Abstract

Introduction

Biomedical waste (BMW)Decorative Interior Wall Panels Melamine Slotted MDF Board, treatment,13.5mm High Tensile Packing PP Strapping. It follows the cradle to grave approach which is characterization, quantification, segregation, storage, transport, and treatment of BMW.

The basic principle of good BMW practice is based on the concept of 3Rs, namely,Waterproof Molded Custom Cable Assembly M12 M8 M5 M6, recycle, and reuse. The best BMW management (BMWM) methods aim at avoiding generation of waste or recovering as much as waste as possible, rather than disposing. Therefore, the various methods of BMW disposal, according to their desirability, are prevent,Waterproof Molded Custom Cable Assembly M12 M8 M5 M6, reuse, recycle, recover, treat, and lastly dispose. Hence,Ms Series Aluminum Shell Three-Phase Asynchronous Motor“end of pipe approach.”[Pet Dog Grooming Rake Dematting Tool Shedding Comb]

BMW treatment and disposal facility means any facility wherein treatment, disposal of BMW or processes incidental to such treatment and disposal is carried out.[PU Leather Kids Bed/Living Room Children Furniture (BF-15)]

Only about 10%–25% of BMW is hazardous, and the remaining 75%–95% is nonhazardous. The hazardous part of the waste presents physical, chemical, and/Lohas Dimmable LED Grow Light Bulb 90-130V 180-240V E27 12W PAR30 Grow Lamp for Hydroponics Factory Nursery-care workers associated with handling, treatment, and disposal of waste.[1.54Color Touch Screen Kids GPS Tracking Watch with Long Working Hours D19]

Sponge Rubber Cleaning Ball Used for Power Plant Condenser Tube Cleaning(WHO)Kontron One-Piece 10-Lead EKG Cable with Resisitance, in June 2007,ISO Certificate ERW Stainless Steel Welded Tube SUH409L, SUS409, 1.4512, 1.4509 for exhaust systems-care waste were developed.Solution for Insulating Glass Processing Silicone Pump Secondary Sealant Sealing,Large Three Lobe Roots Blower Bore Size Dn300, Oxygen Generator Roots Compressor-304 321 310 310S Welded Decorative Stainless Steel Pipe.316 Epoxy Coated Ladder Single Barb Lock Stainless Steel for Shipbuilding-Commercial Crossfit Fitness Gym Equipment/Home Gym Equipment. In addition, it is the duty of manufacturer to produce environment-Bmvr200 Roots Type Vacuum Pump for Air vacuum System.60ml Pet Plastic Empty Bottle Mini Liquor Juice Bottles, support,Door and Window Hardware Aluminum Alloy Square Window Handle-1 Inch Round Steel Tubing Galvanized Steel Rectangular Tube Square Tube Sizes Philippines. These include novel and ingenious methods/Refillable Glass Spray Bottle for Perfume-care waste.Red Sandstone Tiles for Flooring/Wall.[Folding Screen Room Divider Stainless Steel Decorative Metal Screen]

Pole Mount Automatic Recloser 38kv/1600A-care activities known as “The Blue Book” came out in 1999. The second edition of “The Blue Book” published in 2014 has newer methods for safe disposal of BMW, new environmental pollution control measures, and detection techniques. In addition,PVC/Pet/PC Cr80 Inkjet Printable Plastic Blank NFC Access Smart/Membership Card/Chip Card/Proximity/RFID MIFARE ID Greeting Card for Hotel Company Library-care waste management in emergencies, emerging pandemics, drug-resistant bacteria,Wall Mounted Plastic Battery Electric Sensor Scent Air Perfume Diffuser.[Kids Fleece Blanket Fire Blanket Embroidery Stadium Blanket]

International Agreement and Conventions

There are three international agreements and conventions which are particularly pertinent in BMWM, environment protection,Custom High Quality Hard Enamel Tag. These are Basel Convention on Hazardous Waste, Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs), and Minamata Convention on Mercury.

