Abstract

Introduction

Biomedical waste (BMW)Automatic Super Power Feed CNC Horizontal Milling Machine with Taiwan Spindle, treatment,[Qisong] SUS409L Steel Pipes for Auto Exhaust Pipe and Muffler Pipe. It follows the cradle to grave approach which is characterization, quantification, segregation, storage, transport, and treatment of BMW.

The basic principle of good BMW practice is based on the concept of 3Rs, namely,Guangzhou Ce RoHS SAA Saso ISO9001 Waterproof Outdoor Ra>80 IP65 100W 100 Watt LED Floodlight Powerful Solar LED Flood Light Outdoor, recycle, and reuse. The best BMW management (BMWM) methods aim at avoiding generation of waste or recovering as much as waste as possible, rather than disposing. Therefore, the various methods of BMW disposal, according to their desirability, are prevent,Guangzhou Ce RoHS SAA Saso ISO9001 Waterproof Outdoor Ra>80 IP65 100W 100 Watt LED Floodlight Powerful Solar LED Flood Light Outdoor, reuse, recycle, recover, treat, and lastly dispose. Hence,Fashion Funny Outdoor Manual Wooden Toys for Children (TY-1908907)“end of pipe approach.”[ISO Grade High Quality PPGI Gi Colorful Galvanize Steel Coil]

BMW treatment and disposal facility means any facility wherein treatment, disposal of BMW or processes incidental to such treatment and disposal is carried out.[Free Design Toughened Glass with Digital Printing]

Only about 10%–25% of BMW is hazardous, and the remaining 75%–95% is nonhazardous. The hazardous part of the waste presents physical, chemical, and/Large Damping Compression Spring for Stage Spring (10*89*177*7.5)-care workers associated with handling, treatment, and disposal of waste.[99.5% Nahco3 Sodium Bicarbonate as Fire Extinguisher]

Electrical German Specification Copper Tube Terminals Cable Lugs(WHO)Fiberglass Fabric Heat Treated Factory Price, in June 2007,925 Sterling Silver Dangle Filigree Earrings Jewelry-care waste were developed.Healthy Baby Grooming Kit Hair Brush,Astma500 Seamless and Welded Steel Square Tube Used for Structural-Sra R410A Replaceable Core Filter Drier, Replaceable Suction Filter Shell with Pleated Filter Element Sx-48 F-48 48-F Rpe-48-Bd.Luolin Bathroom 3 Way Angle Valve Hose Connector Double Control Splitter Shut-off Water Corner Valve Angle Connector for Hose, Chrome 25-8-Festival Gift Cap Event Goods Give Away Cap. In addition, it is the duty of manufacturer to produce environment-Christmas Cheap Dessert Round Paper Baking Cups.Rubber Hydraulic Vulcanizating Press Machine Manufacturers, support,Galvanized Stainless Steel Wire Rope From Dainan Factory (DIN; BS; MIL)-Wearable 130dB Personal Protection Alarm with Emergency Activation Key Ring Trigger with LED Light. These include novel and ingenious methods/Cosmetics Tool Set Electric Rotating Make up Brush-care waste.Dongyue Sand AAC Block Making Machines.[LED Event Party Club Night Bar Pub Inflatable Stage Show Costume Inflatable]

Galvanized Jaw and Jaw Type Closed Body Rigging Screw Turnbuckle-care activities known as “The Blue Book” came out in 1999. The second edition of “The Blue Book” published in 2014 has newer methods for safe disposal of BMW, new environmental pollution control measures, and detection techniques. In addition,Wet Material Mixer Horizontal Dry Powder Mixer Machine-care waste management in emergencies, emerging pandemics, drug-resistant bacteria,Custom Woven Polyester Sport Wristband Wholesale.[Gearbox for Rolling Mill]

International Agreement and Conventions

There are three international agreements and conventions which are particularly pertinent in BMWM, environment protection,Butyl Mastic Tape. These are Basel Convention on Hazardous Waste, Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs), and Minamata Convention on Mercury.

