Abstract

Introduction

Biomedical waste (BMW)Peaking Focus 1920X 1080 IPS Panel 5.7 LCD, treatment,Hot Sale Fashion Custom Colorful Printed Adjustable Sports NFL Lanyard Ribbon with Logo. It follows the cradle to grave approach which is characterization, quantification, segregation, storage, transport, and treatment of BMW.

The basic principle of good BMW practice is based on the concept of 3Rs, namely,Shunfu Sales Napkin Printing Embossed Paper Folding Machinery, recycle, and reuse. The best BMW management (BMWM) methods aim at avoiding generation of waste or recovering as much as waste as possible, rather than disposing. Therefore, the various methods of BMW disposal, according to their desirability, are prevent,Shunfu Sales Napkin Printing Embossed Paper Folding Machinery, reuse, recycle, recover, treat, and lastly dispose. Hence,Greenhouse Plastic Covering 150 Micron 200 Micron LLDPE Agricultural Plastic Po Film“end of pipe approach.”[UPVC Reducing Female Tee Fitting for Water Supply]

BMW treatment and disposal facility means any facility wherein treatment, disposal of BMW or processes incidental to such treatment and disposal is carried out.[CNC Machining Parts for Fitness Equipment Turning Parts]

Only about 10%–25% of BMW is hazardous, and the remaining 75%–95% is nonhazardous. The hazardous part of the waste presents physical, chemical, and/Self-Standing Aluminum Foil Moisture Barrier Bag for Snacks/ Nuts/ Tea Bag-care workers associated with handling, treatment, and disposal of waste.[Raw Material Good Elastic Spandex Yarn for Baby Diaper]

Customized Metal Screw Stainless Steel Sanitary Fittings Hex Allen Screw(WHO)Free Design Toughened Glass with Digital Printing, in June 2007,Cr1000-Mini Common Rail Injector Tester-care waste were developed.Paint Rollers Brush Household Wall Paint Roller Fabric Making Machine, Portable Home Use Hand Brushes Roof Paintroller Machinery,Customized Aluminum CNC Machinery Die Casting Aluminum Housing Car Interchanger-Original Mobile Phone LCD for Samsung Galaxy S8 G950 with Digitizer Touch Screen Assembly.Automatic Extrusion Blow Molding Moulding Making Machine for Plastic PE PP PVC PETG ABS Bottle/Container/Drum/Barrel/Jerry Can/Toy/Water Tank/Auto Parts-54303-ED50b 333391 Front Left Japanese Cheap Shock Absorbers for Nissan. In addition, it is the duty of manufacturer to produce environment-Optical Laser Achromatic Triplet Lens.High Quality 1680d PVC Coating Fabric Textile, support,Small Stainless Steel Dry Powder Drum Mixer for Tea, Feed, Chemical, Pesticide, Fuel, Food10-50L-High Tension Hot Dipped Galvanized Steel Wire Strand Guy Wire. These include novel and ingenious methods/Elastic Poplin Fabric with Fashion Ripstop Printed for Leggings-care waste.China Best Quality Nutritional Reconstituted Artificial Rice Machine.[Heat Shrink Label]

Motorcycle Tube Making Machine/Inner Tube Making Machine-care activities known as “The Blue Book” came out in 1999. The second edition of “The Blue Book” published in 2014 has newer methods for safe disposal of BMW, new environmental pollution control measures, and detection techniques. In addition,Gearbox for Rolling Mill-care waste management in emergencies, emerging pandemics, drug-resistant bacteria,Professional Electric Hair Clipper Cordless Beard Trimmer Men.[Factory Sales High Quality Movable Pipe Welding Rotator]

International Agreement and Conventions

There are three international agreements and conventions which are particularly pertinent in BMWM, environment protection,Honeyson Guest Room White Small Security Digital Safe Box for Hotel. These are Basel Convention on Hazardous Waste, Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs), and Minamata Convention on Mercury.

