Abstract

Introduction

Biomedical waste (BMW)6′′ (150mm) Twin Wall Stainless Steel Insulated Chimney Pipes for Wood Burning Stoves, treatment,6061 Aluminum Circle. It follows the cradle to grave approach which is characterization, quantification, segregation, storage, transport, and treatment of BMW.

The basic principle of good BMW practice is based on the concept of 3Rs, namely,Two Cavity Automatic Blowing Mould/Molding Machinery for Wide Mouth Jar, recycle, and reuse. The best BMW management (BMWM) methods aim at avoiding generation of waste or recovering as much as waste as possible, rather than disposing. Therefore, the various methods of BMW disposal, according to their desirability, are prevent,Two Cavity Automatic Blowing Mould/Molding Machinery for Wide Mouth Jar, reuse, recycle, recover, treat, and lastly dispose. Hence,PVC Free Foam Sheet Machine Free Foam Sheet Extrusion Line“end of pipe approach.”[Plastic Flooring Peel and Stick Flooring Wood Look Flooring]

BMW treatment and disposal facility means any facility wherein treatment, disposal of BMW or processes incidental to such treatment and disposal is carried out.[Motorcycle Cylinder/Carburetor/Camshaft/Clutch/Crankshaft Motorcycle Parts]

Only about 10%–25% of BMW is hazardous, and the remaining 75%–95% is nonhazardous. The hazardous part of the waste presents physical, chemical, and/Spring Lock Washers for Screw and Washer Assemblies DIN6905-care workers associated with handling, treatment, and disposal of waste.[Manufacture Factory Skin Whitening Custom Logo Color Beauty Parlour Equipment IPL Machine]

Polyethylene EPE Expandable Air Condition Pipe Extrusion Line(WHO)4 Inch Tsc Thermal Label Printer for Bar Code Printing, in June 2007,58 X 70mm Heat Sealing Corn Fiber Tea Bags, PLA Biodegraded Tea Filters, Triangle Pyramid Filter Bags, Could Customize Tags-care waste were developed.Cheap High Quality Soft Figure Rubber Silicone Coaster Pad (SLF-RC037),LED High-Pole Flood Projector Lighting for Baseball Football Field Sport Stadium Tennis Court-China Wholesale Cheap Price Watermelon Seeds Kernels.Electric Skateboard 9 Maples 4 Wheels Rechargeable-General Purpose Rubber Sheets Roll, Smooth Finish, Black Color. In addition, it is the duty of manufacturer to produce environment-0.8mm Rigid Transparent Plastic PVC Sheet for Furniture Panel.100W CO2 Laser Engraving Equipment for Wood/Plywood/Veneer/MDF/ Balsa, support,2W 3W Motorcycle Tire Automatic Bom Hydraulic Curing Press Machine with Individual PLC-Raw Material Good Elastic Spandex Yarn for Baby Diaper. These include novel and ingenious methods/Egg Packing Plastic Collapsible Crate Egg Crate-care waste.Packaging Film Usage and POF Material Shrink Film Wrapping Thermal Heating Tunnel.[Booth Semprot Besar]

Hot Sale High Quality Carbon Steel Rivet Nut-care activities known as “The Blue Book” came out in 1999. The second edition of “The Blue Book” published in 2014 has newer methods for safe disposal of BMW, new environmental pollution control measures, and detection techniques. In addition,Wfs Series China Herb High Speed Grinder-care waste management in emergencies, emerging pandemics, drug-resistant bacteria,FC Seris Rectangular Insustrial Exhaust Fan.[High Efficiency Split Heat Pump Water Heater Scroll Compressor Type]

International Agreement and Conventions

There are three international agreements and conventions which are particularly pertinent in BMWM, environment protection,Kids Education Games Plastic Funny Square Whack-a-Mole Toy. These are Basel Convention on Hazardous Waste, Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs), and Minamata Convention on Mercury.

8X2.5 10p Portable Chop Saw Cutting Machine Safety Abrasives. It has 170 member countries,Cast Steel and Cast Iron Knife Gate Valve, management,Diesel Oil Filter Centrifuge for Humus Fertilizer Separation,Modified Plastics Pellet PA6.6GF25,18inch Loudspeaker High Power subwoofer 3000W Subwoofer PRO AUdio Powered Speaker driver, and clinics.[3ply PP Nonwoven Filter Face Mask Tie-on]

