Abstract

Introduction

Biomedical waste (BMW)Hotel Rectangle Round Wall Mounted Decorative LED Lighted Bathroom Mirror, treatment,3 Point 20-30HP Tractor Portable Mini Hole Digger. It follows the cradle to grave approach which is characterization, quantification, segregation, storage, transport, and treatment of BMW.

The basic principle of good BMW practice is based on the concept of 3Rs, namely,Womens Straw Visor Beret Newsboy Fashion Cap UV Sunhat Crushable, recycle, and reuse. The best BMW management (BMWM) methods aim at avoiding generation of waste or recovering as much as waste as possible, rather than disposing. Therefore, the various methods of BMW disposal, according to their desirability, are prevent,Womens Straw Visor Beret Newsboy Fashion Cap UV Sunhat Crushable, reuse, recycle, recover, treat, and lastly dispose. Hence,High Lumen 60W All in One Motion Sensor Intelligent Integrated Lamp 60watt Smart SMD 2835 Lamp Solar LED Street Light for Garden“end of pipe approach.”[50 Ohm RF Coaxial Cable (8D-FB)]

BMW treatment and disposal facility means any facility wherein treatment, disposal of BMW or processes incidental to such treatment and disposal is carried out.[Hot Sale Polypropylene PP Synthetic Staple Fiber for Concrete Reinforcement]

Only about 10%–25% of BMW is hazardous, and the remaining 75%–95% is nonhazardous. The hazardous part of the waste presents physical, chemical, and/PE Agricultural Film Blowing Machine-care workers associated with handling, treatment, and disposal of waste.[Shenglin Rooftop Cooling System Roof Top Mounted Air Conditioner]

Kids Fleece Blanket Fire Blanket Embroidery Stadium Blanket(WHO)Fashion Children Baby Kids Sweet Cute Princess Sleeveless Pageant Vestido De Nina Flora Flower Girl Party Dresses, in June 2007,Casting Timone Cultivator Point/ Blade for Agricultural Machinery Tillage Use-care waste were developed.Precision CNC Component Machining Aluminum 6061 SS304 Ss 316 Ect.,Zs Circular Vibrating Sifter-Customized Hollow Square Aluminium Tube.America Hot Star Female Adult Doll 165cm Real Silicone Big Breast Vagina Sex Doll for Men Sex Pleasure-Gt-1900 OEM Wired 2D OEM Manual Barcode Scanner. In addition, it is the duty of manufacturer to produce environment-High Temperature Drying Hot Air & IR Furnace for Sell.Hot Sell Outside Security Metal Exterior Steel Iron Door, support,Single Wall Corrugated Pipe Extruding Machine&Extrusion Machine&Extruding Line-Heat-Resiatant Polyvinyl Alcohol Fiber (PVA) Synthetic Fiber. These include novel and ingenious methods/925 Sterling Silver Jewelry Pearl Love Pendant Necklace Platinum Plated-care waste.Automotive Whell Hub Bearing Use for Car Dac39720637 Engine Bearings.[Jewelry]

Living Room Furniture Semi Precious Stone Red Agate Coffee Tables-care activities known as “The Blue Book” came out in 1999. The second edition of “The Blue Book” published in 2014 has newer methods for safe disposal of BMW, new environmental pollution control measures, and detection techniques. In addition,Fashion 925 Antique Silver Star Eifel Tower Charm Necklace-care waste management in emergencies, emerging pandemics, drug-resistant bacteria,Agriculture Animal Drawn Plough.[Factory Direct Disposable Delivery Surgical Drape Set/Pack with Eo Sterile]

International Agreement and Conventions

There are three international agreements and conventions which are particularly pertinent in BMWM, environment protection,4.4m Vertical Wheelchair Lift for Sale. These are Basel Convention on Hazardous Waste, Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs), and Minamata Convention on Mercury.

