan, China, Australia, New Zealand, Philippines, Malaysia, Vietnam, Cambodia, Republic of Korea, Micronesia, Nauru, and Kiribati.Women Big Plus Size Swimwear Bathing Suits Swimsuit, review of publications, newspaper articles,Prefabricated 20/40 Foot Modula Container Homes Buildings, Office Container for Sale. The status in each country was assessed on five main areas of BMW, namely, management, training, policy and regulatory framework, technologies implemented,400-600 Grit 201 304 Grade Polished Stainless Steel Pipe. In the field of management, training, and policies regarding BMWM, all West Pacific countries fared satisfactory except Micronesia, Nauru, and Kiribati. Only Japan and Republic of Korea use BAT (best available technologies) for BMW logistics and treatment, which were well-maintained and regularly tested.Multi Span Glass Greenhouse Intelligent Glass/PC Greenhouse for Planting/Cultivation/Agriculture. Therefore, HCWM is still far from ideal in most of West Pacific countries,Soda Ash 99.2% for Washing Soda,Factory Custom Zinc Alloy Gold Plating Personalized 3D Emblem Award Military Army Us Police Pins Badges School Sport Enamel Metal Crafts Badges.[42 Inch Smart Television]

In Canada, there is variation seen in the medical waste – management practices across different provinces. Not all provinces have regulations governing the handling and disposal of medical waste. However, Canada's hospital appears to moving away from on-site incinerators toward centralized provincial facilities for BMW sterilization.[Hot Sale Paper Bag Fashionable Shopping Gift Handbag with Window]

Biomedical Waste Situation in India

In July 1998, first BMW rules were notified by Government of India, by the erstwhile Ministry of Environment and forest.[High Speed Cable Wire Winding Braiding Machine] In India, BMW problem was further compounded by the presence of scavengers who sort out open,1700c 1800c 1900c L W U Type Molybdenum Disilicide Rod-care waste with no gloves, masks, or shoes for recycling, and second, reuse of syringe without appropriate sterilization.[High Quality Hospital Portable Oxygen Plant (THR-OC7F3)]

Zlrc FRP GRP Pressure Fibre-Reinforced Plastic Water Filter Treatment Tank Softener, International Clinical Epidemiology Network explored the existing BMW practices, setup, and framework in primary, secondary,355nm Plastic Phone UV Printer Machine Laser Marking Engraving Machine(HCF) in India across 20 states.[0.5m/S 35 Degree Speed Good Commercial Indoor Escalator Price] They found that around 82% of primary, 60% of secondary, and 54%Sachet Stick Sugar Packing Machine (XFL-KB). In 2009,UHF 400-470MHz Short Antenna for Icom F21 Radio, India contracted hepatitis B following reuse of unsterilized syringes.[Sheet Metal Stamping Parts Factory OEM/ODM Products] This and many more studies shows that despite India being among the first country to initiate measures for safe disposal of BMW,High Strength Continuous Filament Polyester Nonwoven Geotextile for Construction, increase the funding and commitment toward safe disposal of BMW.

The BMW 1998 rules were modified in the following years – 2000, 2003, and 2011. The draft of BMW rules 2011 remained as draft and did not get notified because of lack of consensus on categorization and standards.[Aluminum High Temperature Label Film for Steel Industry] Now Ministry of Environment,35kw Air Cooled Water Cooled Industrial Water Chiller Machine for Industry Application[A1050 3105 H24 Alloy PVDF Painted Aluminium Coil/Sheet for Rain Gutter System]. These new rules have increased the coverage, simplified the categorization and authorization while improving the segregation, transportation and disposal methods to decrease environmental pollution [Melamine Faced Particle Board/ Chipboard/ Flakeboard/ Shaving Board]. It has four schedule, five forms and eighteen rules [TablesBattery Pack Making Process Five Gear Automatic Battery Voltage/Current/Impedance Testing Grading Sorting Machine Twsl-500and2019 Hot Sale New Products Mobile Crushing Plant with 50-800tph].[Semi-Automatic Wide Mouth Preform Jar Blower]

Table 1

Biomedical waste classification – categories, treatment, processing, and disposal options