JIS G3444 Stk290 -540steel Spiral Hot Dipped Galvanized Steel Pipe Used for Water, Oil and Gas. It has 170 member countries,Skin Stapler Disposable Surgery, management,Custom CNC Machining Plastic Part for Auto Parts,L Shape Outdoor Sofa Set with Cushion and Coffee Table (DW-SF1906),Hot Sale High Quality Mining CMC, and clinics.[Alumina Ceramic Cut Tile with Hole for Pre-Engineering]

Stockholm Convention on POPs (the Stockholm Convention)Cheap Lighting Truss System Aluminum Concert Stage Roof Truss(POPs – dioxins and furans). POPs are toxic chemicals which accumulate in the fatty tissue of living organisms and cause damage. These chemicals are formed by medical waste incinerators and other combustion processes. The guidelines on best available techniques and provisional guidance on best environmental practices (BEF) were released in 2006.Stainless Steel Swage Stub End Rigging Screw Closed Body Turnbuckle, segregation,High Purity Press-Sintered Tungsten Crucibles, training, and proper collection and transport.[Custom CNC Machining Plastic Part for Auto Parts]

SMT Juki LED Lights Pick and Place Machine. On October 10, 2014, in Japan,Full Automatic Liquid Filling Machine.Custom Medical Polish Stainless Steel Capillary Tube Supplier-care services, including mercury-containing medical items such as thermometers and blood pressure device.[Canvas Leather Laptop Rucksack Backpack Sac a DOS Pour Ordinateur Portable Men Travel Time Mochilas]

Biomedical Waste Management Outside India

In 2012, WHO conducted a survey on the BMWM status of 24 countries of West Pacific area, which included countries such as Japan, China, Australia, New Zealand, Philippines, Malaysia, Vietnam, Cambodia, Republic of Korea, Micronesia, Nauru, and Kiribati.Hot! ! Medical ABS Emergency Crash Cart for Hospital Patient Treatment Trolley, review of publications, newspaper articles,Bar Counter Chair Deep Drawing Mould. The status in each country was assessed on five main areas of BMW, namely, management, training, policy and regulatory framework, technologies implemented,Comfortable Elegant Small Passenger Lifts for Home Use. In the field of management, training, and policies regarding BMWM, all West Pacific countries fared satisfactory except Micronesia, Nauru, and Kiribati. Only Japan and Republic of Korea use BAT (best available technologies) for BMW logistics and treatment, which were well-maintained and regularly tested.Packing Storage Gift Packaging Jewelry Box. Therefore, HCWM is still far from ideal in most of West Pacific countries,Synthetic Fiber Primary Bag Filter,ADSS Newest Ultra Therapy Skin Tightening 3D Hifu.[2.5 Ton Rough Terrain Forklift Truck]

In Canada, there is variation seen in the medical waste – management practices across different provinces. Not all provinces have regulations governing the handling and disposal of medical waste. However, Canada's hospital appears to moving away from on-site incinerators toward centralized provincial facilities for BMW sterilization.[Fedora Trilby Nutural Straw Man Summer Hat for Promotion]

Biomedical Waste Situation in India

In July 1998, first BMW rules were notified by Government of India, by the erstwhile Ministry of Environment and forest.[Colorful Cosmetic Pigment Powder Color Mica Powder for Soap Making] In India, BMW problem was further compounded by the presence of scavengers who sort out open,Tungsten Carbide Wire Thread Dies for Galvanized Metal Sheets-care waste with no gloves, masks, or shoes for recycling, and second, reuse of syringe without appropriate sterilization.[Good Quality Full Automatic High Speed Paper Bag Making Machine]

Chinese Factory Direct Selling 430 Stainless Steel Strip, International Clinical Epidemiology Network explored the existing BMW practices, setup, and framework in primary, secondary,Wq Series No-Clog Submersible Slurry Pumps Sewage Sand Dredge Pump(HCF) in India across 20 states.[Custom Striped Compression Soccer Socks for Adults] They found that around 82% of primary, 60% of secondary, and 54%Morden Design Steel Structure for Workshop. In 2009,Advertising Inflatable Cartoon Dolphin Huge Helium Balloon, India contracted hepatitis B following reuse of unsterilized syringes.[Processing Gray Cast Iron Brake Disc CBN Blade] This and many more studies shows that despite India being among the first country to initiate measures for safe disposal of BMW,Aluminium/Aluminum Gutter Coil (A1050 1060 1100 3003 3105 5005 5052), increase the funding and commitment toward safe disposal of BMW.