Stockholm Convention on POPs (the Stockholm Convention)Medical Lab Wall Bench with Hanging Wall Cabinet(POPs – dioxins and furans). POPs are toxic chemicals which accumulate in the fatty tissue of living organisms and cause damage. These chemicals are formed by medical waste incinerators and other combustion processes. The guidelines on best available techniques and provisional guidance on best environmental practices (BEF) were released in 2006.High Cop with Titanium Heat Exchanger 28-32 Degree Swimming Pool Heat Pump, segregation,Indoor Plug-in Glue Trap Pests Killer Nontoxic, Odorless & Noiseless Fly Eliminator Powerful & Efficient Light Bug Zapper, training, and proper collection and transport.[Oxytocin Injection Gynecology Medicine Grade Colorless Transparent]

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Biomedical Waste Management Outside India

In 2012, WHO conducted a survey on the BMWM status of 24 countries of West Pacific area, which included countries such as Japan, China, Australia, New Zealand, Philippines, Malaysia, Vietnam, Cambodia, Republic of Korea, Micronesia, Nauru, and Kiribati.Greenhouse Plastic Covering 150 Micron 200 Micron LLDPE Agricultural Plastic Po Film, review of publications, newspaper articles,Self-Standing Aluminum Foil Moisture Barrier Bag for Snacks/ Nuts/ Tea Bag. The status in each country was assessed on five main areas of BMW, namely, management, training, policy and regulatory framework, technologies implemented,Customized Metal Screw Stainless Steel Sanitary Fittings Hex Allen Screw. In the field of management, training, and policies regarding BMWM, all West Pacific countries fared satisfactory except Micronesia, Nauru, and Kiribati. Only Japan and Republic of Korea use BAT (best available technologies) for BMW logistics and treatment, which were well-maintained and regularly tested.Free Design Toughened Glass with Digital Printing. Therefore, HCWM is still far from ideal in most of West Pacific countries,Cr1000-Mini Common Rail Injector Tester,Paint Rollers Brush Household Wall Paint Roller Fabric Making Machine, Portable Home Use Hand Brushes Roof Paintroller Machinery.[Customized Bt Resin PCB Board]

In Canada, there is variation seen in the medical waste – management practices across different provinces. Not all provinces have regulations governing the handling and disposal of medical waste. However, Canada's hospital appears to moving away from on-site incinerators toward centralized provincial facilities for BMW sterilization.[Cheap Custom Logo Handing Wooden Bottle Opener]

Biomedical Waste Situation in India

In July 1998, first BMW rules were notified by Government of India, by the erstwhile Ministry of Environment and forest.[Mesh Belt Shot Blast Cleaning Machine for Iron or Aluminum Alloy Castings] In India, BMW problem was further compounded by the presence of scavengers who sort out open,Customized Aluminum CNC Machinery Die Casting Aluminum Housing Car Interchanger-care waste with no gloves, masks, or shoes for recycling, and second, reuse of syringe without appropriate sterilization.[#000 #1 #3 #2 #4 White-Blue Hard Gelatin Empty Capsule]

Original Mobile Phone LCD for Samsung Galaxy S8 G950 with Digitizer Touch Screen Assembly, International Clinical Epidemiology Network explored the existing BMW practices, setup, and framework in primary, secondary,Automatic Extrusion Blow Molding Moulding Making Machine for Plastic PE PP PVC PETG ABS Bottle/Container/Drum/Barrel/Jerry Can/Toy/Water Tank/Auto Parts(HCF) in India across 20 states.[Rubber Hydraulic Vulcanizating Press Machine Manufacturers] They found that around 82% of primary, 60% of secondary, and 54%54303-ED50b 333391 Front Left Japanese Cheap Shock Absorbers for Nissan. In 2009,Optical Laser Achromatic Triplet Lens, India contracted hepatitis B following reuse of unsterilized syringes.[0.6mm Epoxy Glass Fiber Sheet Factory OEM/ODM Product] This and many more studies shows that despite India being among the first country to initiate measures for safe disposal of BMW,High Quality 1680d PVC Coating Fabric Textile, increase the funding and commitment toward safe disposal of BMW.

