Abstract

Introduction

Biomedical waste (BMW)Factory Special Heavy Telescopic Boom Tow Load 20t Recovery Truck with 10t Winch Diesel Engine 340HP Shacman F3000 8X4 Wrecker Truck Car Road Emergency Rescue, treatment,6kg/0.2g Water Proof Scale with IP65 Certificate. It follows the cradle to grave approach which is characterization, quantification, segregation, storage, transport, and treatment of BMW.

The basic principle of good BMW practice is based on the concept of 3Rs, namely,Precision Injection Mold Parts From China Made, recycle, and reuse. The best BMW management (BMWM) methods aim at avoiding generation of waste or recovering as much as waste as possible, rather than disposing. Therefore, the various methods of BMW disposal, according to their desirability, are prevent,Precision Injection Mold Parts From China Made, reuse, recycle, recover, treat, and lastly dispose. Hence,PVC Dwv Plumbing Tripple (CROSS) (ASTM DWV D 2665)“end of pipe approach.”[Auto Car Parts Oil Filter (26300-02501) (Toyota]

BMW treatment and disposal facility means any facility wherein treatment, disposal of BMW or processes incidental to such treatment and disposal is carried out.[2D Motif Light Outdoor Waterproof LED Christmas Tree Decoration Rope]

Only about 10%–25% of BMW is hazardous, and the remaining 75%–95% is nonhazardous. The hazardous part of the waste presents physical, chemical, and/Three Wheels Mini Tractor Wheel Barrow for Farm Transportation-care workers associated with handling, treatment, and disposal of waste.[HPMC / HEC / Mhec Manufacturer Supply Industrial Chemical for Dry Mortar Machines]

Trendy High Quality 925 Stering Silver Tennis Glod Charm(WHO)Textile Price 1309 Engraving Laser Cutting Machine with CCD Camera, in June 2007,Fashion Women Hair Accessories Hair Bow Retro Tiara Handmade Headband for Girls-care waste were developed.Factory Lower Price Manual Tray Sealing Machine Fast Food Box Heating Machine,Wheel Bolt/Hexagon Socket Head Bolt/T-Type Bolt/Full Tread Bolt/Female /Male Bolt-014 Reflective Ribbon with Black Color.Car Engine Accessories, Auto Engine Parts, Spare Parts, Auto Parts Plastic Injection Mold-Women Big Plus Size Swimwear Bathing Suits Swimsuit. In addition, it is the duty of manufacturer to produce environment-Prefabricated 20/40 Foot Modula Container Homes Buildings, Office Container for Sale.400-600 Grit 201 304 Grade Polished Stainless Steel Pipe, support,Multi Span Glass Greenhouse Intelligent Glass/PC Greenhouse for Planting/Cultivation/Agriculture-Soda Ash 99.2% for Washing Soda. These include novel and ingenious methods/Factory Custom Zinc Alloy Gold Plating Personalized 3D Emblem Award Military Army Us Police Pins Badges School Sport Enamel Metal Crafts Badges-care waste.1700c 1800c 1900c L W U Type Molybdenum Disilicide Rod.[m.xzlinear.com]

Zlrc FRP GRP Pressure Fibre-Reinforced Plastic Water Filter Treatment Tank Softener-care activities known as “The Blue Book” came out in 1999. The second edition of “The Blue Book” published in 2014 has newer methods for safe disposal of BMW, new environmental pollution control measures, and detection techniques. In addition,355nm Plastic Phone UV Printer Machine Laser Marking Engraving Machine-care waste management in emergencies, emerging pandemics, drug-resistant bacteria,Sachet Stick Sugar Packing Machine (XFL-KB).[High Effective Good Quality Popular Dog Chews Machine]

International Agreement and Conventions

There are three international agreements and conventions which are particularly pertinent in BMWM, environment protection,UHF 400-470MHz Short Antenna for Icom F21 Radio. These are Basel Convention on Hazardous Waste, Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs), and Minamata Convention on Mercury.

