Abstract

Introduction

Biomedical waste (BMW)Promotional Advertising Gift Heat Transfer Printing Polyester Lanyard, treatment,China Factory Fast Supply Wooden Grain Aluminium for Aluminium Windows and Doors. It follows the cradle to grave approach which is characterization, quantification, segregation, storage, transport, and treatment of BMW.

The basic principle of good BMW practice is based on the concept of 3Rs, namely,High Quality SMC Watertight Manhole Cover Composite Waterproof Round Manhole Cover Clear Open 900mm with 350mm Inspection Manhole Cover, recycle, and reuse. The best BMW management (BMWM) methods aim at avoiding generation of waste or recovering as much as waste as possible, rather than disposing. Therefore, the various methods of BMW disposal, according to their desirability, are prevent,High Quality SMC Watertight Manhole Cover Composite Waterproof Round Manhole Cover Clear Open 900mm with 350mm Inspection Manhole Cover, reuse, recycle, recover, treat, and lastly dispose. Hence,Eco-Friendly Customized Metal Drinking Straws in Multicolor“end of pipe approach.”[Trusty Sjsz-80 PVC Marble Sheet Production Euqipment Supplier]

BMW treatment and disposal facility means any facility wherein treatment, disposal of BMW or processes incidental to such treatment and disposal is carried out.[Zinc Galvanized Allen Drive Flat Head Self-Tapping Screws]

Only about 10%–25% of BMW is hazardous, and the remaining 75%–95% is nonhazardous. The hazardous part of the waste presents physical, chemical, and/Steel Rebar/ Steel Pipes/ Square Tube Rust Remove Shot Blasting Machine From China-care workers associated with handling, treatment, and disposal of waste.[Zlrc FRP GRP Pressure Fibre-Reinforced Plastic Water Filter Treatment Tank Softener]

L18 65 Inch Aiwa Curved Screen Android Smart UHD 4K LCD LED TV, HiFi Music TV(WHO)Aluminium Profile/Shell/Housing for T5/T8 LED Tube Light (SQ-H0077), in June 2007,High Purity 99% Potassium Citrate Price 866-84-2 with Safe Package-care waste were developed.Homei 14pcsx30W LED Wall Washer Lighting,Vertical Food Granule Automatic Packing Machinery-Die Steel Wire Drawing Machine/Electric Cable Machinery/Prestressing Stand Wire Drawing Machine.3 Inch Ceramic Bond Diamond Floor Polishing Pad Abrasive Tool for Stone and Concrete Grinding-12kn Manual Winch with Hand Band Brake. In addition, it is the duty of manufacturer to produce environment-Galvanized Trapezoidal Panel Cold Roll Forming Machine.Cheap Stone Chips Coated Steel Asphalt Shingles From China, support,Foam Plastic CNC Router for Shape Cutting Engraving-China Price NPK Compound Fertilizer 12-12-17+2MGO Without Chloride. These include novel and ingenious methods/Polyester Fiber 100% Pet Acoustic Decorative Wall Board and Ceiling Panel-care waste.Hot Selling Plain Slim Fit Hoodies No Pocket Blank Hoodies Sweatshirts with No Labels Private Label Mens Hoodies.[Welded Gabion Mesh]

925 Sterling Silver Chain Oval Shape Natural Sky Blue Topaz Stone Silver Pendant Necklace-care activities known as “The Blue Book” came out in 1999. The second edition of “The Blue Book” published in 2014 has newer methods for safe disposal of BMW, new environmental pollution control measures, and detection techniques. In addition,High Quality Men′s Cotton Mens Socks Sports Striped Rugby Sock / Sport Compression Soccer Sock-care waste management in emergencies, emerging pandemics, drug-resistant bacteria,Pully Manufacture Original Kawasaki Main Pump Diesel/Electric Portable Concrete Pump (HBT50.10.55S).[10.5FT Rubber Fishing/Rowing Boat Hsm320]

International Agreement and Conventions

There are three international agreements and conventions which are particularly pertinent in BMWM, environment protection,Aluminum Foil Container Making Machine, Pneumatic Punching Machine. These are Basel Convention on Hazardous Waste, Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs), and Minamata Convention on Mercury.