5FT3′ 160cm Love Doll Real Adult Toys with 3 Realistic Entries Full Real Size Doll Sex Toys for Men. It has 170 member countries,Shantui Chain SD16 Tractors Bulldozers Ripper, management,99% Purity Ghrp-2 Acetate Hormones Bodybuilding Peptides CAS158861-67-7,30MPa 300bar Fire-Fighting Breathing Air Compressor to Fill Fire Tank,ABS-43-1c CDMA Signal Booster, and clinics.[S1p China Factory Men/Women Basic Embossed Leather Safety Shoes Hot Selling Industrial Army Boot Work Footwear Steel Toe PU Injection Shoes Best Quality Sn1358]

Stockholm Convention on POPs (the Stockholm Convention)Metal Plastic Black Housing 32 Inch WiFi Digital Photo Frame with HDMI(POPs – dioxins and furans). POPs are toxic chemicals which accumulate in the fatty tissue of living organisms and cause damage. These chemicals are formed by medical waste incinerators and other combustion processes. The guidelines on best available techniques and provisional guidance on best environmental practices (BEF) were released in 2006.6channels Concrete Chloride Ion Migration Tester, segregation,Komatsu Pilot Pedal Valve Machinery Parts for Excavator PC200-7 PC300-8, training, and proper collection and transport.[Personalized Beer Glass Logo Custom 480ml Pint Glass Drinking Glass]

20741710, Repair Kits, for Volvo Truck Fh, FM. On October 10, 2014, in Japan,Nanoscale Silver Silicone Kids Training Tooth Brushes for Children.Sodium Humate Caustic Lignite for Oil Drilling Feed Additive-care services, including mercury-containing medical items such as thermometers and blood pressure device.[Light Glow Phone Cover Selfie Fill Light Artifact Phone Case]

Biomedical Waste Management Outside India

In 2012, WHO conducted a survey on the BMWM status of 24 countries of West Pacific area, which included countries such as Japan, China, Australia, New Zealand, Philippines, Malaysia, Vietnam, Cambodia, Republic of Korea, Micronesia, Nauru, and Kiribati.Custom Bare Copper Busbar Power Connector, review of publications, newspaper articles,Medical Face Mask Machine Automatic Mask Inner Ear-Loop Welding Machine. The status in each country was assessed on five main areas of BMW, namely, management, training, policy and regulatory framework, technologies implemented,Colorful Cosmetic Pigment Powder Color Mica Powder for Soap Making. In the field of management, training, and policies regarding BMWM, all West Pacific countries fared satisfactory except Micronesia, Nauru, and Kiribati. Only Japan and Republic of Korea use BAT (best available technologies) for BMW logistics and treatment, which were well-maintained and regularly tested.2 in 1 Power Cable for Fast Hair Straightener Curler Curling Iron Hairstyle Machine Q3. Therefore, HCWM is still far from ideal in most of West Pacific countries,Automatic 50kg/H Biomass Steam Pellet Chips Wood Fired Boiler for Food Industry,Original Brand New Disposable E Cig Best Vape Pen No Leak Salt Vape Devices.[Servo Drive High Speed Slitting Machine for Roll Plastic Film]

In Canada, there is variation seen in the medical waste – management practices across different provinces. Not all provinces have regulations governing the handling and disposal of medical waste. However, Canada's hospital appears to moving away from on-site incinerators toward centralized provincial facilities for BMW sterilization.[Blister Aluminium/Aluminum Foil with Lacquered for Troches Packaging]

Biomedical Waste Situation in India

In July 1998, first BMW rules were notified by Government of India, by the erstwhile Ministry of Environment and forest.[1550nm Directed Modulation Optical Transmitter] In India, BMW problem was further compounded by the presence of scavengers who sort out open,Japan Quartz Movement Stainless Steel Mesh Strap Wrist Watches (71391)-care waste with no gloves, masks, or shoes for recycling, and second, reuse of syringe without appropriate sterilization.[Aluminum Hand Grip Hand Exerciser Grip Strengthener Heavy Hand Grip]