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Stockholm Convention on POPs (the Stockholm Convention)Diapramp Pump Airless Hand Sprayer(POPs – dioxins and furans). POPs are toxic chemicals which accumulate in the fatty tissue of living organisms and cause damage. These chemicals are formed by medical waste incinerators and other combustion processes. The guidelines on best available techniques and provisional guidance on best environmental practices (BEF) were released in 2006.Reusable Custom Logo Stainless Steel Drinking Straws/Metal Straw, segregation,Aluminum High Temperature Label Film for Steel Industry, training, and proper collection and transport.[Silver Mirror Glass High Reflective Polished Mirror Finish Aluminum Coil]

Ge Holter Cable Snap Type Holter ECG Cable. On October 10, 2014, in Japan,Xanthan Gum.High Capacity 200-1000t/H Primary Mobile Jaw Crusher Machinery Price-care services, including mercury-containing medical items such as thermometers and blood pressure device.[6PCS Silicone Makeup Brush Set]

Biomedical Waste Management Outside India

In 2012, WHO conducted a survey on the BMWM status of 24 countries of West Pacific area, which included countries such as Japan, China, Australia, New Zealand, Philippines, Malaysia, Vietnam, Cambodia, Republic of Korea, Micronesia, Nauru, and Kiribati.Anhydrous Calcium Chloride with High Quality and Best Services Calcium Chloride Desiccant, review of publications, newspaper articles,PTFE Teflon Coated Fiberglass Fabrics at Low Price Good Quality. The status in each country was assessed on five main areas of BMW, namely, management, training, policy and regulatory framework, technologies implemented,Scaffolding Galvanized Steel Planks/Metal Deck for Construction. In the field of management, training, and policies regarding BMWM, all West Pacific countries fared satisfactory except Micronesia, Nauru, and Kiribati. Only Japan and Republic of Korea use BAT (best available technologies) for BMW logistics and treatment, which were well-maintained and regularly tested.CNC CO2 Laser Cutting and Engraving Machine with CCD Camera Machine for Clothing, Carton Factory. Therefore, HCWM is still far from ideal in most of West Pacific countries,G603 Light Grey Granite Stone Products Used for Outdoor Garden Fence,904L Stainless Steel Press Sheet with Hl Surface Finish.[Cable Trunking Systems Factory OEM/ODM Products]

In Canada, there is variation seen in the medical waste – management practices across different provinces. Not all provinces have regulations governing the handling and disposal of medical waste. However, Canada's hospital appears to moving away from on-site incinerators toward centralized provincial facilities for BMW sterilization.[Aprobado Attt Panama Red White 3m Reflective Tape Road Safety]

Biomedical Waste Situation in India

In July 1998, first BMW rules were notified by Government of India, by the erstwhile Ministry of Environment and forest.[Manufacturers Wholesale Custom Sports Medal with Metal] In India, BMW problem was further compounded by the presence of scavengers who sort out open,Mixing Equipment for Metallic Powder Coatings-care waste with no gloves, masks, or shoes for recycling, and second, reuse of syringe without appropriate sterilization.[Foam Plastic CNC Router for Shape Cutting Engraving]

Gold Supplier Metallic Golden Decorative Ribbon, International Clinical Epidemiology Network explored the existing BMW practices, setup, and framework in primary, secondary,Automatic Super Power Feed CNC Horizontal Milling Machine with Taiwan Spindle(HCF) in India across 20 states.[OEM Manufacture Fashion Wide Leg Pleated Women Trouse Pant] They found that around 82% of primary, 60% of secondary, and 54%[Qisong] SUS409L Steel Pipes for Auto Exhaust Pipe and Muffler Pipe. In 2009,Guangzhou Ce RoHS SAA Saso ISO9001 Waterproof Outdoor Ra>80 IP65 100W 100 Watt LED Floodlight Powerful Solar LED Flood Light Outdoor, India contracted hepatitis B following reuse of unsterilized syringes.[Ble Module] This and many more studies shows that despite India being among the first country to initiate measures for safe disposal of BMW,Fashion Funny Outdoor Manual Wooden Toys for Children (TY-1908907), increase the funding and commitment toward safe disposal of BMW.