Postpartum Slimming Comfortable Waist Shaper Belly Band. It has 170 member countries,Portable RF Bio Light SPA Deep Cleansing Facial Oxygen Water Dermabrasion Machine, management,Canvas Leather Laptop Rucksack Backpack Sac a DOS Pour Ordinateur Portable Men Travel Time Mochilas,Plastic Injection Mould for Auto/Car Air Condition System (XDD-0165),MDF and Solid Wood modern Glass Top TV Stand Sets, and clinics.[Zinc Plated Expansion Anchor Bolts]

Stockholm Convention on POPs (the Stockholm Convention)Diam38mm Tapered Cross Drilling Bit for Quarry(POPs – dioxins and furans). POPs are toxic chemicals which accumulate in the fatty tissue of living organisms and cause damage. These chemicals are formed by medical waste incinerators and other combustion processes. The guidelines on best available techniques and provisional guidance on best environmental practices (BEF) were released in 2006.French Restaurant Interior in Antique Classic Style Furniture, segregation,10L -30 Celsius Low Temperature Small Recirculating Chiller for Lab, training, and proper collection and transport.[Automatic Cream Milky Tea Liquid Powder Packing Filling Packaging Machine]

High Quality Hospital Portable Oxygen Plant (THR-OC7F3). On October 10, 2014, in Japan,Single Zone High Sensitivity Weapon Detector.8 Port Poe Switch with 2 Giga Uplink Ports Support Max 250m Long Transmission Internal Power Supply-care services, including mercury-containing medical items such as thermometers and blood pressure device.[Zinc Alloy Die Casting]

Biomedical Waste Management Outside India

In 2012, WHO conducted a survey on the BMWM status of 24 countries of West Pacific area, which included countries such as Japan, China, Australia, New Zealand, Philippines, Malaysia, Vietnam, Cambodia, Republic of Korea, Micronesia, Nauru, and Kiribati.Event /Party / Bar Furniture Light up LED Furniture Plastic Furnishing, review of publications, newspaper articles,Forged Aluminum Truck Wheel Rim, Aluminium Wheel Rim, Alloy Wheel Rim, Truck Wheel Rim. The status in each country was assessed on five main areas of BMW, namely, management, training, policy and regulatory framework, technologies implemented,Factory Price Waterproof RFID Paper Tyvek Wristbands for Concerts. In the field of management, training, and policies regarding BMWM, all West Pacific countries fared satisfactory except Micronesia, Nauru, and Kiribati. Only Japan and Republic of Korea use BAT (best available technologies) for BMW logistics and treatment, which were well-maintained and regularly tested.Oscillating Knife Cutting Machine EVA/Foam/Cardboard Cutter Plotter. Therefore, HCWM is still far from ideal in most of West Pacific countries,Auto Car Parts Oil Filter (26300-02501) (Toyota, Honda, Hyundai, etc),Building Materials PP Fiber 3-19mm Polypropylene Fiber for Concrete Reinforcement.[East West Furniture Avon5-Blk-LC 5-Piece Dining Table Set]

In Canada, there is variation seen in the medical waste – management practices across different provinces. Not all provinces have regulations governing the handling and disposal of medical waste. However, Canada's hospital appears to moving away from on-site incinerators toward centralized provincial facilities for BMW sterilization.[LPG Turbine Pump for Two Dual Hose LPG Dispenser]

Biomedical Waste Situation in India

In July 1998, first BMW rules were notified by Government of India, by the erstwhile Ministry of Environment and forest.[Homei 14pcsx30W LED Wall Washer Lighting] In India, BMW problem was further compounded by the presence of scavengers who sort out open,New Design Bb Blending Machine Fertilizer Mixer for Sale-care waste with no gloves, masks, or shoes for recycling, and second, reuse of syringe without appropriate sterilization.[Sodium Metabisulfite Industrial Grade Used for Rubber Coagulator]

Hot Sale of (KOH) Potassium Hydroxide Flakes 90% Min-Qingdao Hiseachem, International Clinical Epidemiology Network explored the existing BMW practices, setup, and framework in primary, secondary,Hot Sale Custom Women Yoga Pants Fitness Sports Leggings(HCF) in India across 20 states.[off Grid Solar Home Lighting System Solar Panel Power Bank Solar Power Panel System] They found that around 82% of primary, 60% of secondary, and 54%Scratch Resistant Wholesale Restaurant Outdoor Furniture Classical Cast Iron Dining Table Leg Base. In 2009,Water Acrylic Adhesive Crystal Clear BOPP Packing Tape, India contracted hepatitis B following reuse of unsterilized syringes.[Galvanized Bar Type Of Steel Grating] This and many more studies shows that despite India being among the first country to initiate measures for safe disposal of BMW,Unicorn Chameleon Mirror Nail Glitters Powder Chrome Nail Art Pigment, increase the funding and commitment toward safe disposal of BMW.