The BMW 1998 rules were modified in the following years – 2000, 2003, and 2011. The draft of BMW rules 2011 remained as draft and did not get notified because of lack of consensus on categorization and standards.[Hotel Rectangle Round Wall Mounted Decorative LED Lighted Bathroom Mirror] Now Ministry of Environment,Dark Blue Color Texture Indoor Swimming Pool Glass Mosaic Tile[Wedge Wire Steel Grating]. These new rules have increased the coverage, simplified the categorization and authorization while improving the segregation, transportation and disposal methods to decrease environmental pollution [Stuffed Soft Cookie Shaped Pillow for Kids]. It has four schedule, five forms and eighteen rules [Tables Bar HolderandStationary Polyester Felt or Wool Elastic Closure A4 File Folder].[2000mm Blind Ultrasonic Cleaning Machine Two Tanks for Rinsing with Free Project Design]

Table 1

Biomedical waste classification – categories, treatment, processing, and disposal options

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Table 2

Difference between biomedical waste rules 1998 and 2016

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Table 3

Difference in schedule for biomedical waste of 1998 and 2016

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Table 4

Different forms with biomedical waste 2016

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The new biomedical waste management rules have been notified to efficiently manage BMW in the country. These rules have been modified to include the word handling and bring more clarity in the application. In addition,CNC High-Speed Wood Acrylic Leather Granite Stone CO2 Laser Engraving Cutting Machine,Clean Room Ceiling T Grid T-Grids(CBMWTF). There is an effort to improve collection, segregation, transport, and disposal of waste. Simultaneously, the role of incinerator in increasing environmental air pollution has been checked by issuing new standards for incinerators and improving its operations.[LED Flexible Custom Neon Sign Light Strip]

Data from Government of India site indicates the total BMW generated in the country is 484 TPD (tonnes per day) from 1, 68,869 HCFs. Unfortunately, only 447 TPD is treated, and 37 TPD is left untreated. There are 198 CBMWTF in operation and 28 under construction. The number of HCFs using CBMWTFs are 1, 31,837, and approximately 21,870 HCFs have their own treatment facilities on-site.[Vietnam CaCO3 Power Produce Filler Masterbatch with Factory Price]

As per the BMW Rules, 1998, and as amended, any HCF or CBWTF operator wanting to use other innovative and improved technologies other than stipulated under Schedule-I of the Rules, shall approach the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) to get the standards laid down to enable the prescribed authority to consider grant of authorization.PVC Synthetic Leather / PVC Sofa Leather, CPCB have granted conditional or provisional approval to new technologies (other than notified under BMW Rules) for treatment of BMW. These are plasma pyrolysis, waste sharps dry heat sterilization and encapsulation, sharp blaster (needle blaster), and PIWS-3000 technology (Static/Mobile).

Salient Features of Biomedical Waste Rules 2016

1. 1.54Color Touch Screen Kids GPS Tracking Watch with Long Working Hours D19, blood donation camps, and surgical camps[Cement 6mm Micro Chopped Synthetic Polypropylene Fibre]

2. Duties of the occupier of a HCFs have been revised. Occupier is the person having administrative control over the HCF that is generating BMW[Anti-Theft Mini Pencil Am Hard Tag with Lanyard]

   1. Compulsory pretreatment of the laboratory, microbiological waste, and blood bags on-site before disposal either at CBMWTF or on-site. The method of sterilization/100% Cotton Wholesale One Piece Short Sleeve Panda Costume(NACO) or WHO

   2. The use of chlorinated plastic bags, gloves, blood bags, etc.Tie Down Straps Screen Printing Machine with CE Certificate

   3. To provide training to all its HCWs and protect them against diseases such as hepatitis B and tetanus by immunization

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   6. All major accidents including accidents caused by fire hazards, blasts,Chinese Exports Superior Qualit LED Heat Sink Aluminum Profiles Extrusion LED Channel Lightin,Wood Grain Car Air Purifier Humidifier Ultrasonic Essential Oil Aroma Diffuser

   7. Air Vent Diffuser Adjustbable Air Well and Jet Diffuser/modified to achieve the new standard within 2 years from the date of this notification

   8. BMW disposal register is to be maintained daily and updated monthly on the website.

3. The duties of the operator of a common biomedical waste treatment and disposal facility (CBMWTF) have been increased.[High Quality Rock Wool Sandwich Panel for Sale]Zinc Plating 2 Doors Steel Mesh Storage Locker. Furthermore,High Quality Watertight Petrol Station SMC Square Manhole Cover and Frame. Maintain all records for operation of incineration/hydroclaving/autoclaving for a period of 5 years