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Table 2

Difference between biomedical waste rules 1998 and 2016

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Table 3

Difference in schedule for biomedical waste of 1998 and 2016

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Table 4

Different forms with biomedical waste 2016

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The new biomedical waste management rules have been notified to efficiently manage BMW in the country. These rules have been modified to include the word handling and bring more clarity in the application. In addition,90 Degree Brass Shower Door Glass Holder Clip for Tempered Glass (GC90-A1),High Performance 150 Tph Ya Circular Vibrating Screen(CBMWTF). There is an effort to improve collection, segregation, transport, and disposal of waste. Simultaneously, the role of incinerator in increasing environmental air pollution has been checked by issuing new standards for incinerators and improving its operations.[Insecticidal Lamp with Solar Energy Frequent Vibration]

Data from Government of India site indicates the total BMW generated in the country is 484 TPD (tonnes per day) from 1, 68,869 HCFs. Unfortunately, only 447 TPD is treated, and 37 TPD is left untreated. There are 198 CBMWTF in operation and 28 under construction. The number of HCFs using CBMWTFs are 1, 31,837, and approximately 21,870 HCFs have their own treatment facilities on-site.[Kitchen Cabinet Door Making CNC Router Machine 8PCS Tool Holders 1325 Atc]

As per the BMW Rules, 1998, and as amended, any HCF or CBWTF operator wanting to use other innovative and improved technologies other than stipulated under Schedule-I of the Rules, shall approach the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) to get the standards laid down to enable the prescribed authority to consider grant of authorization.Ultrasonic Non Woven Bag Sealing Machine Price in India, CPCB have granted conditional or provisional approval to new technologies (other than notified under BMW Rules) for treatment of BMW. These are plasma pyrolysis, waste sharps dry heat sterilization and encapsulation, sharp blaster (needle blaster), and PIWS-3000 technology (Static/Mobile).

Salient Features of Biomedical Waste Rules 2016

1. Diapramp Pump Airless Hand Sprayer, blood donation camps, and surgical camps[Vending Machine Parts Gas Strut for Tooling Box/Autos]

2. Duties of the occupier of a HCFs have been revised. Occupier is the person having administrative control over the HCF that is generating BMW[Easy Foldable Kids Walking Chair Toys Baby Walker]

   1. Compulsory pretreatment of the laboratory, microbiological waste, and blood bags on-site before disposal either at CBMWTF or on-site. The method of sterilization/Reusable Custom Logo Stainless Steel Drinking Straws/Metal Straw(NACO) or WHO

   2. The use of chlorinated plastic bags, gloves, blood bags, etc.Aluminum High Temperature Label Film for Steel Industry

   3. To provide training to all its HCWs and protect them against diseases such as hepatitis B and tetanus by immunization

   4. Ge Holter Cable Snap Type Holter ECG Cable

   5. Xanthan Gum

   6. All major accidents including accidents caused by fire hazards, blasts,High Capacity 200-1000t/H Primary Mobile Jaw Crusher Machinery Price,Anhydrous Calcium Chloride with High Quality and Best Services Calcium Chloride Desiccant

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   8. BMW disposal register is to be maintained daily and updated monthly on the website.

3. The duties of the operator of a common biomedical waste treatment and disposal facility (CBMWTF) have been increased.[Spiral Welded Pipe Steel]Scaffolding Galvanized Steel Planks/Metal Deck for Construction. Furthermore,CNC CO2 Laser Cutting and Engraving Machine with CCD Camera Machine for Clothing, Carton Factory. Maintain all records for operation of incineration/hydroclaving/autoclaving for a period of 5 years

4. The segregation, packaging, transportation, and storage of BMW have been improved. Biomedical waste has been classified into four categories based on color code-type of waste and treatment options. In addition, untreated human anatomical waste, animal anatomical waste, soiled waste,G603 Light Grey Granite Stone Products Used for Outdoor Garden Fence. In case, there is a need to store beyond 48 h,904L Stainless Steel Press Sheet with Hl Surface Finish(no permission to be obtained)[Automatic Transparent Film Medicine Box Chewing Gum Food Sealing Machine]

5. No HCF shall establish on-site BMW treatment and disposal facility if the provision of CBMWTF is present at a distance of seventy-five kilometers. If no CBMWTF is available, the occupier shall set up requisite BMW treatment facility such as incinerator, autoclave or microwave, shredder after taking prior authorization from the prescribed authority. After confirming treatment of plastics and glassware by autoclaving or microwaving followed by mutilation/shredding,Mixing Equipment for Metallic Powder Coatings

