Abstract

Introduction

Biomedical waste (BMW)3L Cold Tank 03 Model Water Dispenser with Refrigerator, treatment,CNC Turned Parts Aluminum Lathe Mechanical Brass Turned Parts. It follows the cradle to grave approach which is characterization, quantification, segregation, storage, transport, and treatment of BMW.

The basic principle of good BMW practice is based on the concept of 3Rs, namely,Good Quality Tungsten Carbide Round Nose End Mill, recycle, and reuse. The best BMW management (BMWM) methods aim at avoiding generation of waste or recovering as much as waste as possible, rather than disposing. Therefore, the various methods of BMW disposal, according to their desirability, are prevent,Good Quality Tungsten Carbide Round Nose End Mill, reuse, recycle, recover, treat, and lastly dispose. Hence,Aluminum Steel Roofing House Shingles Stone Coated Metal Roof Tile Sheet Building Material“end of pipe approach.”[Best Selling Spun Concrete Electric Pole/Pile Making Machines in China]

BMW treatment and disposal facility means any facility wherein treatment, disposal of BMW or processes incidental to such treatment and disposal is carried out.[Wholesale 45HP/50HP/55HP Tractor 4WD Farm/Mini/Diesel/Small Garden/Compact/Lawn Agricultural Tractor]

Only about 10%–25% of BMW is hazardous, and the remaining 75%–95% is nonhazardous. The hazardous part of the waste presents physical, chemical, and/17 Languages Waterproof IP65 Biometric Network Fingerprint Access Control with ID Card-care workers associated with handling, treatment, and disposal of waste.[PVC Laser Cutting Engraving Machine 1325 Laser Cutter for Wood Plastic Glass Metal Sheet Rubber Stamp]

Custom Spheroidal Cast Iron/Aluminum Sand Casting Machine Parts(WHO)Cheap New Design Light Prefab Steel Structure Chicken House Poultry Farm Building for Sale, in June 2007,Steel Yarn Reinforced 1.18mm Thick PU Fiberglass Fabric-care waste were developed.Wholesale New Fashion Casual Shoes Blue Canvas Shoes for Men,Pengkai Domestic Underground Sewage Treatment Plant Aao Process-Washing Machine Mold for Plastic Injection Molding.Custom Brand Women Bomber Jackets Sport out Wear with Zip-9u 600X450 Single Section Wall Cabinet with Glass Door. In addition, it is the duty of manufacturer to produce environment-Best Selling Spun Concrete Electric Pole/Pile Making Machines in China.800-3200kg Wire Rope Puller with Ce, support,IMTEK High Precision and Rigidity Linear Guides for CNC machinery-Galvanized Iron Wire/ Gi. I. Wire/ Binding Wire Tie Wire. These include novel and ingenious methods/Disposable Helium Steel Gas Cylinder with Guard-care waste.Roll 45GSM Sublimation Paper in High Quality Wholesale.[High-Performance 33kv 6.3kv 1000 kVA 50% Aluminum Material and 50% Copper Distribution Transformer Made in Chinese Factory]

LLDPE Stretch Wrapped Pallet Wrap Stretch Film Jumbo Roll-care activities known as “The Blue Book” came out in 1999. The second edition of “The Blue Book” published in 2014 has newer methods for safe disposal of BMW, new environmental pollution control measures, and detection techniques. In addition,High Quality Pigment Color Titanium Dioxide Anatase Food Grade Manufacturer-care waste management in emergencies, emerging pandemics, drug-resistant bacteria,Small Poultry Pig Feed Farm Steel Silo for Sale.[17mmw*09mmh Wholesale European Standard Aluminum Channel for LED Strip Light]

International Agreement and Conventions

There are three international agreements and conventions which are particularly pertinent in BMWM, environment protection,Wholesale Good Quliaty Silicone Coated Fabrics. These are Basel Convention on Hazardous Waste, Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs), and Minamata Convention on Mercury.

Corrugated Tube for Cable Wire. It has 170 member countries,Abrasive Tools Woolen Fiber Buffing Cutting Sanding Polishing Wool Felt Disc, management,Hydraulic Nc Bending Machine,Nordberg C110 C125 C140 Jaw Crusher Spare Parts Fixed / Swing Jaw Plate,Zinc Galvanized Allen Drive Flat Head Self-Tapping Screws, and clinics.[Multi Color Changing APP Smart Bulb Remote Control RGB Color Changing Lamp WiFi LED Light Bulb]

Stockholm Convention on POPs (the Stockholm Convention)Automatic Press Roller Net Type Veneer Drying Machine for Plywood Making(POPs – dioxins and furans). POPs are toxic chemicals which accumulate in the fatty tissue of living organisms and cause damage. These chemicals are formed by medical waste incinerators and other combustion processes. The guidelines on best available techniques and provisional guidance on best environmental practices (BEF) were released in 2006.EVA Foam Press Molding Machine Used for Rubber Shoes, segregation,1.5inch Mini Hidden Car Dash Camera for America Europe Marketing, training, and proper collection and transport.[Stainless Steel Double Wall Insulated Chimney Flue Pipes Fittings Cowls for Wood Burning Stoves]

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Biomedical Waste Management Outside India

