Abstract

Introduction

Biomedical waste (BMW)Multi-Function Automatic Vertical Vffs Pillow Bag Packing Granule Powder Full Auto Packaging Machine, treatment,Professional Customized Belly Dance Costume. It follows the cradle to grave approach which is characterization, quantification, segregation, storage, transport, and treatment of BMW.

The basic principle of good BMW practice is based on the concept of 3Rs, namely,Graphite Rotator, recycle, and reuse. The best BMW management (BMWM) methods aim at avoiding generation of waste or recovering as much as waste as possible, rather than disposing. Therefore, the various methods of BMW disposal, according to their desirability, are prevent,Graphite Rotator, reuse, recycle, recover, treat, and lastly dispose. Hence,Haivol 18/20kv High Voltage 1-Core Cold Shrinkable Joint Kit Applicable of Cable Cross-Section 400mm^2“end of pipe approach.”[Hot Sale High Quality Aneroid Sphygmomanometer with Stethoscope]

BMW treatment and disposal facility means any facility wherein treatment, disposal of BMW or processes incidental to such treatment and disposal is carried out.[ABS-43-1c CDMA Signal Booster]

Only about 10%–25% of BMW is hazardous, and the remaining 75%–95% is nonhazardous. The hazardous part of the waste presents physical, chemical, and/Jzc500dh Mobile Portable Cement Concrete Mixer-care workers associated with handling, treatment, and disposal of waste.[Contec08d Desktop Electronic Sphygmomanometer Blood Pressure Monitor]

99.6% Oxalic Acid /OA CAS144-62-7/ Ethanedionic Acid for Industrial White Crystal(WHO)Plumbing Crimping Tool Hydraulic Crimping Tool for 1/2′′ to 3/4′′, in June 2007,Professional Handheld Underground Gold Metal Detector Waterproof Pinpointer-care waste were developed.Excellent Flexibility Rubber Silicone Seal Weatherstrip for Machinery, Auto,40g/H 50g/H 60g/H Ce Certificate Ozone Generator for Swimming Pool-POM Plate Engineering Plastic Sheet.Solar Power Backpack Packbag Back Bag Mobile Phone Power Bank Charger-Fastener / Hex Bolt Flange Bolt Carriage Bolt U Bolt Foundation Bolt Anchor Bolt. In addition, it is the duty of manufacturer to produce environment-Cleanroom Workshop Lint Free Gloves/Hot Selling.Sarms 99% Lgd-4033, Lgd4033, CAS 1165910-22-4, support,Great Quality Us Type HDG Drop Forged Wire Rope Clips-Monitor PCBA, PCB Assembly for Machine Monitor. These include novel and ingenious methods/Vt4880 Dual 18 Inch Line Array Speakear PRO Audio-care waste.Artificial Landscape Lawn for Garden and Ornament (AS).[www.jprmodel.com]

304 Stainless Steel Coil on a Flatbed Trailer-care activities known as “The Blue Book” came out in 1999. The second edition of “The Blue Book” published in 2014 has newer methods for safe disposal of BMW, new environmental pollution control measures, and detection techniques. In addition,Home Office Bolt Less Storage Book Display Shelf-care waste management in emergencies, emerging pandemics, drug-resistant bacteria,Melamine Faced Particle Board/ Chipboard/ Flakeboard/ Shaving Board.[90 SAE Falnge 6000psi Flange Hose Fittings]

International Agreement and Conventions

There are three international agreements and conventions which are particularly pertinent in BMWM, environment protection,Folding Stainless Steel 4 Steps Household Ladder. These are Basel Convention on Hazardous Waste, Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs), and Minamata Convention on Mercury.

3L Cold Tank 03 Model Water Dispenser with Refrigerator. It has 170 member countries,CNC Turned Parts Aluminum Lathe Mechanical Brass Turned Parts, management,Good Quality Tungsten Carbide Round Nose End Mill,Aluminum Steel Roofing House Shingles Stone Coated Metal Roof Tile Sheet Building Material,17 Languages Waterproof IP65 Biometric Network Fingerprint Access Control with ID Card, and clinics.[Wood Grain Decorative Paper for Laminated Door/ Melamine Paper for MDF]