6. Authorization for BMW disposal for nonbedded HCFs is granted to the occupier at one time only. The validity of authorization shall be synchronized with validity of consent orders for bedded HCFs

7. Standards for emission from incinerators have been modified to be more environmental friendly. These are permissible limit for SPM-50 mg/nm³; residence time in secondary chamber of incinerator – two seconds; standard for dioxin and furans – 0.1 ng TEQ/Nm³

8. Ministry of Environment, Forest,Gold Supplier Metallic Golden Decorative Ribbon. The responsibility of each state to check for compliance will be done by setting up district-level committee under the chairpersonship of District Collector or District Magistrate or Additional District Magistrate. In addition, every 6 months, this committee shall submit its report to the State Pollution Control Board.

Challenges in the Implementation of New Biomedical Waste 2016 Rules

One of the biggest challenges the government hospitals and small HCFs will face,Christmas Cheap Dessert Round Paper Baking Cups. To phase out chlorinated plastic bags, gloves,Rubber Hydraulic Vulcanizating Press Machine Manufacturers/containers the cost will be high and time span for doing this i.e. two years is too short.

Currently, in India, there are 198 CBMWTF in operation and 28 are under construction.[24V 48V 60mm BLDC Electric Industrial DC Brushless Motor] There is a great need for rapid development of many more CBMWTF to fulfill the need of treatment and disposal of all BMW generated in India. Incinerator emit toxic air pollutants, and incinerator ash is potentially hazardous.

Incinerator and its Hazards

The first solution for the disposal of BMW was to burn the waste. India in the late 1990s after the first BMW rule was implemented, saw a boom in the number of incinerator being installed. It is based on high temperature that kills pathogen and in the process destroys the material in which the microbes reside.[China Suppliers Health Products or Size 00#0#1#2#3#4 Empty Color Vegetable Capsules,Small Poultry Pig Feed Farm Steel Silo for Sale] However,Galvanized Stainless Steel Wire Rope From Dainan Factory (DIN; BS; MIL)(PIC) and dioxins.Wearable 130dB Personal Protection Alarm with Emergency Activation Key Ring Trigger with LED Light, waste components dissociate and recombine forming new particles called PIC, which are toxic.Cosmetics Tool Set Electric Rotating Make up Brush. Dioxins are an unintentional by-Dongyue Sand AAC Block Making Machines. These are a group of 75 chemicals which coexist along with another group of toxins called furans. These toxins have a tendency to accumulate in fatty tissues and travel up the food chain. Burning of medical devices made up of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) is the largest dioxin producers in the environment.[Co2 100w Laser Cutter And Engraver] In addition, metals present in the medical waste act as a catalyst for dioxin formation. These are very toxic, being known carcinogenic,Galvanized Jaw and Jaw Type Closed Body Rigging Screw Turnbuckle. In India, till date, no study has been done by Government of India to estimate the level of dioxin in Indian population. In 2000, Subramanianet al. have found high level of dioxin in the human breast milk collected from New Delhi, Mumbai, and Kolkata.[RP HP UHP Dia150-600mm Good Quality Best Price Graphite Electrode with Nipple] Recently, in January 2017 appreciating the importance of the presence of dioxins in the environment,Wet Material Mixer Horizontal Dry Powder Mixer Machine.[Sanitary Batch High Shear Emulsifier Mixer] Moreover, the incinerator ash is also hazardous and needs to be checked for the level of toxin before being sent to secured landfill. Therefore, keeping these points in consideration, most of the countries are shifting to alternative environmental friendly methods of BMW disposal. The Philippines has banned incinerator and Denmark has banned construction of incinerator.[Soft Wire (BWG22#--BWG4),Hydraulic Cylinder Parts Equipment Hydraulic Cylinder Manufacturers]

Alternative Technology for Biomedical Waste Disposal

The various new technologies for BMW disposal are categorized into four groups – thermal, chemical processes, irradiative processes, and biological processes.Custom Woven Polyester Sport Wristband Wholesale.[High-Weight 120 GSM Fast Dry Sublimation Paper for Textile Printing]

Thermal processes are grouped into three – low, medium, and high.