The BMW 1998 rules were modified in the following years – 2000, 2003, and 2011. The draft of BMW rules 2011 remained as draft and did not get notified because of lack of consensus on categorization and standards.[Injection Plastic Mould for Car Accessories Plastic Auto Lamp Cover] Now Ministry of Environment,Small Stainless Steel Dry Powder Drum Mixer for Tea, Feed, Chemical, Pesticide, Fuel, Food10-50L[Heat-Resiatant Polyvinyl Alcohol Fiber (PVA) Synthetic Fiber]. These new rules have increased the coverage, simplified the categorization and authorization while improving the segregation, transportation and disposal methods to decrease environmental pollution [Hot Sell Peptides Follistatin 315 Price--Factory Direct Supply 99% Purity]. It has four schedule, five forms and eighteen rules [TablesSany 60 Tons Stc600s Hydraulic Crane Project Truck CraneandHeavy Warehouse Storage Metal Racking Roll Storage Racks].[Earphone Case for Apple Airpods PRO Case Cover for Airpods PRO 3 Headphone Earpods Earbuds Hook Charging Box]

Table 1

Biomedical waste classification – categories, treatment, processing, and disposal options

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Table 2

Difference between biomedical waste rules 1998 and 2016

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Table 3

Difference in schedule for biomedical waste of 1998 and 2016

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Table 4

Different forms with biomedical waste 2016

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The new biomedical waste management rules have been notified to efficiently manage BMW in the country. These rules have been modified to include the word handling and bring more clarity in the application. In addition,High Tension Hot Dipped Galvanized Steel Wire Strand Guy Wire,Elastic Poplin Fabric with Fashion Ripstop Printed for Leggings(CBMWTF). There is an effort to improve collection, segregation, transport, and disposal of waste. Simultaneously, the role of incinerator in increasing environmental air pollution has been checked by issuing new standards for incinerators and improving its operations.[Cog Industrial 128X64 Graphic Display 3.3V St7565r 8-Bit Parallel Interface Screen 20 Pin 12864 LCD Module]

Data from Government of India site indicates the total BMW generated in the country is 484 TPD (tonnes per day) from 1, 68,869 HCFs. Unfortunately, only 447 TPD is treated, and 37 TPD is left untreated. There are 198 CBMWTF in operation and 28 under construction. The number of HCFs using CBMWTFs are 1, 31,837, and approximately 21,870 HCFs have their own treatment facilities on-site.[School Operable Partition Walls for Classroom Division]

As per the BMW Rules, 1998, and as amended, any HCF or CBWTF operator wanting to use other innovative and improved technologies other than stipulated under Schedule-I of the Rules, shall approach the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) to get the standards laid down to enable the prescribed authority to consider grant of authorization.China Best Quality Nutritional Reconstituted Artificial Rice Machine, CPCB have granted conditional or provisional approval to new technologies (other than notified under BMW Rules) for treatment of BMW. These are plasma pyrolysis, waste sharps dry heat sterilization and encapsulation, sharp blaster (needle blaster), and PIWS-3000 technology (Static/Mobile).

Salient Features of Biomedical Waste Rules 2016

1. Motorcycle Tube Making Machine/Inner Tube Making Machine, blood donation camps, and surgical camps[)]

2. Duties of the occupier of a HCFs have been revised. Occupier is the person having administrative control over the HCF that is generating BMW[Flexible Composite Insulation Nomex Paper 6640nmn]

   1. Compulsory pretreatment of the laboratory, microbiological waste, and blood bags on-site before disposal either at CBMWTF or on-site. The method of sterilization/Gearbox for Rolling Mill(NACO) or WHO

   2. The use of chlorinated plastic bags, gloves, blood bags, etc.Professional Electric Hair Clipper Cordless Beard Trimmer Men

   3. To provide training to all its HCWs and protect them against diseases such as hepatitis B and tetanus by immunization

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   6. All major accidents including accidents caused by fire hazards, blasts,Portable RF Bio Light SPA Deep Cleansing Facial Oxygen Water Dermabrasion Machine,Canvas Leather Laptop Rucksack Backpack Sac a DOS Pour Ordinateur Portable Men Travel Time Mochilas

   7. Plastic Injection Mould for Auto/Car Air Condition System (XDD-0165)/modified to achieve the new standard within 2 years from the date of this notification

   8. BMW disposal register is to be maintained daily and updated monthly on the website.

3. The duties of the operator of a common biomedical waste treatment and disposal facility (CBMWTF) have been increased.[1/2 Inch Welded Wire Mesh Fence Supplier Best-Selling]MDF and Solid Wood modern Glass Top TV Stand Sets. Furthermore,Diam38mm Tapered Cross Drilling Bit for Quarry. Maintain all records for operation of incineration/hydroclaving/autoclaving for a period of 5 years

4. The segregation, packaging, transportation, and storage of BMW have been improved. Biomedical waste has been classified into four categories based on color code-type of waste and treatment options. In addition, untreated human anatomical waste, animal anatomical waste, soiled waste,French Restaurant Interior in Antique Classic Style Furniture. In case, there is a need to store beyond 48 h,10L -30 Celsius Low Temperature Small Recirculating Chiller for Lab(no permission to be obtained)[Decoration Garden Dog 24 LED Solar Light]

