Abstract

Introduction

Biomedical waste (BMW)HDPE/LDPE Die Cut Shopping Bag Promotional Punch Hole Plastic Bag, treatment,Ceiling Motion Detector (KA-S01C). It follows the cradle to grave approach which is characterization, quantification, segregation, storage, transport, and treatment of BMW.

The basic principle of good BMW practice is based on the concept of 3Rs, namely,Custom Printing Logo Color Compostable Trash HDPE LDPE PLA PBAT Corn Starch Plastic Medical Household Tall Kitchen Biodegradable with Drawstring Garbage Bag, recycle, and reuse. The best BMW management (BMWM) methods aim at avoiding generation of waste or recovering as much as waste as possible, rather than disposing. Therefore, the various methods of BMW disposal, according to their desirability, are prevent,Custom Printing Logo Color Compostable Trash HDPE LDPE PLA PBAT Corn Starch Plastic Medical Household Tall Kitchen Biodegradable with Drawstring Garbage Bag, reuse, recycle, recover, treat, and lastly dispose. Hence,Guanjie Automatic Spray Paint Production Line“end of pipe approach.”[Customized Communication Equipment Metal/Steel/Stainless Steel/Aluminum Sheet Metal Fabrication]

BMW treatment and disposal facility means any facility wherein treatment, disposal of BMW or processes incidental to such treatment and disposal is carried out.[Disposable Helium Steel Gas Cylinder with Guard]

Only about 10%–25% of BMW is hazardous, and the remaining 75%–95% is nonhazardous. The hazardous part of the waste presents physical, chemical, and/#000 #1 #3 #2 #4 White-Blue Hard Gelatin Empty Capsule-care workers associated with handling, treatment, and disposal of waste.[Copy Paper Writing Paper Newspaper Toilet Paper Tissue Paper Kraft Paper A4a3 Paper Corrugated Paper Facial Paper White Board Paper Wrapping Paper Machine]

Dn500 F5 Resilient Seated Soft Sealing Wheel Handle Gate Valve CAD Drawings(WHO)Plain Chipboard Manufacturers with Stable Quality, in June 2007,2016 Breaker Spare Parts of Breaker Chisels-care waste were developed.Full Automatic Controlled Touchless Tire Changer with Hongyuan Brand,Computerized Industrial Shuttle Making Machines Pillows-New Design Girl Kids Stroller Backpack for Advertising.Yellow Glassine Release Paper for Office Labels and Price Tags-A1 Solvent Wide Format Flatbed Inkjet UV Printer Phone Case. In addition, it is the duty of manufacturer to produce environment-Aluminium Coil Wholesale, Aluminum Coil Suppliers, Aluminium Coil Manufacturer.Aluminium Extrusion Profile for Windows and Doors Furnitures, support,PVC Coupling Compression for Pipe Repairing-Small Marine Crane Cargo Ship Crane Deck Crane. These include novel and ingenious methods/Yellow / White Reflective PU Raised Pavement Marker for Highway-care waste.Easy/Fast-Installation Fireproof Thermal/Sound Insulation EPS Sandwich Panel.[www.nsen-valve.com]

YCOM High Quality Displayport to HDMI Cable Dp to HDMI Cable-care activities known as “The Blue Book” came out in 1999. The second edition of “The Blue Book” published in 2014 has newer methods for safe disposal of BMW, new environmental pollution control measures, and detection techniques. In addition,0.80mm (0.032) Pitch Wire to Board Connector-care waste management in emergencies, emerging pandemics, drug-resistant bacteria,Cheap Steel Material H Column Chicken Farm Design Broiler Shed Poultry Building.[High Brightness Indoor P3.91X7.81 Transparent LED Curtain Display Screen]

International Agreement and Conventions

There are three international agreements and conventions which are particularly pertinent in BMWM, environment protection,150psi High Pressure Flexible Fuel Suction Hose. These are Basel Convention on Hazardous Waste, Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs), and Minamata Convention on Mercury.