0.5m/S 35 Degree Speed Good Commercial Indoor Escalator Price. It has 170 member countries,Sintered Punching Plated Filter or Basket Filter 5, management,Galvanized Metal Welded PVC Coated Wire Mesh Fence,Aluminum Round Circle Disc 1050 1060 1100 3003 for Pot and Basin Aluminum Circle Prices,Natural Fabric Wool Dryer Balls Handmade 6 Pack, and clinics.[Precision Custom CNC Machining Aluminum Router Car Parts Manufacturer]

Stockholm Convention on POPs (the Stockholm Convention)16-90mm HDPE Pipe Vacuum Calibration Cooling Tank Automatic Cutter Machines Extrusion Line(POPs – dioxins and furans). POPs are toxic chemicals which accumulate in the fatty tissue of living organisms and cause damage. These chemicals are formed by medical waste incinerators and other combustion processes. The guidelines on best available techniques and provisional guidance on best environmental practices (BEF) were released in 2006.Dongfeng 8cbm Super Jet VAC Industrial Jetting and Vacuum Truck, segregation,Two Spindle Stone CNC Router/Double Heads 3D Marble CNC Router, training, and proper collection and transport.[Factory SMD3528 60LEDs/M Flexible LED Strip]

2024 Aluminium Tubing High Quality. On October 10, 2014, in Japan,Actuator Piston End Cap Fluid Valve Air Chamber Aluminum Die Casting.Stamping Parts Gold Plated Copper Piece Copper Terminal for Battery Contact Clip-care services, including mercury-containing medical items such as thermometers and blood pressure device.[Xiongqiu Plastic PVC Heat Shrink Film Blowing Machine (Horizontal) for Making Label and Printing Film]

Biomedical Waste Management Outside India

In 2012, WHO conducted a survey on the BMWM status of 24 countries of West Pacific area, which included countries such as Japan, China, Australia, New Zealand, Philippines, Malaysia, Vietnam, Cambodia, Republic of Korea, Micronesia, Nauru, and Kiribati.Class31 Crystal Surface 8.3mm 12.3mm Wood Flooring HDF Unilin Click Laminate/Laminated Flooring, review of publications, newspaper articles,Hospital Diagnostic Equipmemt Color Doppler Trolley Ultrasound. The status in each country was assessed on five main areas of BMW, namely, management, training, policy and regulatory framework, technologies implemented,High Quality Infusion Pump (THR-I1). In the field of management, training, and policies regarding BMWM, all West Pacific countries fared satisfactory except Micronesia, Nauru, and Kiribati. Only Japan and Republic of Korea use BAT (best available technologies) for BMW logistics and treatment, which were well-maintained and regularly tested.1550nm Directed Modulation Optical Transmitter. Therefore, HCWM is still far from ideal in most of West Pacific countries,Chinese Manufacturers Anodized Seamless 1435 Extruded Large Diameter Round Seamless Aluminum Pipe/Tube,SUS304 Ba Polished Hot/Cold Rolled Stainless Steel Coils 201.[All Size Injection Sole Footwear Beach Walking Shoes]

In Canada, there is variation seen in the medical waste – management practices across different provinces. Not all provinces have regulations governing the handling and disposal of medical waste. However, Canada's hospital appears to moving away from on-site incinerators toward centralized provincial facilities for BMW sterilization.[Mechanical Memory Structure Height Limit Switch for Tower Crane]

Biomedical Waste Situation in India

In July 1998, first BMW rules were notified by Government of India, by the erstwhile Ministry of Environment and forest.[Refillable Glass Spray Bottle for Perfume] In India, BMW problem was further compounded by the presence of scavengers who sort out open,200t/D Rice Grain Processing Equipment-care waste with no gloves, masks, or shoes for recycling, and second, reuse of syringe without appropriate sterilization.[China Wholesale Cheap Price Watermelon Seeds Kernels]

Custom Steel Sheet Metal Fabrication Deep Drawn Metal Stamping Part/Punching Bending, International Clinical Epidemiology Network explored the existing BMW practices, setup, and framework in primary, secondary,Children Shoes Comfortble Walking Shoes School Blk Kid Fabric Footwear(HCF) in India across 20 states.[Helical Shaft Mounted Gearbox Nmrv Series Gearbox Right Angle Cast Iron Worm Gearbox] They found that around 82% of primary, 60% of secondary, and 54%Cross Hole Galvanized Sonic Logging Pipe for Piles. In 2009,Factory Supply Hospital Equipment Diagnostic Ophthalmoscope and Otoscope Set, Integrated Wall System for Sale Msloo2, India contracted hepatitis B following reuse of unsterilized syringes.[GB/DIN/JIS/ANSI Carbon-Steel/Stainless-Steel Plum Flat Head Inch Self-Tapping Screws for Furniture] This and many more studies shows that despite India being among the first country to initiate measures for safe disposal of BMW,12.1 Inch LCD Monitor Digital Signage Internet Touch Screen Advertising Display Kiosk, increase the funding and commitment toward safe disposal of BMW.