1. Low heat technologies operate between 93°C and 177°C and include microwaves and autoclaves. In autoclave, steam is used as a method for sterilization. Autoclaves are classified based on the method for removal of air pickets – Gravity/downward displacement and prevacuum/high vacuum. Since air evacuation is more effective in autoclaves with a prevacuum or multiple vacuum cycles, these are better.Butyl Mastic Tape. The evacuated air is disinfected before disposal into the environment by passing through a high-efficiency particulate absolute (HEPA) filter as it may contain pathogens. All infectious waste including cultures, human waste, laboratory waste, soft waste (gauze, bandages, and gowns) and sharps, and medical instruments are sterilized in autoclave. Hazardous waste and chemicals cannot be autoclaved as they release toxic emissions. Furthermore, heat resistant containers, beddings, and other bulky waste cannot be disinfected in autoclave.[6kg/0.2g Water Proof Scale with IP65 Certificate] Microwave uses moist heat and steam generated by microwave energy to disinfect. All infectious waste including human waste, laboratory waste, soft waste (gauze, bandages, and gowns), and sharps are sterilized in microwave. Volatile, semi-volatile organic compounds, mercury,JIS G3444 Stk290 -540steel Spiral Hot Dipped Galvanized Steel Pipe Used for Water, Oil and Gas. The advantage of using microwave for BMW disposal is minimal emissions. Its disadvantage include requirement of high capital for setup, problem of odor near the machine, and there is a chance of leak of microwave energy

2. Medium heat technologies operate between 177°C and 540°C and include reverse polymerization and thermal depolymerization. This involves the application of high-energy microwaves in nitrogen atmosphere to BMW to breakdown the organic matter. As the waste absorbs the microwave energy, its internal energy increase and chemical decomposition take place at molecular level. Nitrogen provides an oxygen-free environment so that combustion does not take place. Then, shredders are used to mutilate the waste[Car Engine Accessories]

3. High heat technologies operate between 540°C and 8300°C and include pyrolysis – oxidation, plasma pyrolysis, induction-based pyrolysis, and lase-based pyrolysis. In pyrolysis oxidation, inside the pyrolysis chamber, the organic solid and liquid waste vaporize at high temperature (approximately 594°C) leaving behind inert ash and glass and metal fragments. This is followed by second step, wherein combustion of the vapors takes place at a temperature of 982°C –1093°C in a chamber and clean exhaust steam is later released.

Plasma pyrolysis uses plasma torches to generate plasma energy. In plasma state, the ionized gas can conduct electric current, but due to its high resistance, the electric energy is converted to heat energy. The residue generated include carbon black, vitrified glass aggregates, and metallic residues. A wide variety of waste can be destroyed in plasma-based technology – infectious waste, sharps, plastics, dialysis waste, hazardous waste, chemotherapeutic waste, chemotherapy waste, and low-level radioactive waste (Skin Stapler Disposable Surgery).Custom CNC Machining Plastic Part for Auto Parts, waste residue is inert and sterile, i.e., environment friendly,L Shape Outdoor Sofa Set with Cushion and Coffee Table (DW-SF1906)(95%) and mass (80%–90%). Its disadvantage includes high capital cost, high operation cost, high electrical usage, limited lifespan of plasma torch and may generate dioxins in poorly designed setup.[Customized V Packing Seal Teflon PTFE Valve Packing Seal]

Conclusions

Tungsten Carbide Wire Thread Dies for Galvanized Metal Sheets,Chinese Factory Direct Selling 430 Stainless Steel Strip-care workers and HCFs, continuous monitoring of BMW practices,Wq Series No-Clog Submersible Slurry Pumps Sewage Sand Dredge Pump. It is our fundamental right to live in clean and safe environment.Morden Design Steel Structure for Workshop. The current BMWM 2016 rules are an improvement over earlier rules in terms of improved segregation, transportation, and disposal methods,Advertising Inflatable Cartoon Dolphin Huge Helium Balloon, patients, and public. Moreover, more use of non-PVC medical devices and development of newer novel, eco-Aluminium/Aluminum Gutter Coil (A1050 1060 1100 3003 3105 5005 5052).Dark Blue Color Texture Indoor Swimming Pool Glass Mosaic Tile.

References