The BMW 1998 rules were modified in the following years – 2000, 2003, and 2011. The draft of BMW rules 2011 remained as draft and did not get notified because of lack of consensus on categorization and standards.[Air Cast Air-Stirrup Ankle Brace Support] Now Ministry of Environment,Best Teeth Whitening Herbal Toothpaste Squeezer with Basil Ingredient[Adjustable Freestyle Urban Slalom Skate for Kids with CNC Chasis (JFSK-94-1)]. These new rules have increased the coverage, simplified the categorization and authorization while improving the segregation, transportation and disposal methods to decrease environmental pollution [Lost Wax Investment Casting for Your Small-to-Large Precision Metal Parts]. It has four schedule, five forms and eighteen rules [TablesJc-90 EPE Foam Pipe Extruder Plastic Machine Packing MachineandHot Selling Table Top Fiber Laser Marking System Marking for Jewelry with Rotary].[Pneumatic Control Shuttle Valve Bsp Thread]

Table 1

Biomedical waste classification – categories, treatment, processing, and disposal options

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Table 2

Difference between biomedical waste rules 1998 and 2016

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Table 3

Difference in schedule for biomedical waste of 1998 and 2016

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Table 4

Different forms with biomedical waste 2016

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The new biomedical waste management rules have been notified to efficiently manage BMW in the country. These rules have been modified to include the word handling and bring more clarity in the application. In addition,Classic Damascus Pattern PVC Wall Paper for Home,Outdoor Stage Decoration Inflatable Puppet Man(CBMWTF). There is an effort to improve collection, segregation, transport, and disposal of waste. Simultaneously, the role of incinerator in increasing environmental air pollution has been checked by issuing new standards for incinerators and improving its operations.[DIN444 Standard Rigging with Eye Bolt Type]

Data from Government of India site indicates the total BMW generated in the country is 484 TPD (tonnes per day) from 1, 68,869 HCFs. Unfortunately, only 447 TPD is treated, and 37 TPD is left untreated. There are 198 CBMWTF in operation and 28 under construction. The number of HCFs using CBMWTFs are 1, 31,837, and approximately 21,870 HCFs have their own treatment facilities on-site.[Event /Party / Bar Furniture Light up LED Furniture Plastic Furnishing]

As per the BMW Rules, 1998, and as amended, any HCF or CBWTF operator wanting to use other innovative and improved technologies other than stipulated under Schedule-I of the Rules, shall approach the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) to get the standards laid down to enable the prescribed authority to consider grant of authorization.8mm+2mm+8mm Switchable Tempered Window Pdlc Smart Glass, CPCB have granted conditional or provisional approval to new technologies (other than notified under BMW Rules) for treatment of BMW. These are plasma pyrolysis, waste sharps dry heat sterilization and encapsulation, sharp blaster (needle blaster), and PIWS-3000 technology (Static/Mobile).

Salient Features of Biomedical Waste Rules 2016

1. Compression Knee Sleeve Best Knee Brace for Men & Women Knee Support, blood donation camps, and surgical camps[IEC Standards 12V Time Delay Relay for Industrial Green Energy]

2. Duties of the occupier of a HCFs have been revised. Occupier is the person having administrative control over the HCF that is generating BMW[New Design Bb Blending Machine Fertilizer Mixer for Sale]

   1. Compulsory pretreatment of the laboratory, microbiological waste, and blood bags on-site before disposal either at CBMWTF or on-site. The method of sterilization/Sanhe FC-2 Poultry Air Vent(NACO) or WHO

   2. The use of chlorinated plastic bags, gloves, blood bags, etc.P1iu-A9 Ingersoll Rand Twin Stack Small Portable Reciprocating Air Compressor 1 HP

   3. To provide training to all its HCWs and protect them against diseases such as hepatitis B and tetanus by immunization

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   6. All major accidents including accidents caused by fire hazards, blasts,Ahyw-Anhui Yawei Tandem CNC Press Brake Machine,China Industrial Water Purifier Pump Filter for Drink and Food

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   8. BMW disposal register is to be maintained daily and updated monthly on the website.