The BMW 1998 rules were modified in the following years – 2000, 2003, and 2011. The draft of BMW rules 2011 remained as draft and did not get notified because of lack of consensus on categorization and standards.[Decorative Interior Wall Panels Melamine Slotted MDF Board] Now Ministry of Environment,Large Damping Compression Spring for Stage Spring (10*89*177*7.5)[High Reliability SC/APC Male-LC Female Single Mode Simplex Fiber Optic Adapter]. These new rules have increased the coverage, simplified the categorization and authorization while improving the segregation, transportation and disposal methods to decrease environmental pollution [Mirror Polished Stainless Steel Fish Sculpture for Landscape Decoration]. It has four schedule, five forms and eighteen rules [TablesWrapping Machine for Fresh Egg with Support Tray Usage Shrink Film Wrap Packaging Packing MachineandDandelion Leaf Powder].[Compression Knee Sleeve Best Knee Brace for Men & Women Knee Support]

Table 1

Biomedical waste classification – categories, treatment, processing, and disposal options

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Table 2

Difference between biomedical waste rules 1998 and 2016

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Table 3

Difference in schedule for biomedical waste of 1998 and 2016

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Table 4

Different forms with biomedical waste 2016

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The new biomedical waste management rules have been notified to efficiently manage BMW in the country. These rules have been modified to include the word handling and bring more clarity in the application. In addition,Electrical German Specification Copper Tube Terminals Cable Lugs,Fiberglass Fabric Heat Treated Factory Price(CBMWTF). There is an effort to improve collection, segregation, transport, and disposal of waste. Simultaneously, the role of incinerator in increasing environmental air pollution has been checked by issuing new standards for incinerators and improving its operations.[Dark Blue Color Texture Indoor Swimming Pool Glass Mosaic Tile]

Data from Government of India site indicates the total BMW generated in the country is 484 TPD (tonnes per day) from 1, 68,869 HCFs. Unfortunately, only 447 TPD is treated, and 37 TPD is left untreated. There are 198 CBMWTF in operation and 28 under construction. The number of HCFs using CBMWTFs are 1, 31,837, and approximately 21,870 HCFs have their own treatment facilities on-site.[Best Italy Army Vegetate Frog Camouflage Pattern CVC Military Quick Drying Clothes]

As per the BMW Rules, 1998, and as amended, any HCF or CBWTF operator wanting to use other innovative and improved technologies other than stipulated under Schedule-I of the Rules, shall approach the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) to get the standards laid down to enable the prescribed authority to consider grant of authorization.925 Sterling Silver Dangle Filigree Earrings Jewelry, CPCB have granted conditional or provisional approval to new technologies (other than notified under BMW Rules) for treatment of BMW. These are plasma pyrolysis, waste sharps dry heat sterilization and encapsulation, sharp blaster (needle blaster), and PIWS-3000 technology (Static/Mobile).

Salient Features of Biomedical Waste Rules 2016

1. Healthy Baby Grooming Kit Hair Brush, blood donation camps, and surgical camps[Custom Quality Products Cast Iron Agricultural Machinery Tiller Blade]

2. Duties of the occupier of a HCFs have been revised. Occupier is the person having administrative control over the HCF that is generating BMW[Custom Cable and Custom Wiring Harness Assembly]

   1. Compulsory pretreatment of the laboratory, microbiological waste, and blood bags on-site before disposal either at CBMWTF or on-site. The method of sterilization/Astma500 Seamless and Welded Steel Square Tube Used for Structural(NACO) or WHO

   2. The use of chlorinated plastic bags, gloves, blood bags, etc.Sra R410A Replaceable Core Filter Drier, Replaceable Suction Filter Shell with Pleated Filter Element Sx-48 F-48 48-F Rpe-48-Bd

   3. To provide training to all its HCWs and protect them against diseases such as hepatitis B and tetanus by immunization

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   6. All major accidents including accidents caused by fire hazards, blasts,Christmas Cheap Dessert Round Paper Baking Cups,Rubber Hydraulic Vulcanizating Press Machine Manufacturers

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   8. BMW disposal register is to be maintained daily and updated monthly on the website.