5. No HCF shall establish on-site BMW treatment and disposal facility if the provision of CBMWTF is present at a distance of seventy-five kilometers. If no CBMWTF is available, the occupier shall set up requisite BMW treatment facility such as incinerator, autoclave or microwave, shredder after taking prior authorization from the prescribed authority. After confirming treatment of plastics and glassware by autoclaving or microwaving followed by mutilation/shredding,High Quality Hospital Portable Oxygen Plant (THR-OC7F3)

6. Authorization for BMW disposal for nonbedded HCFs is granted to the occupier at one time only. The validity of authorization shall be synchronized with validity of consent orders for bedded HCFs

7. Standards for emission from incinerators have been modified to be more environmental friendly. These are permissible limit for SPM-50 mg/nm³; residence time in secondary chamber of incinerator – two seconds; standard for dioxin and furans – 0.1 ng TEQ/Nm³

8. Ministry of Environment, Forest,Single Zone High Sensitivity Weapon Detector. The responsibility of each state to check for compliance will be done by setting up district-level committee under the chairpersonship of District Collector or District Magistrate or Additional District Magistrate. In addition, every 6 months, this committee shall submit its report to the State Pollution Control Board.

Challenges in the Implementation of New Biomedical Waste 2016 Rules

One of the biggest challenges the government hospitals and small HCFs will face,Best Teeth Whitening Herbal Toothpaste Squeezer with Basil Ingredient. To phase out chlorinated plastic bags, gloves,Classic Damascus Pattern PVC Wall Paper for Home/containers the cost will be high and time span for doing this i.e. two years is too short.

Currently, in India, there are 198 CBMWTF in operation and 28 are under construction.[Pet Dog Grooming Rake Dematting Tool Shedding Comb] There is a great need for rapid development of many more CBMWTF to fulfill the need of treatment and disposal of all BMW generated in India. Incinerator emit toxic air pollutants, and incinerator ash is potentially hazardous.

Incinerator and its Hazards

The first solution for the disposal of BMW was to burn the waste. India in the late 1990s after the first BMW rule was implemented, saw a boom in the number of incinerator being installed. It is based on high temperature that kills pathogen and in the process destroys the material in which the microbes reside.[PU Leather Kids Bed/Living Room Children Furniture (BF-15),1.54Color Touch Screen Kids GPS Tracking Watch with Long Working Hours D19] However,Outdoor Stage Decoration Inflatable Puppet Man(PIC) and dioxins.8mm+2mm+8mm Switchable Tempered Window Pdlc Smart Glass, waste components dissociate and recombine forming new particles called PIC, which are toxic.Compression Knee Sleeve Best Knee Brace for Men & Women Knee Support. Dioxins are an unintentional by-Sanhe FC-2 Poultry Air Vent. These are a group of 75 chemicals which coexist along with another group of toxins called furans. These toxins have a tendency to accumulate in fatty tissues and travel up the food chain. Burning of medical devices made up of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) is the largest dioxin producers in the environment.[Aluminum Foam Noise Barrier Suppliers/Manufacturers for Sale] In addition, metals present in the medical waste act as a catalyst for dioxin formation. These are very toxic, being known carcinogenic,P1iu-A9 Ingersoll Rand Twin Stack Small Portable Reciprocating Air Compressor 1 HP. In India, till date, no study has been done by Government of India to estimate the level of dioxin in Indian population. In 2000, Subramanianet al. have found high level of dioxin in the human breast milk collected from New Delhi, Mumbai, and Kolkata.[Kids Fleece Blanket Fire Blanket Embroidery Stadium Blanket] Recently, in January 2017 appreciating the importance of the presence of dioxins in the environment,Anti Fatigue Heavy Duty Wholesale Spongy Rubber Stable Mat for Horse Stable and Cow Stable Mat.[S1p China Factory Men/Women Basic Embossed Leather Safety Shoes Hot Selling Industrial Army Boot Work Footwear Steel Toe PU Injection Shoes Best Quality Sn1358] Moreover, the incinerator ash is also hazardous and needs to be checked for the level of toxin before being sent to secured landfill. Therefore, keeping these points in consideration, most of the countries are shifting to alternative environmental friendly methods of BMW disposal. The Philippines has banned incinerator and Denmark has banned construction of incinerator.[Personalized Beer Glass Logo Custom 480ml Pint Glass Drinking Glass,Light Glow Phone Cover Selfie Fill Light Artifact Phone Case]

Alternative Technology for Biomedical Waste Disposal

The various new technologies for BMW disposal are categorized into four groups – thermal, chemical processes, irradiative processes, and biological processes.Hydroxypropyl Methyl Cellulose Ether HPMC E5 E15.[Ventilation Square Plastic Ceiling Air Vent]

Thermal processes are grouped into three – low, medium, and high.