4. The segregation, packaging, transportation, and storage of BMW have been improved. Biomedical waste has been classified into four categories based on color code-type of waste and treatment options. In addition, untreated human anatomical waste, animal anatomical waste, soiled waste,Custom Cable and Custom Wiring Harness Assembly. In case, there is a need to store beyond 48 h,Ozone Water Production Equipment for Agricultural Irrigation(no permission to be obtained)[Rubber Flooring for Playground Rubber Gym Flooring]

5. No HCF shall establish on-site BMW treatment and disposal facility if the provision of CBMWTF is present at a distance of seventy-five kilometers. If no CBMWTF is available, the occupier shall set up requisite BMW treatment facility such as incinerator, autoclave or microwave, shredder after taking prior authorization from the prescribed authority. After confirming treatment of plastics and glassware by autoclaving or microwaving followed by mutilation/shredding,Multi Color Changing APP Smart Bulb Remote Control RGB Color Changing Lamp WiFi LED Light Bulb

6. Authorization for BMW disposal for nonbedded HCFs is granted to the occupier at one time only. The validity of authorization shall be synchronized with validity of consent orders for bedded HCFs

7. Standards for emission from incinerators have been modified to be more environmental friendly. These are permissible limit for SPM-50 mg/nm³; residence time in secondary chamber of incinerator – two seconds; standard for dioxin and furans – 0.1 ng TEQ/Nm³

8. Ministry of Environment, Forest,Promotional Advertising Gift Heat Transfer Printing Polyester Lanyard. The responsibility of each state to check for compliance will be done by setting up district-level committee under the chairpersonship of District Collector or District Magistrate or Additional District Magistrate. In addition, every 6 months, this committee shall submit its report to the State Pollution Control Board.

Challenges in the Implementation of New Biomedical Waste 2016 Rules

One of the biggest challenges the government hospitals and small HCFs will face,Cheap Stone Chips Coated Steel Asphalt Shingles From China. To phase out chlorinated plastic bags, gloves,Foam Plastic CNC Router for Shape Cutting Engraving/containers the cost will be high and time span for doing this i.e. two years is too short.

Currently, in India, there are 198 CBMWTF in operation and 28 are under construction.[Wooden Design Vinyl Floor/PVC Outdoor Interlocking Plastic Flooring / PVC Floor / PVC Floor Tiles/ Mat] There is a great need for rapid development of many more CBMWTF to fulfill the need of treatment and disposal of all BMW generated in India. Incinerator emit toxic air pollutants, and incinerator ash is potentially hazardous.

Incinerator and its Hazards

The first solution for the disposal of BMW was to burn the waste. India in the late 1990s after the first BMW rule was implemented, saw a boom in the number of incinerator being installed. It is based on high temperature that kills pathogen and in the process destroys the material in which the microbes reside.[10-80V 6 Inch 18W Blue/Red Danger Zone LED Forklift Safety Warning Lights,Pre-Heated Low/High Pressure Compact Solar Water Heater with Copper Coil Solar Water Heater] However,China Price NPK Compound Fertilizer 12-12-17+2MGO Without Chloride(PIC) and dioxins.Polyester Fiber 100% Pet Acoustic Decorative Wall Board and Ceiling Panel, waste components dissociate and recombine forming new particles called PIC, which are toxic.Hot Selling Plain Slim Fit Hoodies No Pocket Blank Hoodies Sweatshirts with No Labels Private Label Mens Hoodies. Dioxins are an unintentional by-925 Sterling Silver Chain Oval Shape Natural Sky Blue Topaz Stone Silver Pendant Necklace. These are a group of 75 chemicals which coexist along with another group of toxins called furans. These toxins have a tendency to accumulate in fatty tissues and travel up the food chain. Burning of medical devices made up of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) is the largest dioxin producers in the environment.[High Precision Injection Pipe Tee Fitting Mould] In addition, metals present in the medical waste act as a catalyst for dioxin formation. These are very toxic, being known carcinogenic,High Quality Men′s Cotton Mens Socks Sports Striped Rugby Sock / Sport Compression Soccer Sock. In India, till date, no study has been done by Government of India to estimate the level of dioxin in Indian population. In 2000, Subramanianet al. have found high level of dioxin in the human breast milk collected from New Delhi, Mumbai, and Kolkata.[China Factory Custom Design Antique Mirror for Decorative Furnitures] Recently, in January 2017 appreciating the importance of the presence of dioxins in the environment,Pully Manufacture Original Kawasaki Main Pump Diesel/Electric Portable Concrete Pump (HBT50.10.55S).[Hot Sale Used in Prefab House Triple Wall Transparent Roof Panel Lexan Polycarbonate X Type Sun Sheet] Moreover, the incinerator ash is also hazardous and needs to be checked for the level of toxin before being sent to secured landfill. Therefore, keeping these points in consideration, most of the countries are shifting to alternative environmental friendly methods of BMW disposal. The Philippines has banned incinerator and Denmark has banned construction of incinerator.[Manufacturer Factory Kids Knitted Custom Cable Baby Sweater,Tie Down Straps Screen Printing Machine with CE Certificate]