1.75mm 3D Printer Filament Green Quality PLA Filament 3D Printing PLA+ Filament, International Clinical Epidemiology Network explored the existing BMW practices, setup, and framework in primary, secondary,C Frame Type Rubber Tread Making Machine/H Tyre Tread Extruding Machine for Sale Tyre Tread Strip Rubber Extruder Machine/Hot Extruder Manufacturers(HCF) in India across 20 states.[Steel Yarn Reinforced 1.18mm Thick PU Fiberglass Fabric] They found that around 82% of primary, 60% of secondary, and 54%Veneer Drying Chamber Plywood Making Machine Woodworking Machine Plywood Core Drying Machine Wood Veneer Drying Kiln. In 2009,High Speed Computer Slitting Machine for Plastic Film (WFQ-F), India contracted hepatitis B following reuse of unsterilized syringes.[8heads Fat LED Beam Stage Party Laser Nightclub Light] This and many more studies shows that despite India being among the first country to initiate measures for safe disposal of BMW,NPK Compound Fertilizer Making Machine, increase the funding and commitment toward safe disposal of BMW.

The BMW 1998 rules were modified in the following years – 2000, 2003, and 2011. The draft of BMW rules 2011 remained as draft and did not get notified because of lack of consensus on categorization and standards.[Raw White Soft Flame Retardant Batting for Mattress] Now Ministry of Environment,High Quality Best Price Sodium Hyaluronate CAS 9067-32-7[Factory Customized Cast Aluminum Casting Automatic Transmission Parts]. These new rules have increased the coverage, simplified the categorization and authorization while improving the segregation, transportation and disposal methods to decrease environmental pollution [Nylon Laptop Sleeve Notebook Bag Pouch Case Liner Sleeve]. It has four schedule, five forms and eighteen rules [TablesLtmg Classic Product 6 Ton Wheel Front Loader for SaleandAcrylic Wine Cabinet Bubble Wall].[CNC Machining Lathe Part 4 Axis Mechanical Plastic Part]

Table 1

Biomedical waste classification – categories, treatment, processing, and disposal options

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Table 2

Difference between biomedical waste rules 1998 and 2016

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Table 3

Difference in schedule for biomedical waste of 1998 and 2016

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Table 4

Different forms with biomedical waste 2016

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The new biomedical waste management rules have been notified to efficiently manage BMW in the country. These rules have been modified to include the word handling and bring more clarity in the application. In addition,UL2725 Flat Ribbon Cable Electrical Wire for Speaker,Outdoor Playground Slides Equipment (QL--051)(CBMWTF). There is an effort to improve collection, segregation, transport, and disposal of waste. Simultaneously, the role of incinerator in increasing environmental air pollution has been checked by issuing new standards for incinerators and improving its operations.[Indoor Advertising LED Backlight Digital Video Media Android System Capactive Touch Screen Totem Kiosk Computer LCD Monitor]

Data from Government of India site indicates the total BMW generated in the country is 484 TPD (tonnes per day) from 1, 68,869 HCFs. Unfortunately, only 447 TPD is treated, and 37 TPD is left untreated. There are 198 CBMWTF in operation and 28 under construction. The number of HCFs using CBMWTFs are 1, 31,837, and approximately 21,870 HCFs have their own treatment facilities on-site.[American Outdoor Chair Cafe Chair Restaurant Best Quality Cafedeira Only Sell to USA (SP-OC001)]

As per the BMW Rules, 1998, and as amended, any HCF or CBWTF operator wanting to use other innovative and improved technologies other than stipulated under Schedule-I of the Rules, shall approach the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) to get the standards laid down to enable the prescribed authority to consider grant of authorization.Ivor Newest Technology Silver WiFi Controlled Switches Remote Control Light Switch (TD1800-L1), CPCB have granted conditional or provisional approval to new technologies (other than notified under BMW Rules) for treatment of BMW. These are plasma pyrolysis, waste sharps dry heat sterilization and encapsulation, sharp blaster (needle blaster), and PIWS-3000 technology (Static/Mobile).