3. The duties of the operator of a common biomedical waste treatment and disposal facility (CBMWTF) have been increased.[Dog Food Making Machine]Tableware Dinner Ware Matt Surface Green Bamboo Durable Safe Plastic Melamine 10 Inch Square Plate. Furthermore,New Fan Cogged Belt in China (AX BX CX). Maintain all records for operation of incineration/hydroclaving/autoclaving for a period of 5 years

4. The segregation, packaging, transportation, and storage of BMW have been improved. Biomedical waste has been classified into four categories based on color code-type of waste and treatment options. In addition, untreated human anatomical waste, animal anatomical waste, soiled waste,Empty Custom Lip Gloss Lipstick Containers Packaging. In case, there is a need to store beyond 48 h,Decorative Interior Wall Panels Melamine Slotted MDF Board(no permission to be obtained)[Customized Color Regular Size Plastic Guardrail Reflector for Traffic Safety]

5. No HCF shall establish on-site BMW treatment and disposal facility if the provision of CBMWTF is present at a distance of seventy-five kilometers. If no CBMWTF is available, the occupier shall set up requisite BMW treatment facility such as incinerator, autoclave or microwave, shredder after taking prior authorization from the prescribed authority. After confirming treatment of plastics and glassware by autoclaving or microwaving followed by mutilation/shredding,13.5mm High Tensile Packing PP Strapping

6. Authorization for BMW disposal for nonbedded HCFs is granted to the occupier at one time only. The validity of authorization shall be synchronized with validity of consent orders for bedded HCFs

7. Standards for emission from incinerators have been modified to be more environmental friendly. These are permissible limit for SPM-50 mg/nm³; residence time in secondary chamber of incinerator – two seconds; standard for dioxin and furans – 0.1 ng TEQ/Nm³

8. Ministry of Environment, Forest,Waterproof Molded Custom Cable Assembly M12 M8 M5 M6. The responsibility of each state to check for compliance will be done by setting up district-level committee under the chairpersonship of District Collector or District Magistrate or Additional District Magistrate. In addition, every 6 months, this committee shall submit its report to the State Pollution Control Board.

Challenges in the Implementation of New Biomedical Waste 2016 Rules

One of the biggest challenges the government hospitals and small HCFs will face,1 Inch Round Steel Tubing Galvanized Steel Rectangular Tube Square Tube Sizes Philippines. To phase out chlorinated plastic bags, gloves,Refillable Glass Spray Bottle for Perfume/containers the cost will be high and time span for doing this i.e. two years is too short.

Currently, in India, there are 198 CBMWTF in operation and 28 are under construction.[Automatic 50kg/H Biomass Steam Pellet Chips Wood Fired Boiler for Food Industry] There is a great need for rapid development of many more CBMWTF to fulfill the need of treatment and disposal of all BMW generated in India. Incinerator emit toxic air pollutants, and incinerator ash is potentially hazardous.

Incinerator and its Hazards

The first solution for the disposal of BMW was to burn the waste. India in the late 1990s after the first BMW rule was implemented, saw a boom in the number of incinerator being installed. It is based on high temperature that kills pathogen and in the process destroys the material in which the microbes reside.[Tungsten Carbide Wire Thread Dies for Galvanized Metal Sheets,Latest Design Personalized Copper Fashion Jewelry 18K Gold Plated Cubic Zirconia Big Hoop Earrings for Women] However,Red Sandstone Tiles for Flooring/Wall(PIC) and dioxins.Pole Mount Automatic Recloser 38kv/1600A, waste components dissociate and recombine forming new particles called PIC, which are toxic.PVC/Pet/PC Cr80 Inkjet Printable Plastic Blank NFC Access Smart/Membership Card/Chip Card/Proximity/RFID MIFARE ID Greeting Card for Hotel Company Library. Dioxins are an unintentional by-Wall Mounted Plastic Battery Electric Sensor Scent Air Perfume Diffuser. These are a group of 75 chemicals which coexist along with another group of toxins called furans. These toxins have a tendency to accumulate in fatty tissues and travel up the food chain. Burning of medical devices made up of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) is the largest dioxin producers in the environment.[Above 99.2% Industrial Grade Fine-Grained Crystalline Sodium Carbonate Dense 99.2% Soda Ash Dense] In addition, metals present in the medical waste act as a catalyst for dioxin formation. These are very toxic, being known carcinogenic,Custom High Quality Hard Enamel Tag. In India, till date, no study has been done by Government of India to estimate the level of dioxin in Indian population. In 2000, Subramanianet al. have found high level of dioxin in the human breast milk collected from New Delhi, Mumbai, and Kolkata.[Precision Injection Mold Parts From China Made] Recently, in January 2017 appreciating the importance of the presence of dioxins in the environment,5FT3′ 160cm Love Doll Real Adult Toys with 3 Realistic Entries Full Real Size Doll Sex Toys for Men.[EVA PVC TPR Sole Twin Screw Plastic Granules Making Machine] Moreover, the incinerator ash is also hazardous and needs to be checked for the level of toxin before being sent to secured landfill. Therefore, keeping these points in consideration, most of the countries are shifting to alternative environmental friendly methods of BMW disposal. The Philippines has banned incinerator and Denmark has banned construction of incinerator.[Black White Thermal Break Aluminum Window,Disposable PVC EVA Anesthesia Ventilator Breathing Circuit]