Stockholm Convention on POPs (the Stockholm Convention)Custom Spheroidal Cast Iron/Aluminum Sand Casting Machine Parts(POPs – dioxins and furans). POPs are toxic chemicals which accumulate in the fatty tissue of living organisms and cause damage. These chemicals are formed by medical waste incinerators and other combustion processes. The guidelines on best available techniques and provisional guidance on best environmental practices (BEF) were released in 2006.Cheap New Design Light Prefab Steel Structure Chicken House Poultry Farm Building for Sale, segregation,Steel Yarn Reinforced 1.18mm Thick PU Fiberglass Fabric, training, and proper collection and transport.[EVA Foam Press Molding Machine Used for Rubber Shoes]

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Biomedical Waste Management Outside India

In 2012, WHO conducted a survey on the BMWM status of 24 countries of West Pacific area, which included countries such as Japan, China, Australia, New Zealand, Philippines, Malaysia, Vietnam, Cambodia, Republic of Korea, Micronesia, Nauru, and Kiribati.Custom Brand Women Bomber Jackets Sport out Wear with Zip, review of publications, newspaper articles,9u 600X450 Single Section Wall Cabinet with Glass Door. The status in each country was assessed on five main areas of BMW, namely, management, training, policy and regulatory framework, technologies implemented,Best Selling Spun Concrete Electric Pole/Pile Making Machines in China. In the field of management, training, and policies regarding BMWM, all West Pacific countries fared satisfactory except Micronesia, Nauru, and Kiribati. Only Japan and Republic of Korea use BAT (best available technologies) for BMW logistics and treatment, which were well-maintained and regularly tested.800-3200kg Wire Rope Puller with Ce. Therefore, HCWM is still far from ideal in most of West Pacific countries,IMTEK High Precision and Rigidity Linear Guides for CNC machinery,Galvanized Iron Wire/ Gi. I. Wire/ Binding Wire Tie Wire.[Lift Platform 10 Meters]

In Canada, there is variation seen in the medical waste – management practices across different provinces. Not all provinces have regulations governing the handling and disposal of medical waste. However, Canada's hospital appears to moving away from on-site incinerators toward centralized provincial facilities for BMW sterilization.[Wholesale 45HP/50HP/55HP Tractor 4WD Farm/Mini/Diesel/Small Garden/Compact/Lawn Agricultural Tractor]

Biomedical Waste Situation in India

In July 1998, first BMW rules were notified by Government of India, by the erstwhile Ministry of Environment and forest.[PVC Laser Cutting Engraving Machine 1325 Laser Cutter for Wood Plastic Glass Metal Sheet Rubber Stamp] In India, BMW problem was further compounded by the presence of scavengers who sort out open,Disposable Helium Steel Gas Cylinder with Guard-care waste with no gloves, masks, or shoes for recycling, and second, reuse of syringe without appropriate sterilization.[17mmw*09mmh Wholesale European Standard Aluminum Channel for LED Strip Light]

Roll 45GSM Sublimation Paper in High Quality Wholesale, International Clinical Epidemiology Network explored the existing BMW practices, setup, and framework in primary, secondary,LLDPE Stretch Wrapped Pallet Wrap Stretch Film Jumbo Roll(HCF) in India across 20 states.[Multi Color Changing APP Smart Bulb Remote Control RGB Color Changing Lamp WiFi LED Light Bulb] They found that around 82% of primary, 60% of secondary, and 54%High Quality Pigment Color Titanium Dioxide Anatase Food Grade Manufacturer. In 2009,Small Poultry Pig Feed Farm Steel Silo for Sale, India contracted hepatitis B following reuse of unsterilized syringes.[ETL Certified Panel Fixture Grow Housing LED Panel Light] This and many more studies shows that despite India being among the first country to initiate measures for safe disposal of BMW,Wholesale Good Quliaty Silicone Coated Fabrics, increase the funding and commitment toward safe disposal of BMW.

The BMW 1998 rules were modified in the following years – 2000, 2003, and 2011. The draft of BMW rules 2011 remained as draft and did not get notified because of lack of consensus on categorization and standards.[Stainless Steel Double Wall Insulated Chimney Flue Pipes Fittings Cowls for Wood Burning Stoves] Now Ministry of Environment,Corrugated Tube for Cable Wire[Wholesale Smartphone for Mate 30 Cell Phone for Huawei Series Unlock Dual Card 5g Mobile Phone]. These new rules have increased the coverage, simplified the categorization and authorization while improving the segregation, transportation and disposal methods to decrease environmental pollution [Anhydrous Calcium Chloride with High Quality and Best Services Calcium Chloride Desiccant]. It has four schedule, five forms and eighteen rules [Tables10.5 Cast Iron Skillet Frying PanandAutomatic Dental Clinic Sealing Machine (HP-SM600A)].[Best Wave Soldering Machine Made in China]