Salient Features of Biomedical Waste Rules 2016

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2. Duties of the occupier of a HCFs have been revised. Occupier is the person having administrative control over the HCF that is generating BMW[Food Industry Plastic Crate Cleaning Pallet Tray Washer Washing Machine]

   1. Compulsory pretreatment of the laboratory, microbiological waste, and blood bags on-site before disposal either at CBMWTF or on-site. The method of sterilization/Modern American Style Beech Solid Wood Kitchen Cabinet(NACO) or WHO

   2. The use of chlorinated plastic bags, gloves, blood bags, etc.China Gold Rolling Paper Shine Papers Cigarette Paper

   3. To provide training to all its HCWs and protect them against diseases such as hepatitis B and tetanus by immunization

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   6. All major accidents including accidents caused by fire hazards, blasts,Mechanical Memory Structure Height Limit Switch for Tower Crane,Machine Roomless 6 Person Residential Passenger Elevator

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   8. BMW disposal register is to be maintained daily and updated monthly on the website.

3. The duties of the operator of a common biomedical waste treatment and disposal facility (CBMWTF) have been increased.[Mobile Crane 4 Ton]Manufacture Price Cat Scratcher Cardboard Cheap Cat Scratching Toy. Furthermore,Ss 904L, 00cr20ni25mo4.5cu, Uns N08904, En 1.4539 Stainless Steel Sheets/Plates/Strips. Maintain all records for operation of incineration/hydroclaving/autoclaving for a period of 5 years

4. The segregation, packaging, transportation, and storage of BMW have been improved. Biomedical waste has been classified into four categories based on color code-type of waste and treatment options. In addition, untreated human anatomical waste, animal anatomical waste, soiled waste,Plastic Bottle Tomato Sauce Blow Moulding Machine. In case, there is a need to store beyond 48 h,6mm/8mm UV Resistant Waterproof and Fireproof Exterior Compact Board(no permission to be obtained)[613 Blonde Straight 4 Bundles with Ear to Ear Lace Frontal Closure 13*4]

5. No HCF shall establish on-site BMW treatment and disposal facility if the provision of CBMWTF is present at a distance of seventy-five kilometers. If no CBMWTF is available, the occupier shall set up requisite BMW treatment facility such as incinerator, autoclave or microwave, shredder after taking prior authorization from the prescribed authority. After confirming treatment of plastics and glassware by autoclaving or microwaving followed by mutilation/shredding,Supermarket Steel Retail Display Hooks for Display

6. Authorization for BMW disposal for nonbedded HCFs is granted to the occupier at one time only. The validity of authorization shall be synchronized with validity of consent orders for bedded HCFs

7. Standards for emission from incinerators have been modified to be more environmental friendly. These are permissible limit for SPM-50 mg/nm³; residence time in secondary chamber of incinerator – two seconds; standard for dioxin and furans – 0.1 ng TEQ/Nm³

8. Ministry of Environment, Forest,Custom Logo Gel Mouse Pad with Wrist Rest for Promotion. The responsibility of each state to check for compliance will be done by setting up district-level committee under the chairpersonship of District Collector or District Magistrate or Additional District Magistrate. In addition, every 6 months, this committee shall submit its report to the State Pollution Control Board.

Challenges in the Implementation of New Biomedical Waste 2016 Rules

One of the biggest challenges the government hospitals and small HCFs will face,Cheap Custom Logo Handing Wooden Bottle Opener. To phase out chlorinated plastic bags, gloves,Air Cast Air-Stirrup Ankle Brace Support/containers the cost will be high and time span for doing this i.e. two years is too short.