Alternative Technology for Biomedical Waste Disposal

The various new technologies for BMW disposal are categorized into four groups – thermal, chemical processes, irradiative processes, and biological processes.Shantui Chain SD16 Tractors Bulldozers Ripper.[2000t Silos for Pellet Grain Storage Factory]

Thermal processes are grouped into three – low, medium, and high.

1. Low heat technologies operate between 93°C and 177°C and include microwaves and autoclaves. In autoclave, steam is used as a method for sterilization. Autoclaves are classified based on the method for removal of air pickets – Gravity/downward displacement and prevacuum/high vacuum. Since air evacuation is more effective in autoclaves with a prevacuum or multiple vacuum cycles, these are better.99% Purity Ghrp-2 Acetate Hormones Bodybuilding Peptides CAS158861-67-7. The evacuated air is disinfected before disposal into the environment by passing through a high-efficiency particulate absolute (HEPA) filter as it may contain pathogens. All infectious waste including cultures, human waste, laboratory waste, soft waste (gauze, bandages, and gowns) and sharps, and medical instruments are sterilized in autoclave. Hazardous waste and chemicals cannot be autoclaved as they release toxic emissions. Furthermore, heat resistant containers, beddings, and other bulky waste cannot be disinfected in autoclave.[J1/J3/J4/J5 Kenya Stainless Steel Pipe Price] Microwave uses moist heat and steam generated by microwave energy to disinfect. All infectious waste including human waste, laboratory waste, soft waste (gauze, bandages, and gowns), and sharps are sterilized in microwave. Volatile, semi-volatile organic compounds, mercury,30MPa 300bar Fire-Fighting Breathing Air Compressor to Fill Fire Tank. The advantage of using microwave for BMW disposal is minimal emissions. Its disadvantage include requirement of high capital for setup, problem of odor near the machine, and there is a chance of leak of microwave energy

2. Medium heat technologies operate between 177°C and 540°C and include reverse polymerization and thermal depolymerization. This involves the application of high-energy microwaves in nitrogen atmosphere to BMW to breakdown the organic matter. As the waste absorbs the microwave energy, its internal energy increase and chemical decomposition take place at molecular level. Nitrogen provides an oxygen-free environment so that combustion does not take place. Then, shredders are used to mutilate the waste[High Capacity 200-1000t/H Primary Mobile Jaw Crusher Machinery Price]

3. High heat technologies operate between 540°C and 8300°C and include pyrolysis – oxidation, plasma pyrolysis, induction-based pyrolysis, and lase-based pyrolysis. In pyrolysis oxidation, inside the pyrolysis chamber, the organic solid and liquid waste vaporize at high temperature (approximately 594°C) leaving behind inert ash and glass and metal fragments. This is followed by second step, wherein combustion of the vapors takes place at a temperature of 982°C –1093°C in a chamber and clean exhaust steam is later released.

Plasma pyrolysis uses plasma torches to generate plasma energy. In plasma state, the ionized gas can conduct electric current, but due to its high resistance, the electric energy is converted to heat energy. The residue generated include carbon black, vitrified glass aggregates, and metallic residues. A wide variety of waste can be destroyed in plasma-based technology – infectious waste, sharps, plastics, dialysis waste, hazardous waste, chemotherapeutic waste, chemotherapy waste, and low-level radioactive waste (ABS-43-1c CDMA Signal Booster).Metal Plastic Black Housing 32 Inch WiFi Digital Photo Frame with HDMI, waste residue is inert and sterile, i.e., environment friendly,6channels Concrete Chloride Ion Migration Tester(95%) and mass (80%–90%). Its disadvantage includes high capital cost, high operation cost, high electrical usage, limited lifespan of plasma torch and may generate dioxins in poorly designed setup.[Full Automatic Liquid Filling Machine]

Conclusions

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References