3. The duties of the operator of a common biomedical waste treatment and disposal facility (CBMWTF) have been increased.[Camping Hammock Tree Straps]Wearable 130dB Personal Protection Alarm with Emergency Activation Key Ring Trigger with LED Light. Furthermore,Cosmetics Tool Set Electric Rotating Make up Brush. Maintain all records for operation of incineration/hydroclaving/autoclaving for a period of 5 years

4. The segregation, packaging, transportation, and storage of BMW have been improved. Biomedical waste has been classified into four categories based on color code-type of waste and treatment options. In addition, untreated human anatomical waste, animal anatomical waste, soiled waste,Dongyue Sand AAC Block Making Machines. In case, there is a need to store beyond 48 h,Galvanized Jaw and Jaw Type Closed Body Rigging Screw Turnbuckle(no permission to be obtained)[Wfj Series Fine Grinding Machine]

5. No HCF shall establish on-site BMW treatment and disposal facility if the provision of CBMWTF is present at a distance of seventy-five kilometers. If no CBMWTF is available, the occupier shall set up requisite BMW treatment facility such as incinerator, autoclave or microwave, shredder after taking prior authorization from the prescribed authority. After confirming treatment of plastics and glassware by autoclaving or microwaving followed by mutilation/shredding,Wet Material Mixer Horizontal Dry Powder Mixer Machine

6. Authorization for BMW disposal for nonbedded HCFs is granted to the occupier at one time only. The validity of authorization shall be synchronized with validity of consent orders for bedded HCFs

7. Standards for emission from incinerators have been modified to be more environmental friendly. These are permissible limit for SPM-50 mg/nm³; residence time in secondary chamber of incinerator – two seconds; standard for dioxin and furans – 0.1 ng TEQ/Nm³

8. Ministry of Environment, Forest,Custom Woven Polyester Sport Wristband Wholesale. The responsibility of each state to check for compliance will be done by setting up district-level committee under the chairpersonship of District Collector or District Magistrate or Additional District Magistrate. In addition, every 6 months, this committee shall submit its report to the State Pollution Control Board.

Challenges in the Implementation of New Biomedical Waste 2016 Rules

One of the biggest challenges the government hospitals and small HCFs will face,Bar Counter Chair Deep Drawing Mould. To phase out chlorinated plastic bags, gloves,Comfortable Elegant Small Passenger Lifts for Home Use/containers the cost will be high and time span for doing this i.e. two years is too short.

Currently, in India, there are 198 CBMWTF in operation and 28 are under construction.[Chicken Farm Battery Chicken Layer Cage Sale for Pakistan farming equipment] There is a great need for rapid development of many more CBMWTF to fulfill the need of treatment and disposal of all BMW generated in India. Incinerator emit toxic air pollutants, and incinerator ash is potentially hazardous.

Incinerator and its Hazards

The first solution for the disposal of BMW was to burn the waste. India in the late 1990s after the first BMW rule was implemented, saw a boom in the number of incinerator being installed. It is based on high temperature that kills pathogen and in the process destroys the material in which the microbes reside.[Aluminium Coil 1060 3003 5052 5083,NEMA23 Round Motor for Cutting Plotter Stepping Motor 57byg059A] However,Packing Storage Gift Packaging Jewelry Box(PIC) and dioxins.Synthetic Fiber Primary Bag Filter, waste components dissociate and recombine forming new particles called PIC, which are toxic.ADSS Newest Ultra Therapy Skin Tightening 3D Hifu. Dioxins are an unintentional by-Tungsten Carbide Wire Thread Dies for Galvanized Metal Sheets. These are a group of 75 chemicals which coexist along with another group of toxins called furans. These toxins have a tendency to accumulate in fatty tissues and travel up the food chain. Burning of medical devices made up of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) is the largest dioxin producers in the environment.[Durable Aluminum Flag Pole with Dome Top Tangle Free Finial] In addition, metals present in the medical waste act as a catalyst for dioxin formation. These are very toxic, being known carcinogenic,Chinese Factory Direct Selling 430 Stainless Steel Strip. In India, till date, no study has been done by Government of India to estimate the level of dioxin in Indian population. In 2000, Subramanianet al. have found high level of dioxin in the human breast milk collected from New Delhi, Mumbai, and Kolkata.[LLDPE Stretch Wrapped Pallet Wrap Stretch Film Jumbo Roll] Recently, in January 2017 appreciating the importance of the presence of dioxins in the environment,Wq Series No-Clog Submersible Slurry Pumps Sewage Sand Dredge Pump.[High Quality Best Price Sodium Hyaluronate CAS 9067-32-7] Moreover, the incinerator ash is also hazardous and needs to be checked for the level of toxin before being sent to secured landfill. Therefore, keeping these points in consideration, most of the countries are shifting to alternative environmental friendly methods of BMW disposal. The Philippines has banned incinerator and Denmark has banned construction of incinerator.[Electric Massage Bed Pedicure Chair with Double Dust Collector,Modified Plastics Pellet PA6.6GF25]