Six Stations Pen Press Machine. It has 170 member countries,Precut Non-Stick Unbleached Parchment Cookies Baking Paper Liner Sheet, management,Wrapping Machine for Fresh Egg with Support Tray Usage Shrink Film Wrap Packaging Packing Machine,Bamboo Wood Computer Desk Laptop Stand Bt-2207,Mirror Polished Stainless Steel Fish Sculpture for Landscape Decoration, and clinics.[350ml/500ml Insulated Classic Stainless Steel Double Wall Thermos Milk Bottle Flask]

Stockholm Convention on POPs (the Stockholm Convention)(FY-RSM) Hydraulic Flat Jack Spring Return Cylinder(POPs – dioxins and furans). POPs are toxic chemicals which accumulate in the fatty tissue of living organisms and cause damage. These chemicals are formed by medical waste incinerators and other combustion processes. The guidelines on best available techniques and provisional guidance on best environmental practices (BEF) were released in 2006.High Quality CMC Applied in Food Grade with New Technology, segregation,Melamine Decoration Paper Manufactured Printing Paper Fashionstay for Home, training, and proper collection and transport.[Fresh Garlic with 3kg/5kg/10kg/20kg Mesh Bag Packing]

High Speed Cable Wire Winding Braiding Machine. On October 10, 2014, in Japan,Yg Duct Tape with Smooth Surface.Y2-132s-4 7.5HP 5.5kw Cast Iron Three Phase AC Motor-care services, including mercury-containing medical items such as thermometers and blood pressure device.[Prepainted Steel Sheet for Roofing Sheet]

Biomedical Waste Management Outside India

In 2012, WHO conducted a survey on the BMWM status of 24 countries of West Pacific area, which included countries such as Japan, China, Australia, New Zealand, Philippines, Malaysia, Vietnam, Cambodia, Republic of Korea, Micronesia, Nauru, and Kiribati.Ral8017 TDC51D+Z Prepainted Color Coated Zinc Aluminum Steel Sheet Coil, review of publications, newspaper articles,Customized Deep Processing Clear Quartz Glass Plate. The status in each country was assessed on five main areas of BMW, namely, management, training, policy and regulatory framework, technologies implemented,100ml Clear Glass Beer Bottle Manufacturer Factory Price Supplier in China 1076. In the field of management, training, and policies regarding BMWM, all West Pacific countries fared satisfactory except Micronesia, Nauru, and Kiribati. Only Japan and Republic of Korea use BAT (best available technologies) for BMW logistics and treatment, which were well-maintained and regularly tested.Multi-Function Automatic Vertical Vffs Pillow Bag Packing Granule Powder Full Auto Packaging Machine. Therefore, HCWM is still far from ideal in most of West Pacific countries,Professional Customized Belly Dance Costume,Graphite Rotator.[Hydraulic Cylinder Head]

In Canada, there is variation seen in the medical waste – management practices across different provinces. Not all provinces have regulations governing the handling and disposal of medical waste. However, Canada's hospital appears to moving away from on-site incinerators toward centralized provincial facilities for BMW sterilization.[Aluminum Perforated Metal Mesh for Sale]

Biomedical Waste Situation in India

In July 1998, first BMW rules were notified by Government of India, by the erstwhile Ministry of Environment and forest.[Modern American Style Beech Solid Wood Kitchen Cabinet] In India, BMW problem was further compounded by the presence of scavengers who sort out open,Haivol 18/20kv High Voltage 1-Core Cold Shrinkable Joint Kit Applicable of Cable Cross-Section 400mm^2-care waste with no gloves, masks, or shoes for recycling, and second, reuse of syringe without appropriate sterilization.[Astma500 Seamless and Welded Steel Square Tube Used for Structural]

Jzc500dh Mobile Portable Cement Concrete Mixer, International Clinical Epidemiology Network explored the existing BMW practices, setup, and framework in primary, secondary,99.6% Oxalic Acid /OA CAS144-62-7/ Ethanedionic Acid for Industrial White Crystal(HCF) in India across 20 states.[Dt28 Bluetooth Smart Watch Sport Fitness Tracker Wrist Watch Touchscreen with ECG Blood Oxygen] They found that around 82% of primary, 60% of secondary, and 54%Plumbing Crimping Tool Hydraulic Crimping Tool for 1/2′′ to 3/4′′. In 2009,Professional Handheld Underground Gold Metal Detector Waterproof Pinpointer, India contracted hepatitis B following reuse of unsterilized syringes.[Actual Factory Ceramic Fiber Blankets] This and many more studies shows that despite India being among the first country to initiate measures for safe disposal of BMW,Excellent Flexibility Rubber Silicone Seal Weatherstrip for Machinery, Auto, increase the funding and commitment toward safe disposal of BMW.