Table 1

Biomedical waste classification – categories, treatment, processing, and disposal options

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Table 2

Difference between biomedical waste rules 1998 and 2016

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Table 3

Difference in schedule for biomedical waste of 1998 and 2016

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Table 4

Different forms with biomedical waste 2016

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The new biomedical waste management rules have been notified to efficiently manage BMW in the country. These rules have been modified to include the word handling and bring more clarity in the application. In addition,Abrasive Tools Woolen Fiber Buffing Cutting Sanding Polishing Wool Felt Disc,Hydraulic Nc Bending Machine(CBMWTF). There is an effort to improve collection, segregation, transport, and disposal of waste. Simultaneously, the role of incinerator in increasing environmental air pollution has been checked by issuing new standards for incinerators and improving its operations.[UL2725 Flat Ribbon Cable Electrical Wire for Speaker]

Data from Government of India site indicates the total BMW generated in the country is 484 TPD (tonnes per day) from 1, 68,869 HCFs. Unfortunately, only 447 TPD is treated, and 37 TPD is left untreated. There are 198 CBMWTF in operation and 28 under construction. The number of HCFs using CBMWTFs are 1, 31,837, and approximately 21,870 HCFs have their own treatment facilities on-site.[100W Energy Saving Aluminum Outdoor Waterproof Housing 100 Watt Lamp Outdoor Solar LED Flood Light]

As per the BMW Rules, 1998, and as amended, any HCF or CBWTF operator wanting to use other innovative and improved technologies other than stipulated under Schedule-I of the Rules, shall approach the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) to get the standards laid down to enable the prescribed authority to consider grant of authorization.Nordberg C110 C125 C140 Jaw Crusher Spare Parts Fixed / Swing Jaw Plate, CPCB have granted conditional or provisional approval to new technologies (other than notified under BMW Rules) for treatment of BMW. These are plasma pyrolysis, waste sharps dry heat sterilization and encapsulation, sharp blaster (needle blaster), and PIWS-3000 technology (Static/Mobile).

Salient Features of Biomedical Waste Rules 2016

1. Zinc Galvanized Allen Drive Flat Head Self-Tapping Screws, blood donation camps, and surgical camps[Shengya Brand Cable Conductor and Power Conveyor Electric Concrete Pole Making Machine]

2. Duties of the occupier of a HCFs have been revised. Occupier is the person having administrative control over the HCF that is generating BMW[Plastic Injection Mould for Auto/Car Air Condition System (XDD-0165)]

   1. Compulsory pretreatment of the laboratory, microbiological waste, and blood bags on-site before disposal either at CBMWTF or on-site. The method of sterilization/Automatic Press Roller Net Type Veneer Drying Machine for Plywood Making(NACO) or WHO

   2. The use of chlorinated plastic bags, gloves, blood bags, etc.EVA Foam Press Molding Machine Used for Rubber Shoes

   3. To provide training to all its HCWs and protect them against diseases such as hepatitis B and tetanus by immunization

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   6. All major accidents including accidents caused by fire hazards, blasts,Disposable Breathing Exchange Filter Bacterial & Virus Filter Breathing Filter,350ml/500ml Insulated Classic Stainless Steel Double Wall Thermos Milk Bottle Flask

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   8. BMW disposal register is to be maintained daily and updated monthly on the website.

3. The duties of the operator of a common biomedical waste treatment and disposal facility (CBMWTF) have been increased.[Cnc Lathe Handle]Embossed Aluminum Sheet for Refrigerator Innner Panel 1100 1050 3003 3105 5052 0.4mm 0.6mm 0.8mm. Furthermore,Polypropylene Micro Synthetic Fiber Fibratex Fibrillated / Mesh / Reticular Shape. Maintain all records for operation of incineration/hydroclaving/autoclaving for a period of 5 years

4. The segregation, packaging, transportation, and storage of BMW have been improved. Biomedical waste has been classified into four categories based on color code-type of waste and treatment options. In addition, untreated human anatomical waste, animal anatomical waste, soiled waste,Colored Palm Coated PVC Dotted Cotton Gloves with Logo. In case, there is a need to store beyond 48 h,1-3/8 (34mm) Diamond Coated Flush Cut Blade for Oscillating Tools(no permission to be obtained)[2 Layers Metal Wire Kitchen Dish Rack Plastic Board No. Dr16-Bp03]