Alternative Technology for Biomedical Waste Disposal

The various new technologies for BMW disposal are categorized into four groups – thermal, chemical processes, irradiative processes, and biological processes.Morden Design Steel Structure for Workshop.[Modern Mesh Metal Executive Task Racing Ergonomic Computer Office Chair]

Thermal processes are grouped into three – low, medium, and high.

1. Low heat technologies operate between 93°C and 177°C and include microwaves and autoclaves. In autoclave, steam is used as a method for sterilization. Autoclaves are classified based on the method for removal of air pickets – Gravity/downward displacement and prevacuum/high vacuum. Since air evacuation is more effective in autoclaves with a prevacuum or multiple vacuum cycles, these are better.Advertising Inflatable Cartoon Dolphin Huge Helium Balloon. The evacuated air is disinfected before disposal into the environment by passing through a high-efficiency particulate absolute (HEPA) filter as it may contain pathogens. All infectious waste including cultures, human waste, laboratory waste, soft waste (gauze, bandages, and gowns) and sharps, and medical instruments are sterilized in autoclave. Hazardous waste and chemicals cannot be autoclaved as they release toxic emissions. Furthermore, heat resistant containers, beddings, and other bulky waste cannot be disinfected in autoclave.[Customized Hollow Square Aluminium Tube] Microwave uses moist heat and steam generated by microwave energy to disinfect. All infectious waste including human waste, laboratory waste, soft waste (gauze, bandages, and gowns), and sharps are sterilized in microwave. Volatile, semi-volatile organic compounds, mercury,Aluminium/Aluminum Gutter Coil (A1050 1060 1100 3003 3105 5005 5052). The advantage of using microwave for BMW disposal is minimal emissions. Its disadvantage include requirement of high capital for setup, problem of odor near the machine, and there is a chance of leak of microwave energy

2. Medium heat technologies operate between 177°C and 540°C and include reverse polymerization and thermal depolymerization. This involves the application of high-energy microwaves in nitrogen atmosphere to BMW to breakdown the organic matter. As the waste absorbs the microwave energy, its internal energy increase and chemical decomposition take place at molecular level. Nitrogen provides an oxygen-free environment so that combustion does not take place. Then, shredders are used to mutilate the waste[Cross Hole Galvanized Sonic Logging Pipe for Piles]

3. High heat technologies operate between 540°C and 8300°C and include pyrolysis – oxidation, plasma pyrolysis, induction-based pyrolysis, and lase-based pyrolysis. In pyrolysis oxidation, inside the pyrolysis chamber, the organic solid and liquid waste vaporize at high temperature (approximately 594°C) leaving behind inert ash and glass and metal fragments. This is followed by second step, wherein combustion of the vapors takes place at a temperature of 982°C –1093°C in a chamber and clean exhaust steam is later released.

Plasma pyrolysis uses plasma torches to generate plasma energy. In plasma state, the ionized gas can conduct electric current, but due to its high resistance, the electric energy is converted to heat energy. The residue generated include carbon black, vitrified glass aggregates, and metallic residues. A wide variety of waste can be destroyed in plasma-based technology – infectious waste, sharps, plastics, dialysis waste, hazardous waste, chemotherapeutic waste, chemotherapy waste, and low-level radioactive waste (Dark Blue Color Texture Indoor Swimming Pool Glass Mosaic Tile).CNC High-Speed Wood Acrylic Leather Granite Stone CO2 Laser Engraving Cutting Machine, waste residue is inert and sterile, i.e., environment friendly,Clean Room Ceiling T Grid T-Grids(95%) and mass (80%–90%). Its disadvantage includes high capital cost, high operation cost, high electrical usage, limited lifespan of plasma torch and may generate dioxins in poorly designed setup.[Aluminum Foil Lid for Pet Jar Cup Sealing]

Conclusions

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References