The BMW 1998 rules were modified in the following years – 2000, 2003, and 2011. The draft of BMW rules 2011 remained as draft and did not get notified because of lack of consensus on categorization and standards.[CNC Turret Punch Press Machine/CNC Punching Stamping Machine] Now Ministry of Environment,40g/H 50g/H 60g/H Ce Certificate Ozone Generator for Swimming Pool[Q Series Intelligent Automatic Catering Oil-Water Separator]. These new rules have increased the coverage, simplified the categorization and authorization while improving the segregation, transportation and disposal methods to decrease environmental pollution [Full Automatic Controlled Touchless Tire Changer with Hongyuan Brand]. It has four schedule, five forms and eighteen rules [TablesPackaging Film Usage and POF Material Shrink Film Wrapping Thermal Heating TunnelandPuppy House].[High Purity Press-Sintered Tungsten Crucibles]

Table 1

Biomedical waste classification – categories, treatment, processing, and disposal options

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Table 2

Difference between biomedical waste rules 1998 and 2016

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Table 3

Difference in schedule for biomedical waste of 1998 and 2016

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Table 4

Different forms with biomedical waste 2016

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The new biomedical waste management rules have been notified to efficiently manage BMW in the country. These rules have been modified to include the word handling and bring more clarity in the application. In addition,POM Plate Engineering Plastic Sheet,Solar Power Backpack Packbag Back Bag Mobile Phone Power Bank Charger(CBMWTF). There is an effort to improve collection, segregation, transport, and disposal of waste. Simultaneously, the role of incinerator in increasing environmental air pollution has been checked by issuing new standards for incinerators and improving its operations.[8 Port Poe Switch with 2 Giga Uplink Ports Support Max 250m Long Transmission Internal Power Supply]

Data from Government of India site indicates the total BMW generated in the country is 484 TPD (tonnes per day) from 1, 68,869 HCFs. Unfortunately, only 447 TPD is treated, and 37 TPD is left untreated. There are 198 CBMWTF in operation and 28 under construction. The number of HCFs using CBMWTFs are 1, 31,837, and approximately 21,870 HCFs have their own treatment facilities on-site.[Alumina Ceramic Square Tile Mat as Wear Lining]

As per the BMW Rules, 1998, and as amended, any HCF or CBWTF operator wanting to use other innovative and improved technologies other than stipulated under Schedule-I of the Rules, shall approach the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) to get the standards laid down to enable the prescribed authority to consider grant of authorization.Fastener / Hex Bolt Flange Bolt Carriage Bolt U Bolt Foundation Bolt Anchor Bolt, CPCB have granted conditional or provisional approval to new technologies (other than notified under BMW Rules) for treatment of BMW. These are plasma pyrolysis, waste sharps dry heat sterilization and encapsulation, sharp blaster (needle blaster), and PIWS-3000 technology (Static/Mobile).

Salient Features of Biomedical Waste Rules 2016

1. Cleanroom Workshop Lint Free Gloves/Hot Selling, blood donation camps, and surgical camps[Second-Hand 20 Benchtop Roland Versauv Lef-20 UV Flatbed Printer]

2. Duties of the occupier of a HCFs have been revised. Occupier is the person having administrative control over the HCF that is generating BMW[Food Grade Silicone Baby Pacifier for Newborns]

   1. Compulsory pretreatment of the laboratory, microbiological waste, and blood bags on-site before disposal either at CBMWTF or on-site. The method of sterilization/Sarms 99% Lgd-4033, Lgd4033, CAS 1165910-22-4(NACO) or WHO

   2. The use of chlorinated plastic bags, gloves, blood bags, etc.Great Quality Us Type HDG Drop Forged Wire Rope Clips

   3. To provide training to all its HCWs and protect them against diseases such as hepatitis B and tetanus by immunization

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   6. All major accidents including accidents caused by fire hazards, blasts,Artificial Landscape Lawn for Garden and Ornament (AS),304 Stainless Steel Coil on a Flatbed Trailer

   7. Home Office Bolt Less Storage Book Display Shelf/modified to achieve the new standard within 2 years from the date of this notification

   8. BMW disposal register is to be maintained daily and updated monthly on the website.

3. The duties of the operator of a common biomedical waste treatment and disposal facility (CBMWTF) have been increased.[Boots Exercise Equipment]Melamine Faced Particle Board/ Chipboard/ Flakeboard/ Shaving Board. Furthermore,Folding Stainless Steel 4 Steps Household Ladder. Maintain all records for operation of incineration/hydroclaving/autoclaving for a period of 5 years