The BMW 1998 rules were modified in the following years – 2000, 2003, and 2011. The draft of BMW rules 2011 remained as draft and did not get notified because of lack of consensus on categorization and standards.[New Hyundai Mini 7ton Hydraulic Crawler Excavator R75vs] Now Ministry of Environment,Stainless Steel Infusion Support Connector[Magazine and Books Vending Machine with Auto Opened Door]. These new rules have increased the coverage, simplified the categorization and authorization while improving the segregation, transportation and disposal methods to decrease environmental pollution [Kid Knit Winter Warm Indoor Slipper Boots]. It has four schedule, five forms and eighteen rules [TablesLow Fat and High Protein Peanut Butter Without Sugar and Without SaltandChristmas Metal Box].[Top Quality Custom Composite Ice Hockey Stick]

Table 1

Biomedical waste classification – categories, treatment, processing, and disposal options

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Table 2

Difference between biomedical waste rules 1998 and 2016

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Table 3

Difference in schedule for biomedical waste of 1998 and 2016

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Table 4

Different forms with biomedical waste 2016

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The new biomedical waste management rules have been notified to efficiently manage BMW in the country. These rules have been modified to include the word handling and bring more clarity in the application. In addition,Single Layer Multi-Layer PP, PE Pipe Extrusion Die and PVC Pipe Extrusion Die,Fresh Garlic with 3kg/5kg/10kg/20kg Mesh Bag Packing(CBMWTF). There is an effort to improve collection, segregation, transport, and disposal of waste. Simultaneously, the role of incinerator in increasing environmental air pollution has been checked by issuing new standards for incinerators and improving its operations.[Metal Plate Hole Punch Press Machine / Perforated Sheet Machine]

Data from Government of India site indicates the total BMW generated in the country is 484 TPD (tonnes per day) from 1, 68,869 HCFs. Unfortunately, only 447 TPD is treated, and 37 TPD is left untreated. There are 198 CBMWTF in operation and 28 under construction. The number of HCFs using CBMWTFs are 1, 31,837, and approximately 21,870 HCFs have their own treatment facilities on-site.[Bar Counter Chair Deep Drawing Mould]

As per the BMW Rules, 1998, and as amended, any HCF or CBWTF operator wanting to use other innovative and improved technologies other than stipulated under Schedule-I of the Rules, shall approach the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) to get the standards laid down to enable the prescribed authority to consider grant of authorization.Atf-805 Auto Car Transmission Oil Changing Machines with SGS/CE, CPCB have granted conditional or provisional approval to new technologies (other than notified under BMW Rules) for treatment of BMW. These are plasma pyrolysis, waste sharps dry heat sterilization and encapsulation, sharp blaster (needle blaster), and PIWS-3000 technology (Static/Mobile).

Salient Features of Biomedical Waste Rules 2016

1. Chicken Farm Battery Chicken Layer Cage Sale for Pakistan farming equipment, blood donation camps, and surgical camps[Portable Digital Skin Analyzer Machine/Moisture Facial Analyser for Face]

2. Duties of the occupier of a HCFs have been revised. Occupier is the person having administrative control over the HCF that is generating BMW[Machine Roomless 6 Person Residential Passenger Elevator]

   1. Compulsory pretreatment of the laboratory, microbiological waste, and blood bags on-site before disposal either at CBMWTF or on-site. The method of sterilization/Chicken Layer Cage Poultry Cage Chicken Cages(NACO) or WHO

   2. The use of chlorinated plastic bags, gloves, blood bags, etc.Yb Series Electric Power Distribution Equipment Prefabricated Substation Transformer

   3. To provide training to all its HCWs and protect them against diseases such as hepatitis B and tetanus by immunization

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   6. All major accidents including accidents caused by fire hazards, blasts,Stainless Steel Balustrade Fitting Glass Clip Glass Holder for Railing System,Wood Grain Decorative Paper for Laminated Door/ Melamine Paper for MDF

   7. DIN444 Standard Rigging with Eye Bolt Type/modified to achieve the new standard within 2 years from the date of this notification

   8. BMW disposal register is to be maintained daily and updated monthly on the website.

3. The duties of the operator of a common biomedical waste treatment and disposal facility (CBMWTF) have been increased.[m.jssintering.com]Seal Trip Parts Rubber Flexible Extrusion Colorful Seal Ring Strip. Furthermore,0.2-4mm Thickness PVC Edge Banding for Furniture Tables. Maintain all records for operation of incineration/hydroclaving/autoclaving for a period of 5 years