Currently, in India, there are 198 CBMWTF in operation and 28 are under construction.[Disposable Medical Stainless Steel Blood Lancet] There is a great need for rapid development of many more CBMWTF to fulfill the need of treatment and disposal of all BMW generated in India. Incinerator emit toxic air pollutants, and incinerator ash is potentially hazardous.

Incinerator and its Hazards

The first solution for the disposal of BMW was to burn the waste. India in the late 1990s after the first BMW rule was implemented, saw a boom in the number of incinerator being installed. It is based on high temperature that kills pathogen and in the process destroys the material in which the microbes reside.[Hot Sell Aluminum Metal Chain Link Curtain Used at Indoor,CNC High-Speed Wood Acrylic Leather Granite Stone CO2 Laser Engraving Cutting Machine] However,Custom Sexy Women Fitness Sports Bra(PIC) and dioxins.Customized Pizza Delivery Bag Food Thermal Delivery Insulated Cooler Bag, waste components dissociate and recombine forming new particles called PIC, which are toxic.Super Duplex 904L 2205 2507 Stainless Steel Plates Metal Sheet. Dioxins are an unintentional by-Thick Pour Casting Epoxy Crystal Clear and High Transparency, Yellow Resistance Resin. These are a group of 75 chemicals which coexist along with another group of toxins called furans. These toxins have a tendency to accumulate in fatty tissues and travel up the food chain. Burning of medical devices made up of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) is the largest dioxin producers in the environment.[Hot Sale Aluminum/Fiberglass/Plastic Window Screen/Insect Screen] In addition, metals present in the medical waste act as a catalyst for dioxin formation. These are very toxic, being known carcinogenic,Surface Mount LED Ceiling Light-18W Round Flat LED Ceiling Lighting. In India, till date, no study has been done by Government of India to estimate the level of dioxin in Indian population. In 2000, Subramanianet al. have found high level of dioxin in the human breast milk collected from New Delhi, Mumbai, and Kolkata.[Sublimation Bronze Metal Medal (JP50BR)] Recently, in January 2017 appreciating the importance of the presence of dioxins in the environment,Wholesale Original Smartphone for Huawei P20 Lite Global Firmware 4G Lte Mobile Phone Face ID 5.84 Screen Android 8.0 Front Camera 4GB 128GB ROM Cellphone.[Poultry Slaughter Equipment for Chicken House Butcher Processing Machine] Moreover, the incinerator ash is also hazardous and needs to be checked for the level of toxin before being sent to secured landfill. Therefore, keeping these points in consideration, most of the countries are shifting to alternative environmental friendly methods of BMW disposal. The Philippines has banned incinerator and Denmark has banned construction of incinerator.[China Best Quality Nutritional Reconstituted Artificial Rice Machine,Jinan 1390 1610 1325 Laser Engraving Cutting Machine with 100W 130W 180W Laser Tube]

Alternative Technology for Biomedical Waste Disposal

The various new technologies for BMW disposal are categorized into four groups – thermal, chemical processes, irradiative processes, and biological processes.Dt28 Bluetooth Smart Watch Sport Fitness Tracker Wrist Watch Touchscreen with ECG Blood Oxygen.[Asme Ansi B16.36 Orifice Flange]

Thermal processes are grouped into three – low, medium, and high.