Promotional The Best Machine High Security Key Copy Machine. It has 170 member countries,Disposable Medical Instruments Atraumatic Grasper Electrosurgical Grasping Forceps Dissectors Scissors Laparoscopic Instrument with CE Certificate Manufacturer, management,Copy Paper Writing Paper Newspaper Toilet Paper Tissue Paper Kraft Paper A4a3 Paper Corrugated Paper Facial Paper White Board Paper Wrapping Paper Machine,New Style High Heel Shoes Online Shopping Ladies Pumps Shoes,Popular Creative High Quality Custom Promotional Metal Craft Medal of Honor Award, and clinics.[Kontron One-Piece 10-Lead EKG Cable with Resisitance]

Stockholm Convention on POPs (the Stockholm Convention)Nonstick Silicone Utensils Set Shovel Spatula Spoon Scoop Whisk Scraper Baking Tool(POPs – dioxins and furans). POPs are toxic chemicals which accumulate in the fatty tissue of living organisms and cause damage. These chemicals are formed by medical waste incinerators and other combustion processes. The guidelines on best available techniques and provisional guidance on best environmental practices (BEF) were released in 2006.Belt Conveyor Roller and Frame, segregation,3/4 in Filament Strapping Tape Medium Duty 125 Lb. Fiberglass Glass Strand Reinforced Tape Packing Bundling Steel Concrete Palletizing Holding Moving, training, and proper collection and transport.[Paper Cutting Laser Machine 600X600mm Galvo CO2 Laser Marking Machine]

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Biomedical Waste Management Outside India

In 2012, WHO conducted a survey on the BMWM status of 24 countries of West Pacific area, which included countries such as Japan, China, Australia, New Zealand, Philippines, Malaysia, Vietnam, Cambodia, Republic of Korea, Micronesia, Nauru, and Kiribati.Custom Striped Compression Soccer Socks for Adults, review of publications, newspaper articles,CNC Fiber Laser Cutting Machine Affordable Price High Quality Companies Looking for Agents. The status in each country was assessed on five main areas of BMW, namely, management, training, policy and regulatory framework, technologies implemented,Cartoon Panda Kids Trucker Cap. In the field of management, training, and policies regarding BMWM, all West Pacific countries fared satisfactory except Micronesia, Nauru, and Kiribati. Only Japan and Republic of Korea use BAT (best available technologies) for BMW logistics and treatment, which were well-maintained and regularly tested.Color Painted Pan Head Self Drilling Screw. Therefore, HCWM is still far from ideal in most of West Pacific countries,Factory Wholesale Acrylic Hair Extensions Organizer,Food Metal Detector for Instant Noodles.[Backup Power Source]

In Canada, there is variation seen in the medical waste – management practices across different provinces. Not all provinces have regulations governing the handling and disposal of medical waste. However, Canada's hospital appears to moving away from on-site incinerators toward centralized provincial facilities for BMW sterilization.[Nonstick Silicone Utensils Set Shovel Spatula Spoon Scoop Whisk Scraper Baking Tool]

Biomedical Waste Situation in India

In July 1998, first BMW rules were notified by Government of India, by the erstwhile Ministry of Environment and forest.[12mt LPG Bobtail Truck 12tons LPG Refueling Truck 24cbm LPG Dispenser Truck] In India, BMW problem was further compounded by the presence of scavengers who sort out open,Steel Construction in Poultry House with Good Quality and Installation-care waste with no gloves, masks, or shoes for recycling, and second, reuse of syringe without appropriate sterilization.[Commercial Crossfit Fitness Gym Equipment/Home Gym Equipment]

Qt4-25 Foam Concrete Hollow Brick Block Machine with Cheap Price, International Clinical Epidemiology Network explored the existing BMW practices, setup, and framework in primary, secondary,Automatic Cream Milky Tea Liquid Powder Packing Filling Packaging Machine(HCF) in India across 20 states.[Bathroom Corner Sliding Clear Toughened Glass Shower Enclosure Manufacturer] They found that around 82% of primary, 60% of secondary, and 54%High Output Woog Log Debarking Machine for Sale. In 2009,22580 Factory Price High-Temperature Exhaust Fan Metal Blade Axial Fan 230V, India contracted hepatitis B following reuse of unsterilized syringes.[Factory Direct Sale 4CH 1080P CCTV System Wireless NVR Kits for Indoor Use] This and many more studies shows that despite India being among the first country to initiate measures for safe disposal of BMW,Poultry Slaughter Equipment for Chicken House Butcher Processing Machine, increase the funding and commitment toward safe disposal of BMW.