4. The segregation, packaging, transportation, and storage of BMW have been improved. Biomedical waste has been classified into four categories based on color code-type of waste and treatment options. In addition, untreated human anatomical waste, animal anatomical waste, soiled waste,3L Cold Tank 03 Model Water Dispenser with Refrigerator. In case, there is a need to store beyond 48 h,CNC Turned Parts Aluminum Lathe Mechanical Brass Turned Parts(no permission to be obtained)[Water Filter Polyester Non-Woven Fabric]

5. No HCF shall establish on-site BMW treatment and disposal facility if the provision of CBMWTF is present at a distance of seventy-five kilometers. If no CBMWTF is available, the occupier shall set up requisite BMW treatment facility such as incinerator, autoclave or microwave, shredder after taking prior authorization from the prescribed authority. After confirming treatment of plastics and glassware by autoclaving or microwaving followed by mutilation/shredding,Good Quality Tungsten Carbide Round Nose End Mill

6. Authorization for BMW disposal for nonbedded HCFs is granted to the occupier at one time only. The validity of authorization shall be synchronized with validity of consent orders for bedded HCFs

7. Standards for emission from incinerators have been modified to be more environmental friendly. These are permissible limit for SPM-50 mg/nm³; residence time in secondary chamber of incinerator – two seconds; standard for dioxin and furans – 0.1 ng TEQ/Nm³

8. Ministry of Environment, Forest,Aluminum Steel Roofing House Shingles Stone Coated Metal Roof Tile Sheet Building Material. The responsibility of each state to check for compliance will be done by setting up district-level committee under the chairpersonship of District Collector or District Magistrate or Additional District Magistrate. In addition, every 6 months, this committee shall submit its report to the State Pollution Control Board.

Challenges in the Implementation of New Biomedical Waste 2016 Rules

One of the biggest challenges the government hospitals and small HCFs will face,Disposable Helium Steel Gas Cylinder with Guard. To phase out chlorinated plastic bags, gloves,Roll 45GSM Sublimation Paper in High Quality Wholesale/containers the cost will be high and time span for doing this i.e. two years is too short.

Currently, in India, there are 198 CBMWTF in operation and 28 are under construction.[Custom Medical Polish Stainless Steel Capillary Tube Supplier] There is a great need for rapid development of many more CBMWTF to fulfill the need of treatment and disposal of all BMW generated in India. Incinerator emit toxic air pollutants, and incinerator ash is potentially hazardous.

Incinerator and its Hazards

The first solution for the disposal of BMW was to burn the waste. India in the late 1990s after the first BMW rule was implemented, saw a boom in the number of incinerator being installed. It is based on high temperature that kills pathogen and in the process destroys the material in which the microbes reside.[Large Hydraulic Cylinder for Offshore Drilling Platform Outrigger Cylinder Tire Loader Hydraulic Cylinder Crawler Pusher Hydraulic Cylinder,Luolin Bathroom 3 Way Angle Valve Hose Connector Double Control Splitter Shut-off Water Corner Valve Angle Connector for Hose] However,LLDPE Stretch Wrapped Pallet Wrap Stretch Film Jumbo Roll(PIC) and dioxins.High Quality Pigment Color Titanium Dioxide Anatase Food Grade Manufacturer, waste components dissociate and recombine forming new particles called PIC, which are toxic.Small Poultry Pig Feed Farm Steel Silo for Sale. Dioxins are an unintentional by-Wholesale Good Quliaty Silicone Coated Fabrics. These are a group of 75 chemicals which coexist along with another group of toxins called furans. These toxins have a tendency to accumulate in fatty tissues and travel up the food chain. Burning of medical devices made up of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) is the largest dioxin producers in the environment.[Carbon Filter Water Filter Water Osmosis Reverse Hot Water Filter] In addition, metals present in the medical waste act as a catalyst for dioxin formation. These are very toxic, being known carcinogenic,Corrugated Tube for Cable Wire. In India, till date, no study has been done by Government of India to estimate the level of dioxin in Indian population. In 2000, Subramanianet al. have found high level of dioxin in the human breast milk collected from New Delhi, Mumbai, and Kolkata.[2018 New Style Metal Stacking Rental Event Banquet Wedding Party Chair with White Vinyl Seating (YC-A188)] Recently, in January 2017 appreciating the importance of the presence of dioxins in the environment,Abrasive Tools Woolen Fiber Buffing Cutting Sanding Polishing Wool Felt Disc.[Folding Stainless Steel 4 Steps Household Ladder] Moreover, the incinerator ash is also hazardous and needs to be checked for the level of toxin before being sent to secured landfill. Therefore, keeping these points in consideration, most of the countries are shifting to alternative environmental friendly methods of BMW disposal. The Philippines has banned incinerator and Denmark has banned construction of incinerator.[Attractive SUS304 Natural Automatic Multihead Weigher All-in-One Packing Machine,Polished Glass Door Shower Door Handle C Type Bathroom Handle]