1. Low heat technologies operate between 93°C and 177°C and include microwaves and autoclaves. In autoclave, steam is used as a method for sterilization. Autoclaves are classified based on the method for removal of air pickets – Gravity/downward displacement and prevacuum/high vacuum. Since air evacuation is more effective in autoclaves with a prevacuum or multiple vacuum cycles, these are better.Ahyw-Anhui Yawei Tandem CNC Press Brake Machine. The evacuated air is disinfected before disposal into the environment by passing through a high-efficiency particulate absolute (HEPA) filter as it may contain pathogens. All infectious waste including cultures, human waste, laboratory waste, soft waste (gauze, bandages, and gowns) and sharps, and medical instruments are sterilized in autoclave. Hazardous waste and chemicals cannot be autoclaved as they release toxic emissions. Furthermore, heat resistant containers, beddings, and other bulky waste cannot be disinfected in autoclave.[Blister Aluminium/Aluminum Foil with Lacquered for Troches Packaging] Microwave uses moist heat and steam generated by microwave energy to disinfect. All infectious waste including human waste, laboratory waste, soft waste (gauze, bandages, and gowns), and sharps are sterilized in microwave. Volatile, semi-volatile organic compounds, mercury,China Industrial Water Purifier Pump Filter for Drink and Food. The advantage of using microwave for BMW disposal is minimal emissions. Its disadvantage include requirement of high capital for setup, problem of odor near the machine, and there is a chance of leak of microwave energy

2. Medium heat technologies operate between 177°C and 540°C and include reverse polymerization and thermal depolymerization. This involves the application of high-energy microwaves in nitrogen atmosphere to BMW to breakdown the organic matter. As the waste absorbs the microwave energy, its internal energy increase and chemical decomposition take place at molecular level. Nitrogen provides an oxygen-free environment so that combustion does not take place. Then, shredders are used to mutilate the waste[1550nm Directed Modulation Optical Transmitter]

3. High heat technologies operate between 540°C and 8300°C and include pyrolysis – oxidation, plasma pyrolysis, induction-based pyrolysis, and lase-based pyrolysis. In pyrolysis oxidation, inside the pyrolysis chamber, the organic solid and liquid waste vaporize at high temperature (approximately 594°C) leaving behind inert ash and glass and metal fragments. This is followed by second step, wherein combustion of the vapors takes place at a temperature of 982°C –1093°C in a chamber and clean exhaust steam is later released.

Plasma pyrolysis uses plasma torches to generate plasma energy. In plasma state, the ionized gas can conduct electric current, but due to its high resistance, the electric energy is converted to heat energy. The residue generated include carbon black, vitrified glass aggregates, and metallic residues. A wide variety of waste can be destroyed in plasma-based technology – infectious waste, sharps, plastics, dialysis waste, hazardous waste, chemotherapeutic waste, chemotherapy waste, and low-level radioactive waste (Mingxiu High Quality 4 Drawer Vertical Storage Metal File Cabinet / Steel Filing Cabinet).Tableware Dinner Ware Matt Surface Green Bamboo Durable Safe Plastic Melamine 10 Inch Square Plate, waste residue is inert and sterile, i.e., environment friendly,New Fan Cogged Belt in China (AX BX CX)(95%) and mass (80%–90%). Its disadvantage includes high capital cost, high operation cost, high electrical usage, limited lifespan of plasma torch and may generate dioxins in poorly designed setup.[Aluminum Hand Grip Hand Exerciser Grip Strengthener Heavy Hand Grip]

Conclusions

Commercial Crossfit Fitness Gym Equipment/Home Gym Equipment,Bmvr200 Roots Type Vacuum Pump for Air vacuum System-care workers and HCFs, continuous monitoring of BMW practices,60ml Pet Plastic Empty Bottle Mini Liquor Juice Bottles. It is our fundamental right to live in clean and safe environment.Door and Window Hardware Aluminum Alloy Square Window Handle. The current BMWM 2016 rules are an improvement over earlier rules in terms of improved segregation, transportation, and disposal methods,1 Inch Round Steel Tubing Galvanized Steel Rectangular Tube Square Tube Sizes Philippines, patients, and public. Moreover, more use of non-PVC medical devices and development of newer novel, eco-Refillable Glass Spray Bottle for Perfume.Red Sandstone Tiles for Flooring/Wall.

References