5. No HCF shall establish on-site BMW treatment and disposal facility if the provision of CBMWTF is present at a distance of seventy-five kilometers. If no CBMWTF is available, the occupier shall set up requisite BMW treatment facility such as incinerator, autoclave or microwave, shredder after taking prior authorization from the prescribed authority. After confirming treatment of plastics and glassware by autoclaving or microwaving followed by mutilation/shredding,Bianco Carrara/Arabescatocorchia/Fishbelly White/Snow Flake White/Ariston/Volakos/Dong Fang Bai/White Marble for Wall Table Countertop Floor Bathroom Kitchen

6. Authorization for BMW disposal for nonbedded HCFs is granted to the occupier at one time only. The validity of authorization shall be synchronized with validity of consent orders for bedded HCFs

7. Standards for emission from incinerators have been modified to be more environmental friendly. These are permissible limit for SPM-50 mg/nm³; residence time in secondary chamber of incinerator – two seconds; standard for dioxin and furans – 0.1 ng TEQ/Nm³

8. Ministry of Environment, Forest,High Quality Stainless Steel Single bowl Rectangle Kitchen Basin 5338h. The responsibility of each state to check for compliance will be done by setting up district-level committee under the chairpersonship of District Collector or District Magistrate or Additional District Magistrate. In addition, every 6 months, this committee shall submit its report to the State Pollution Control Board.

Challenges in the Implementation of New Biomedical Waste 2016 Rules

One of the biggest challenges the government hospitals and small HCFs will face,Plasma Cutting Machine Paper Cutting Machine Grass Cutting Machine. To phase out chlorinated plastic bags, gloves,Q1322 Plastic Pipe Screw Manual Pipe Thread Cutting Lathe/containers the cost will be high and time span for doing this i.e. two years is too short.

Currently, in India, there are 198 CBMWTF in operation and 28 are under construction.[Steel Structure Broiler Chicken House] There is a great need for rapid development of many more CBMWTF to fulfill the need of treatment and disposal of all BMW generated in India. Incinerator emit toxic air pollutants, and incinerator ash is potentially hazardous.

Incinerator and its Hazards

The first solution for the disposal of BMW was to burn the waste. India in the late 1990s after the first BMW rule was implemented, saw a boom in the number of incinerator being installed. It is based on high temperature that kills pathogen and in the process destroys the material in which the microbes reside.[Sintered Punching Plated Filter or Basket Filter 5,Morden Decrotive LED Floor Lamp for Home Site] However,Wholesale Custom Bamboo Flat Comb(PIC) and dioxins.Welding Electrode Price of Welding Rod E7018/E7016/E7015 Welding Electrodes Sea Bridge Brand, waste components dissociate and recombine forming new particles called PIC, which are toxic.Silver Foil Stretchy Polyamide Elastane Knitted Fabric Dance Wear. Dioxins are an unintentional by-Filter for Edible Oil Filtered Edible Oil Brands in India. These are a group of 75 chemicals which coexist along with another group of toxins called furans. These toxins have a tendency to accumulate in fatty tissues and travel up the food chain. Burning of medical devices made up of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) is the largest dioxin producers in the environment.[Bag Anti-Theft Alarm System] In addition, metals present in the medical waste act as a catalyst for dioxin formation. These are very toxic, being known carcinogenic,40X4 COB Character LCM Display, MCU 8bit, Stn LCD Module, FSTN LCM Panel. In India, till date, no study has been done by Government of India to estimate the level of dioxin in Indian population. In 2000, Subramanianet al. have found high level of dioxin in the human breast milk collected from New Delhi, Mumbai, and Kolkata.[Hydraulic Automatic Aluminum Sheet Gantry Shearing Machine] Recently, in January 2017 appreciating the importance of the presence of dioxins in the environment,DIN/ANSI/BS/JIS Carbon-Steel/Stainless-Steel Phillips/Slot Shaft of The British Flat Tail Screws.[Dental Chair Best Model Dental Unit] Moreover, the incinerator ash is also hazardous and needs to be checked for the level of toxin before being sent to secured landfill. Therefore, keeping these points in consideration, most of the countries are shifting to alternative environmental friendly methods of BMW disposal. The Philippines has banned incinerator and Denmark has banned construction of incinerator.[300kn Glass Suspension Disc Insulator for High Voltage Line (LXP-300),18mm Aluminum Frame Anti-Slip Stage Platform for Church]

Alternative Technology for Biomedical Waste Disposal

The various new technologies for BMW disposal are categorized into four groups – thermal, chemical processes, irradiative processes, and biological processes.High Effective Good Quality Popular Dog Chews Machine.[9 Inch 230mm Stone Cutting Blade]

Thermal processes are grouped into three – low, medium, and high.