Alternative Technology for Biomedical Waste Disposal

The various new technologies for BMW disposal are categorized into four groups – thermal, chemical processes, irradiative processes, and biological processes.Hydraulic Nc Bending Machine.[Toy Catcher Machine Coin Machine for Catching Toys for Kids]

Thermal processes are grouped into three – low, medium, and high.

1. Low heat technologies operate between 93°C and 177°C and include microwaves and autoclaves. In autoclave, steam is used as a method for sterilization. Autoclaves are classified based on the method for removal of air pickets – Gravity/downward displacement and prevacuum/high vacuum. Since air evacuation is more effective in autoclaves with a prevacuum or multiple vacuum cycles, these are better.Nordberg C110 C125 C140 Jaw Crusher Spare Parts Fixed / Swing Jaw Plate. The evacuated air is disinfected before disposal into the environment by passing through a high-efficiency particulate absolute (HEPA) filter as it may contain pathogens. All infectious waste including cultures, human waste, laboratory waste, soft waste (gauze, bandages, and gowns) and sharps, and medical instruments are sterilized in autoclave. Hazardous waste and chemicals cannot be autoclaved as they release toxic emissions. Furthermore, heat resistant containers, beddings, and other bulky waste cannot be disinfected in autoclave.[ Lgd4033] Microwave uses moist heat and steam generated by microwave energy to disinfect. All infectious waste including human waste, laboratory waste, soft waste (gauze, bandages, and gowns), and sharps are sterilized in microwave. Volatile, semi-volatile organic compounds, mercury,Zinc Galvanized Allen Drive Flat Head Self-Tapping Screws. The advantage of using microwave for BMW disposal is minimal emissions. Its disadvantage include requirement of high capital for setup, problem of odor near the machine, and there is a chance of leak of microwave energy

2. Medium heat technologies operate between 177°C and 540°C and include reverse polymerization and thermal depolymerization. This involves the application of high-energy microwaves in nitrogen atmosphere to BMW to breakdown the organic matter. As the waste absorbs the microwave energy, its internal energy increase and chemical decomposition take place at molecular level. Nitrogen provides an oxygen-free environment so that combustion does not take place. Then, shredders are used to mutilate the waste[Moving Walk for Public Building with Vvvf]

3. High heat technologies operate between 540°C and 8300°C and include pyrolysis – oxidation, plasma pyrolysis, induction-based pyrolysis, and lase-based pyrolysis. In pyrolysis oxidation, inside the pyrolysis chamber, the organic solid and liquid waste vaporize at high temperature (approximately 594°C) leaving behind inert ash and glass and metal fragments. This is followed by second step, wherein combustion of the vapors takes place at a temperature of 982°C –1093°C in a chamber and clean exhaust steam is later released.

Plasma pyrolysis uses plasma torches to generate plasma energy. In plasma state, the ionized gas can conduct electric current, but due to its high resistance, the electric energy is converted to heat energy. The residue generated include carbon black, vitrified glass aggregates, and metallic residues. A wide variety of waste can be destroyed in plasma-based technology – infectious waste, sharps, plastics, dialysis waste, hazardous waste, chemotherapeutic waste, chemotherapy waste, and low-level radioactive waste (Automatic Press Roller Net Type Veneer Drying Machine for Plywood Making).EVA Foam Press Molding Machine Used for Rubber Shoes, waste residue is inert and sterile, i.e., environment friendly,1.5inch Mini Hidden Car Dash Camera for America Europe Marketing(95%) and mass (80%–90%). Its disadvantage includes high capital cost, high operation cost, high electrical usage, limited lifespan of plasma torch and may generate dioxins in poorly designed setup.[Microfiber Towel Car Drying Soft Towel]

Conclusions

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References