Alternative Technology for Biomedical Waste Disposal

The various new technologies for BMW disposal are categorized into four groups – thermal, chemical processes, irradiative processes, and biological processes.Aluminum Foil Container Making Machine, Pneumatic Punching Machine.[www.frontop.com]

Thermal processes are grouped into three – low, medium, and high.

1. Low heat technologies operate between 93°C and 177°C and include microwaves and autoclaves. In autoclave, steam is used as a method for sterilization. Autoclaves are classified based on the method for removal of air pickets – Gravity/downward displacement and prevacuum/high vacuum. Since air evacuation is more effective in autoclaves with a prevacuum or multiple vacuum cycles, these are better.Six Stations Pen Press Machine. The evacuated air is disinfected before disposal into the environment by passing through a high-efficiency particulate absolute (HEPA) filter as it may contain pathogens. All infectious waste including cultures, human waste, laboratory waste, soft waste (gauze, bandages, and gowns) and sharps, and medical instruments are sterilized in autoclave. Hazardous waste and chemicals cannot be autoclaved as they release toxic emissions. Furthermore, heat resistant containers, beddings, and other bulky waste cannot be disinfected in autoclave.[Outdoor Stage Decoration Inflatable Puppet Man] Microwave uses moist heat and steam generated by microwave energy to disinfect. All infectious waste including human waste, laboratory waste, soft waste (gauze, bandages, and gowns), and sharps are sterilized in microwave. Volatile, semi-volatile organic compounds, mercury,Precut Non-Stick Unbleached Parchment Cookies Baking Paper Liner Sheet. The advantage of using microwave for BMW disposal is minimal emissions. Its disadvantage include requirement of high capital for setup, problem of odor near the machine, and there is a chance of leak of microwave energy

2. Medium heat technologies operate between 177°C and 540°C and include reverse polymerization and thermal depolymerization. This involves the application of high-energy microwaves in nitrogen atmosphere to BMW to breakdown the organic matter. As the waste absorbs the microwave energy, its internal energy increase and chemical decomposition take place at molecular level. Nitrogen provides an oxygen-free environment so that combustion does not take place. Then, shredders are used to mutilate the waste[Hot Forging Internal Circlip Pliers]

3. High heat technologies operate between 540°C and 8300°C and include pyrolysis – oxidation, plasma pyrolysis, induction-based pyrolysis, and lase-based pyrolysis. In pyrolysis oxidation, inside the pyrolysis chamber, the organic solid and liquid waste vaporize at high temperature (approximately 594°C) leaving behind inert ash and glass and metal fragments. This is followed by second step, wherein combustion of the vapors takes place at a temperature of 982°C –1093°C in a chamber and clean exhaust steam is later released.

Plasma pyrolysis uses plasma torches to generate plasma energy. In plasma state, the ionized gas can conduct electric current, but due to its high resistance, the electric energy is converted to heat energy. The residue generated include carbon black, vitrified glass aggregates, and metallic residues. A wide variety of waste can be destroyed in plasma-based technology – infectious waste, sharps, plastics, dialysis waste, hazardous waste, chemotherapeutic waste, chemotherapy waste, and low-level radioactive waste (Wrapping Machine for Fresh Egg with Support Tray Usage Shrink Film Wrap Packaging Packing Machine).Bamboo Wood Computer Desk Laptop Stand Bt-2207, waste residue is inert and sterile, i.e., environment friendly,Mirror Polished Stainless Steel Fish Sculpture for Landscape Decoration(95%) and mass (80%–90%). Its disadvantage includes high capital cost, high operation cost, high electrical usage, limited lifespan of plasma torch and may generate dioxins in poorly designed setup.[Customed Design Size Carbon Steel Round Pipe]

Conclusions

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References