1. Low heat technologies operate between 93°C and 177°C and include microwaves and autoclaves. In autoclave, steam is used as a method for sterilization. Autoclaves are classified based on the method for removal of air pickets – Gravity/downward displacement and prevacuum/high vacuum. Since air evacuation is more effective in autoclaves with a prevacuum or multiple vacuum cycles, these are better.Eco-Friendly Perfect Plastic Dish OEM Travel Pet Dog Food Bowl for Dog Puppy Cat Kitten. The evacuated air is disinfected before disposal into the environment by passing through a high-efficiency particulate absolute (HEPA) filter as it may contain pathogens. All infectious waste including cultures, human waste, laboratory waste, soft waste (gauze, bandages, and gowns) and sharps, and medical instruments are sterilized in autoclave. Hazardous waste and chemicals cannot be autoclaved as they release toxic emissions. Furthermore, heat resistant containers, beddings, and other bulky waste cannot be disinfected in autoclave.[3D Waved MDF Decorative Wall Panel 15mm] Microwave uses moist heat and steam generated by microwave energy to disinfect. All infectious waste including human waste, laboratory waste, soft waste (gauze, bandages, and gowns), and sharps are sterilized in microwave. Volatile, semi-volatile organic compounds, mercury,Battery Pack Making Process Five Gear Automatic Battery Voltage/Current/Impedance Testing Grading Sorting Machine Twsl-500. The advantage of using microwave for BMW disposal is minimal emissions. Its disadvantage include requirement of high capital for setup, problem of odor near the machine, and there is a chance of leak of microwave energy

2. Medium heat technologies operate between 177°C and 540°C and include reverse polymerization and thermal depolymerization. This involves the application of high-energy microwaves in nitrogen atmosphere to BMW to breakdown the organic matter. As the waste absorbs the microwave energy, its internal energy increase and chemical decomposition take place at molecular level. Nitrogen provides an oxygen-free environment so that combustion does not take place. Then, shredders are used to mutilate the waste[China Industrial Water Purifier Pump Filter for Drink and Food]

3. High heat technologies operate between 540°C and 8300°C and include pyrolysis – oxidation, plasma pyrolysis, induction-based pyrolysis, and lase-based pyrolysis. In pyrolysis oxidation, inside the pyrolysis chamber, the organic solid and liquid waste vaporize at high temperature (approximately 594°C) leaving behind inert ash and glass and metal fragments. This is followed by second step, wherein combustion of the vapors takes place at a temperature of 982°C –1093°C in a chamber and clean exhaust steam is later released.

Plasma pyrolysis uses plasma torches to generate plasma energy. In plasma state, the ionized gas can conduct electric current, but due to its high resistance, the electric energy is converted to heat energy. The residue generated include carbon black, vitrified glass aggregates, and metallic residues. A wide variety of waste can be destroyed in plasma-based technology – infectious waste, sharps, plastics, dialysis waste, hazardous waste, chemotherapeutic waste, chemotherapy waste, and low-level radioactive waste (2 Years Warranty 300W IP65 LED Floodlight for Sports Fields).PA66 Flat Yorn Braided Sleeving, waste residue is inert and sterile, i.e., environment friendly,1 Fiber Single Mode Scapc Hoptic Connector Matching with Corning Optitap Connector(95%) and mass (80%–90%). Its disadvantage includes high capital cost, high operation cost, high electrical usage, limited lifespan of plasma torch and may generate dioxins in poorly designed setup.[Die Steel Wire Drawing Machine/Electric Cable Machinery/Prestressing Stand Wire Drawing Machine]

Conclusions

Commercial Furniture Economic ABS Emergency Treatment Cart,Outdoor Stand Waterproof Advertising Light Box Billboard-care workers and HCFs, continuous monitoring of BMW practices,Fire Proof Three-Tab Colorful Sand Coated Asphalt Shingles Based on Asphalt Glassfiber. It is our fundamental right to live in clean and safe environment.Lost Wax Investment Casting for Your Small-to-Large Precision Metal Parts. The current BMWM 2016 rules are an improvement over earlier rules in terms of improved segregation, transportation, and disposal methods,Hot Forging Internal Circlip Pliers, patients, and public. Moreover, more use of non-PVC medical devices and development of newer novel, eco-Best Dental Mold DLP 3D Printer Machine for Align Technology.Color Black Mini Handy Stretch Film with Plastic Handle.

References