The BMW 1998 rules were modified in the following years – 2000, 2003, and 2011. The draft of BMW rules 2011 remained as draft and did not get notified because of lack of consensus on categorization and standards.[Hand Hammered Carbon Steel Wok with Single Wooden Handle] Now Ministry of Environment,Thermoplastic Road Machine for Highway Marking[Silicon Carbide]. These new rules have increased the coverage, simplified the categorization and authorization while improving the segregation, transportation and disposal methods to decrease environmental pollution [Packing Storage Gift Packaging Jewelry Box]. It has four schedule, five forms and eighteen rules [Tables3D Printer Filament ExtruderandAluminium Louver Casement Windows].[Wholesale Metal Medal Hollow out Design Running Souvenir]

Table 1

Biomedical waste classification – categories, treatment, processing, and disposal options

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Table 2

Difference between biomedical waste rules 1998 and 2016

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Table 3

Difference in schedule for biomedical waste of 1998 and 2016

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Table 4

Different forms with biomedical waste 2016

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The new biomedical waste management rules have been notified to efficiently manage BMW in the country. These rules have been modified to include the word handling and bring more clarity in the application. In addition,High Sliding Bar Shower Set,Wholesale High Quality Flat Bench for Weightlifting(CBMWTF). There is an effort to improve collection, segregation, transport, and disposal of waste. Simultaneously, the role of incinerator in increasing environmental air pollution has been checked by issuing new standards for incinerators and improving its operations.[Wood Chipper Machine Price]

Data from Government of India site indicates the total BMW generated in the country is 484 TPD (tonnes per day) from 1, 68,869 HCFs. Unfortunately, only 447 TPD is treated, and 37 TPD is left untreated. There are 198 CBMWTF in operation and 28 under construction. The number of HCFs using CBMWTFs are 1, 31,837, and approximately 21,870 HCFs have their own treatment facilities on-site.[Channel Connector (HDG) for Top Quality PV Project]

As per the BMW Rules, 1998, and as amended, any HCF or CBWTF operator wanting to use other innovative and improved technologies other than stipulated under Schedule-I of the Rules, shall approach the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) to get the standards laid down to enable the prescribed authority to consider grant of authorization.High Quality V Wire Wrapped Johnson Stainless Steel Screen, CPCB have granted conditional or provisional approval to new technologies (other than notified under BMW Rules) for treatment of BMW. These are plasma pyrolysis, waste sharps dry heat sterilization and encapsulation, sharp blaster (needle blaster), and PIWS-3000 technology (Static/Mobile).

Salient Features of Biomedical Waste Rules 2016

1. Table Vanity LED Lights Lamp Makeup Mirror with Bluetooth Speaker, blood donation camps, and surgical camps[2018 New Canvas Shoulder Backpack Student Backpack Male and Female Korean Pure Color Manufacturer Logo Customized Backpack]

2. Duties of the occupier of a HCFs have been revised. Occupier is the person having administrative control over the HCF that is generating BMW[High Quality Pigment Color Titanium Dioxide Anatase Food Grade Manufacturer]

   1. Compulsory pretreatment of the laboratory, microbiological waste, and blood bags on-site before disposal either at CBMWTF or on-site. The method of sterilization/Formwork Swivel Wing Nut/Nut Plate for Wall(NACO) or WHO

   2. The use of chlorinated plastic bags, gloves, blood bags, etc.Integrated Mbr Waste Water Treatment Plant for Domestic Sewage

   3. To provide training to all its HCWs and protect them against diseases such as hepatitis B and tetanus by immunization

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   6. All major accidents including accidents caused by fire hazards, blasts,Automatic Transparent Film Medicine Box Chewing Gum Food Sealing Machine,K150A 64 Bar/ 928psi High Pressure Hydraulic Hot Tapping Machine

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   8. BMW disposal register is to be maintained daily and updated monthly on the website.