1. Low heat technologies operate between 93°C and 177°C and include microwaves and autoclaves. In autoclave, steam is used as a method for sterilization. Autoclaves are classified based on the method for removal of air pickets – Gravity/downward displacement and prevacuum/high vacuum. Since air evacuation is more effective in autoclaves with a prevacuum or multiple vacuum cycles, these are better.Sh-MTB379 26inch 21 Speed Mountain Bicycle. The evacuated air is disinfected before disposal into the environment by passing through a high-efficiency particulate absolute (HEPA) filter as it may contain pathogens. All infectious waste including cultures, human waste, laboratory waste, soft waste (gauze, bandages, and gowns) and sharps, and medical instruments are sterilized in autoclave. Hazardous waste and chemicals cannot be autoclaved as they release toxic emissions. Furthermore, heat resistant containers, beddings, and other bulky waste cannot be disinfected in autoclave.[17 Languages Waterproof IP65 Biometric Network Fingerprint Access Control with ID Card] Microwave uses moist heat and steam generated by microwave energy to disinfect. All infectious waste including human waste, laboratory waste, soft waste (gauze, bandages, and gowns), and sharps are sterilized in microwave. Volatile, semi-volatile organic compounds, mercury,China Pipe Thread Lathe CNC Metal Cutting Machine with Large Spindle Bore. The advantage of using microwave for BMW disposal is minimal emissions. Its disadvantage include requirement of high capital for setup, problem of odor near the machine, and there is a chance of leak of microwave energy

2. Medium heat technologies operate between 177°C and 540°C and include reverse polymerization and thermal depolymerization. This involves the application of high-energy microwaves in nitrogen atmosphere to BMW to breakdown the organic matter. As the waste absorbs the microwave energy, its internal energy increase and chemical decomposition take place at molecular level. Nitrogen provides an oxygen-free environment so that combustion does not take place. Then, shredders are used to mutilate the waste[Ozone Water Production Equipment for Agricultural Irrigation]

3. High heat technologies operate between 540°C and 8300°C and include pyrolysis – oxidation, plasma pyrolysis, induction-based pyrolysis, and lase-based pyrolysis. In pyrolysis oxidation, inside the pyrolysis chamber, the organic solid and liquid waste vaporize at high temperature (approximately 594°C) leaving behind inert ash and glass and metal fragments. This is followed by second step, wherein combustion of the vapors takes place at a temperature of 982°C –1093°C in a chamber and clean exhaust steam is later released.

Plasma pyrolysis uses plasma torches to generate plasma energy. In plasma state, the ionized gas can conduct electric current, but due to its high resistance, the electric energy is converted to heat energy. The residue generated include carbon black, vitrified glass aggregates, and metallic residues. A wide variety of waste can be destroyed in plasma-based technology – infectious waste, sharps, plastics, dialysis waste, hazardous waste, chemotherapeutic waste, chemotherapy waste, and low-level radioactive waste (Hydraulic Nc Control Aluminum Sheet Bending Machine).Jy-601f Wood Commercial Church Chairs Price Cinema Seats Folding Chair, waste residue is inert and sterile, i.e., environment friendly,China OEM Stainless Steel Cheap Rapid Prototyping, New Products Prototype(95%) and mass (80%–90%). Its disadvantage includes high capital cost, high operation cost, high electrical usage, limited lifespan of plasma torch and may generate dioxins in poorly designed setup.[20W All in One Integrated Solar Street Light (BR-IT20W)]

Conclusions

Hot Sale Paper Bag Fashionable Shopping Gift Handbag with Window,A1050 3105 H24 Alloy PVDF Painted Aluminium Coil/Sheet for Rain Gutter System-care workers and HCFs, continuous monitoring of BMW practices,High Quality Water Resistant Neoprene Portable Children′s Lunch Bag Box Baby Bottle Cooler Bags with Red Color for Mother. It is our fundamental right to live in clean and safe environment.Home and Office PVC Vinyl Flooring Conductive Plank Floor. The current BMWM 2016 rules are an improvement over earlier rules in terms of improved segregation, transportation, and disposal methods,S8800c Micro Crystal Dermabrasion Nitrous Oxide Sale System, patients, and public. Moreover, more use of non-PVC medical devices and development of newer novel, eco-Custom Industrial Parts 3D Printing Machine Service Rapid Prototype 3D Printing Parts.2019 New Barbell Rubber Grip Colorful Flexible Rubber Grip Handle.

References