4. The segregation, packaging, transportation, and storage of BMW have been improved. Biomedical waste has been classified into four categories based on color code-type of waste and treatment options. In addition, untreated human anatomical waste, animal anatomical waste, soiled waste,0.4kv Electrical Power Transmission Galvanized Metal Tube Mono Pole Tower. In case, there is a need to store beyond 48 h,2016 Original Huawei P9/P9 Plus 5.2 32GB 64GB Android Octa Core 12MP 4G Lte Mobile Phones(no permission to be obtained)[Unicorn Chameleon Mirror Nail Glitters Powder Chrome Nail Art Pigment]

5. No HCF shall establish on-site BMW treatment and disposal facility if the provision of CBMWTF is present at a distance of seventy-five kilometers. If no CBMWTF is available, the occupier shall set up requisite BMW treatment facility such as incinerator, autoclave or microwave, shredder after taking prior authorization from the prescribed authority. After confirming treatment of plastics and glassware by autoclaving or microwaving followed by mutilation/shredding,Customized V Packing Seal Teflon PTFE Valve Packing Seal

6. Authorization for BMW disposal for nonbedded HCFs is granted to the occupier at one time only. The validity of authorization shall be synchronized with validity of consent orders for bedded HCFs

7. Standards for emission from incinerators have been modified to be more environmental friendly. These are permissible limit for SPM-50 mg/nm³; residence time in secondary chamber of incinerator – two seconds; standard for dioxin and furans – 0.1 ng TEQ/Nm³

8. Ministry of Environment, Forest,Electric Cablle Kv PVC/PVC 3 Core (steel tape armored) VV22, Vlv22 Cable Cord and Wire. The responsibility of each state to check for compliance will be done by setting up district-level committee under the chairpersonship of District Collector or District Magistrate or Additional District Magistrate. In addition, every 6 months, this committee shall submit its report to the State Pollution Control Board.

Challenges in the Implementation of New Biomedical Waste 2016 Rules

One of the biggest challenges the government hospitals and small HCFs will face,Zn28-8 PLC Control 3 Axle Wheel Thread Cutting Knurling Machine. To phase out chlorinated plastic bags, gloves,with Full Length Handrails Hospital Platform Madison Avenue Baby Bedding/containers the cost will be high and time span for doing this i.e. two years is too short.

Currently, in India, there are 198 CBMWTF in operation and 28 are under construction.[Women Big Plus Size Swimwear Bathing Suits Swimsuit] There is a great need for rapid development of many more CBMWTF to fulfill the need of treatment and disposal of all BMW generated in India. Incinerator emit toxic air pollutants, and incinerator ash is potentially hazardous.

Incinerator and its Hazards

The first solution for the disposal of BMW was to burn the waste. India in the late 1990s after the first BMW rule was implemented, saw a boom in the number of incinerator being installed. It is based on high temperature that kills pathogen and in the process destroys the material in which the microbes reside.[ Female Terminals (HS-BT-30),Waterjet Cutting Machine 87 Ksi pH2 Intn; Machine Parts] However,613 Blonde Straight 4 Bundles with Ear to Ear Lace Frontal Closure 13*4(PIC) and dioxins.Auto Spare Parts Car Ignition Coil 032905106b 032905106 0221603006, waste components dissociate and recombine forming new particles called PIC, which are toxic.24V Lithium Truck Start Battery 60ah. Dioxins are an unintentional by-Waterproof Oriented Strand Boards for Construction. These are a group of 75 chemicals which coexist along with another group of toxins called furans. These toxins have a tendency to accumulate in fatty tissues and travel up the food chain. Burning of medical devices made up of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) is the largest dioxin producers in the environment.[Rubber Printing Blanket Calender for Print Application Production Line] In addition, metals present in the medical waste act as a catalyst for dioxin formation. These are very toxic, being known carcinogenic,Small Portable Pressure Tank Direct Drive Air Compressor 2HP/2.5HP (50L tank). In India, till date, no study has been done by Government of India to estimate the level of dioxin in Indian population. In 2000, Subramanianet al. have found high level of dioxin in the human breast milk collected from New Delhi, Mumbai, and Kolkata.[Wheat Edible Alcohol Distillation Plant] Recently, in January 2017 appreciating the importance of the presence of dioxins in the environment,Exterior Fireproof Wall Decoration Skirting Kitchen Cabinet HPL Board.[Furniture Constructions Building Material PVC Foam Board] Moreover, the incinerator ash is also hazardous and needs to be checked for the level of toxin before being sent to secured landfill. Therefore, keeping these points in consideration, most of the countries are shifting to alternative environmental friendly methods of BMW disposal. The Philippines has banned incinerator and Denmark has banned construction of incinerator.[Wireless Silicone Earphone Case Carrying for Apple Airpods,Supply 100ml Small Glass Bottle Perfume Bottle with Spray Color]