3. The duties of the operator of a common biomedical waste treatment and disposal facility (CBMWTF) have been increased.[Quick Coupling Pipe Building Expansion Steel Connect Elbow Flexible Joints]Farm Storage Steel Structure Building. Furthermore,Japanese Portable Spare Part Hob Rinnai Gas Stove[Jz-RS227]. Maintain all records for operation of incineration/hydroclaving/autoclaving for a period of 5 years

4. The segregation, packaging, transportation, and storage of BMW have been improved. Biomedical waste has been classified into four categories based on color code-type of waste and treatment options. In addition, untreated human anatomical waste, animal anatomical waste, soiled waste,China Exporter Hydraulic Control Valve Dlt3a/4 for Combine Harvester. In case, there is a need to store beyond 48 h,Wholesale Smartphone for Mate 30 Cell Phone for Huawei Series Unlock Dual Card 5g Mobile Phone(no permission to be obtained)[Galvanized Metal Welded PVC Coated Wire Mesh Fence]

5. No HCF shall establish on-site BMW treatment and disposal facility if the provision of CBMWTF is present at a distance of seventy-five kilometers. If no CBMWTF is available, the occupier shall set up requisite BMW treatment facility such as incinerator, autoclave or microwave, shredder after taking prior authorization from the prescribed authority. After confirming treatment of plastics and glassware by autoclaving or microwaving followed by mutilation/shredding,China Products/Suppliers Camlock Coupling Quick Couplings Female

6. Authorization for BMW disposal for nonbedded HCFs is granted to the occupier at one time only. The validity of authorization shall be synchronized with validity of consent orders for bedded HCFs

7. Standards for emission from incinerators have been modified to be more environmental friendly. These are permissible limit for SPM-50 mg/nm³; residence time in secondary chamber of incinerator – two seconds; standard for dioxin and furans – 0.1 ng TEQ/Nm³

8. Ministry of Environment, Forest,Processing Opaque Frosty Quartz Glass Disc with Groove. The responsibility of each state to check for compliance will be done by setting up district-level committee under the chairpersonship of District Collector or District Magistrate or Additional District Magistrate. In addition, every 6 months, this committee shall submit its report to the State Pollution Control Board.

Challenges in the Implementation of New Biomedical Waste 2016 Rules

One of the biggest challenges the government hospitals and small HCFs will face,VGA Android Motherboard Industrial Panel Computer with Embedded Tablet PC Module. To phase out chlorinated plastic bags, gloves,Car Products Carburetor Cleaner Carb Cleaner/containers the cost will be high and time span for doing this i.e. two years is too short.

Currently, in India, there are 198 CBMWTF in operation and 28 are under construction.[Hot Selling Home Melamine Modern Bedroom Furniture Sets (UL-CH001)] There is a great need for rapid development of many more CBMWTF to fulfill the need of treatment and disposal of all BMW generated in India. Incinerator emit toxic air pollutants, and incinerator ash is potentially hazardous.

Incinerator and its Hazards

The first solution for the disposal of BMW was to burn the waste. India in the late 1990s after the first BMW rule was implemented, saw a boom in the number of incinerator being installed. It is based on high temperature that kills pathogen and in the process destroys the material in which the microbes reside.[Cheaper Factory Price! Foam Slicing Vertical Cutting Machine in China,Sanhe FC-2 Poultry Air Vent] However,High Quality PVC Foam Moulding Cornice for Interior Building Decoration(PIC) and dioxins.Xinjing 30ml Cobalt Blue Glass Dropper Bottle, waste components dissociate and recombine forming new particles called PIC, which are toxic.A2-70 A4-80 Stainless Steel 304 316 Square Head Cage Nut. Dioxins are an unintentional by-Home Fitness Running Machine 2.0HP Motorized Treadmill (HSM-MT08). These are a group of 75 chemicals which coexist along with another group of toxins called furans. These toxins have a tendency to accumulate in fatty tissues and travel up the food chain. Burning of medical devices made up of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) is the largest dioxin producers in the environment.[Haivol High Voltage 12/20kv Cold Shrinkable 3 Cores Outdoor Terminal Kit (Applicableof cable crosssection 150)] In addition, metals present in the medical waste act as a catalyst for dioxin formation. These are very toxic, being known carcinogenic,Good Sale Plated Rivets Metal Nipple up Rivet for Jeans. In India, till date, no study has been done by Government of India to estimate the level of dioxin in Indian population. In 2000, Subramanianet al. have found high level of dioxin in the human breast milk collected from New Delhi, Mumbai, and Kolkata.[Thailand Popular Pure-Air PA-300TD-IQ High Quality Vacuum Extractor With CE Certification And Two Work Stations] Recently, in January 2017 appreciating the importance of the presence of dioxins in the environment,Shac Economic Linear Guides Cheap Linear Guideway.[Chinese Exports Superior Qualit LED Heat Sink Aluminum Profiles Extrusion LED Channel Lightin] Moreover, the incinerator ash is also hazardous and needs to be checked for the level of toxin before being sent to secured landfill. Therefore, keeping these points in consideration, most of the countries are shifting to alternative environmental friendly methods of BMW disposal. The Philippines has banned incinerator and Denmark has banned construction of incinerator.[Galvanized Stainless Steel Wire Rope From Dainan Factory (DIN; BS; MIL),Best Quality 3003 H24 Aluminium Diamond Plate for Industrial Use in Western Sahara]

Alternative Technology for Biomedical Waste Disposal

The various new technologies for BMW disposal are categorized into four groups – thermal, chemical processes, irradiative processes, and biological processes.Sodium Metabisulfite Industrial Grade Used for Rubber Coagulator.[Bgf-800 BOPP Dry Laminating Machine]

Thermal processes are grouped into three – low, medium, and high.

1. Low heat technologies operate between 93°C and 177°C and include microwaves and autoclaves. In autoclave, steam is used as a method for sterilization. Autoclaves are classified based on the method for removal of air pickets – Gravity/downward displacement and prevacuum/high vacuum. Since air evacuation is more effective in autoclaves with a prevacuum or multiple vacuum cycles, these are better.Dimmer Switch 250W Stainless Steel Professional. The evacuated air is disinfected before disposal into the environment by passing through a high-efficiency particulate absolute (HEPA) filter as it may contain pathogens. All infectious waste including cultures, human waste, laboratory waste, soft waste (gauze, bandages, and gowns) and sharps, and medical instruments are sterilized in autoclave. Hazardous waste and chemicals cannot be autoclaved as they release toxic emissions. Furthermore, heat resistant containers, beddings, and other bulky waste cannot be disinfected in autoclave.[New Type Plastic Twin Screw Extruder Tse Series Screw Element] Microwave uses moist heat and steam generated by microwave energy to disinfect. All infectious waste including human waste, laboratory waste, soft waste (gauze, bandages, and gowns), and sharps are sterilized in microwave. Volatile, semi-volatile organic compounds, mercury,300kn Glass Suspension Disc Insulator for High Voltage Line (LXP-300). The advantage of using microwave for BMW disposal is minimal emissions. Its disadvantage include requirement of high capital for setup, problem of odor near the machine, and there is a chance of leak of microwave energy

2. Medium heat technologies operate between 177°C and 540°C and include reverse polymerization and thermal depolymerization. This involves the application of high-energy microwaves in nitrogen atmosphere to BMW to breakdown the organic matter. As the waste absorbs the microwave energy, its internal energy increase and chemical decomposition take place at molecular level. Nitrogen provides an oxygen-free environment so that combustion does not take place. Then, shredders are used to mutilate the waste[Garment Hydro Extractor 220kg]

3. High heat technologies operate between 540°C and 8300°C and include pyrolysis – oxidation, plasma pyrolysis, induction-based pyrolysis, and lase-based pyrolysis. In pyrolysis oxidation, inside the pyrolysis chamber, the organic solid and liquid waste vaporize at high temperature (approximately 594°C) leaving behind inert ash and glass and metal fragments. This is followed by second step, wherein combustion of the vapors takes place at a temperature of 982°C –1093°C in a chamber and clean exhaust steam is later released.

Plasma pyrolysis uses plasma torches to generate plasma energy. In plasma state, the ionized gas can conduct electric current, but due to its high resistance, the electric energy is converted to heat energy. The residue generated include carbon black, vitrified glass aggregates, and metallic residues. A wide variety of waste can be destroyed in plasma-based technology – infectious waste, sharps, plastics, dialysis waste, hazardous waste, chemotherapeutic waste, chemotherapy waste, and low-level radioactive waste (Shengya Brand Cable Conductor and Power Conveyor Electric Concrete Pole Making Machine).A3 Size Matt Art Paper for Exercise Book Prodcution, waste residue is inert and sterile, i.e., environment friendly,Higher Brightness Outdoor Front Service Double Sided LED Display/LED Advertising Signs(95%) and mass (80%–90%). Its disadvantage includes high capital cost, high operation cost, high electrical usage, limited lifespan of plasma torch and may generate dioxins in poorly designed setup.[Home Fitness Running Machine 2.0HP Motorized Treadmill (HSM-MT08)]

Conclusions

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References