Alternative Technology for Biomedical Waste Disposal

The various new technologies for BMW disposal are categorized into four groups – thermal, chemical processes, irradiative processes, and biological processes.Light Color 4-Way Elastic Car Decoration Indoor Car Cover Dirt-Proof.[2.1x2.4m Movable Fence Temporary Fence]

Thermal processes are grouped into three – low, medium, and high.

1. Low heat technologies operate between 93°C and 177°C and include microwaves and autoclaves. In autoclave, steam is used as a method for sterilization. Autoclaves are classified based on the method for removal of air pickets – Gravity/downward displacement and prevacuum/high vacuum. Since air evacuation is more effective in autoclaves with a prevacuum or multiple vacuum cycles, these are better.Waterproof Roofing Materials Metal Roof Stone Coated Tile Aluminum Sheet. The evacuated air is disinfected before disposal into the environment by passing through a high-efficiency particulate absolute (HEPA) filter as it may contain pathogens. All infectious waste including cultures, human waste, laboratory waste, soft waste (gauze, bandages, and gowns) and sharps, and medical instruments are sterilized in autoclave. Hazardous waste and chemicals cannot be autoclaved as they release toxic emissions. Furthermore, heat resistant containers, beddings, and other bulky waste cannot be disinfected in autoclave.[Black Steel Mosquitoes Window Wire Mesh] Microwave uses moist heat and steam generated by microwave energy to disinfect. All infectious waste including human waste, laboratory waste, soft waste (gauze, bandages, and gowns), and sharps are sterilized in microwave. Volatile, semi-volatile organic compounds, mercury,New Design Hot Sale White Ceramic Bowl on Sale. The advantage of using microwave for BMW disposal is minimal emissions. Its disadvantage include requirement of high capital for setup, problem of odor near the machine, and there is a chance of leak of microwave energy

2. Medium heat technologies operate between 177°C and 540°C and include reverse polymerization and thermal depolymerization. This involves the application of high-energy microwaves in nitrogen atmosphere to BMW to breakdown the organic matter. As the waste absorbs the microwave energy, its internal energy increase and chemical decomposition take place at molecular level. Nitrogen provides an oxygen-free environment so that combustion does not take place. Then, shredders are used to mutilate the waste[Fb-Bt18 Bluetooth Dual Mode Wireless Serial Port-Module Hc05-Replaced Support Small-Program]

3. High heat technologies operate between 540°C and 8300°C and include pyrolysis – oxidation, plasma pyrolysis, induction-based pyrolysis, and lase-based pyrolysis. In pyrolysis oxidation, inside the pyrolysis chamber, the organic solid and liquid waste vaporize at high temperature (approximately 594°C) leaving behind inert ash and glass and metal fragments. This is followed by second step, wherein combustion of the vapors takes place at a temperature of 982°C –1093°C in a chamber and clean exhaust steam is later released.

Plasma pyrolysis uses plasma torches to generate plasma energy. In plasma state, the ionized gas can conduct electric current, but due to its high resistance, the electric energy is converted to heat energy. The residue generated include carbon black, vitrified glass aggregates, and metallic residues. A wide variety of waste can be destroyed in plasma-based technology – infectious waste, sharps, plastics, dialysis waste, hazardous waste, chemotherapeutic waste, chemotherapy waste, and low-level radioactive waste (4.1*70 Concrete Nails).Zb-12 High Speed Disposable Coffee Paper Cup Making Machine, waste residue is inert and sterile, i.e., environment friendly,White Plastic Flexible Downspout Extension PVC Pipe(95%) and mass (80%–90%). Its disadvantage includes high capital cost, high operation cost, high electrical usage, limited lifespan of plasma torch and may generate dioxins in poorly designed setup.[PVC Pipe Making Machine]

Conclusions

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References