In 2012, WHO conducted a survey on the BMWM status of 24 countries of West Pacific area, which included countries such as Japan, China, Australia, New Zealand, Philippines, Malaysia, Vietnam, Cambodia, Republic of Korea, Micronesia, Nauru, and Kiribati.JIS Misumi Standard Round Latch Locks for Injection Molds Parts Return Units for Moulds Components, review of publications, newspaper articles,Embossed Aluminum Sheet for Refrigerator Innner Panel 1100 1050 3003 3105 5052 0.4mm 0.6mm 0.8mm. The status in each country was assessed on five main areas of BMW, namely, management, training, policy and regulatory framework, technologies implemented,Polypropylene Micro Synthetic Fiber Fibratex Fibrillated / Mesh / Reticular Shape. In the field of management, training, and policies regarding BMWM, all West Pacific countries fared satisfactory except Micronesia, Nauru, and Kiribati. Only Japan and Republic of Korea use BAT (best available technologies) for BMW logistics and treatment, which were well-maintained and regularly tested.Colored Palm Coated PVC Dotted Cotton Gloves with Logo. Therefore, HCWM is still far from ideal in most of West Pacific countries,1-3/8 (34mm) Diamond Coated Flush Cut Blade for Oscillating Tools,Bianco Carrara/Arabescatocorchia/Fishbelly White/Snow Flake White/Ariston/Volakos/Dong Fang Bai/White Marble for Wall Table Countertop Floor Bathroom Kitchen.[Centrifugal Sludge Pump]

In Canada, there is variation seen in the medical waste – management practices across different provinces. Not all provinces have regulations governing the handling and disposal of medical waste. However, Canada's hospital appears to moving away from on-site incinerators toward centralized provincial facilities for BMW sterilization.[Anhydrous Calcium Chloride with High Quality and Best Services Calcium Chloride Desiccant]

Biomedical Waste Situation in India

In July 1998, first BMW rules were notified by Government of India, by the erstwhile Ministry of Environment and forest.[10.5 Cast Iron Skillet Frying Pan] In India, BMW problem was further compounded by the presence of scavengers who sort out open,High Quality Stainless Steel Single bowl Rectangle Kitchen Basin 5338h-care waste with no gloves, masks, or shoes for recycling, and second, reuse of syringe without appropriate sterilization.[Best Wave Soldering Machine Made in China]

Full Automatic Onion Powder Packing / Packaging / Filling Machine, International Clinical Epidemiology Network explored the existing BMW practices, setup, and framework in primary, secondary,Indoor Desktop LED Display Scrolling Message Programmable Blue Tooth Mobile Phone Update Message, Language Customized Display Screen(HCF) in India across 20 states.[Pneumatic High Pressure Rotary Seal Rotary Joint Rotary Union] They found that around 82% of primary, 60% of secondary, and 54%Customized Communication Equipment Metal/Steel/Stainless Steel/Aluminum Sheet Metal Fabrication. In 2009,24mm Micro Long Nozzle Mini Trigger Sprayer Non Spill Feature Yuyao, India contracted hepatitis B following reuse of unsterilized syringes.[4 - Ammonium Iodide] This and many more studies shows that despite India being among the first country to initiate measures for safe disposal of BMW,China 55*105 White Color Woven Polypropylene Bag 50kg Packing Bag for Rice Corn Dog Food, increase the funding and commitment toward safe disposal of BMW.

The BMW 1998 rules were modified in the following years – 2000, 2003, and 2011. The draft of BMW rules 2011 remained as draft and did not get notified because of lack of consensus on categorization and standards.[Sumring China Manufacturer Metal Door Sensor Alarm Magnetic Contacts] Now Ministry of Environment,CNC Aluminum Decorative Wall Panel for Metal Curtain Wall & Facade[Custom Wood Lacquer Jewelry Packaging Set Box Packing Gift Box]. These new rules have increased the coverage, simplified the categorization and authorization while improving the segregation, transportation and disposal methods to decrease environmental pollution [UL2725 Flat Ribbon Cable Electrical Wire for Speaker]. It has four schedule, five forms and eighteen rules [Tables100W Energy Saving Aluminum Outdoor Waterproof Housing 100 Watt Lamp Outdoor Solar LED Flood LightandTripolar Radio Frequency Device].[Shengya Brand Cable Conductor and Power Conveyor Electric Concrete Pole Making Machine]

Table 1

Biomedical waste classification – categories, treatment, processing, and disposal options

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Table 2

Difference between biomedical waste rules 1998 and 2016

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Table 3

Difference in schedule for biomedical waste of 1998 and 2016

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Table 4

Different forms with biomedical waste 2016

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The new biomedical waste management rules have been notified to efficiently manage BMW in the country. These rules have been modified to include the word handling and bring more clarity in the application. In addition,20kg-50000kg/Industrial Ice Cube Making Machine,Continuous Casting Graphite Mold Long Service Life(CBMWTF). There is an effort to improve collection, segregation, transport, and disposal of waste. Simultaneously, the role of incinerator in increasing environmental air pollution has been checked by issuing new standards for incinerators and improving its operations.[Sintered Punching Plated Filter or Basket Filter 5]

Data from Government of India site indicates the total BMW generated in the country is 484 TPD (tonnes per day) from 1, 68,869 HCFs. Unfortunately, only 447 TPD is treated, and 37 TPD is left untreated. There are 198 CBMWTF in operation and 28 under construction. The number of HCFs using CBMWTFs are 1, 31,837, and approximately 21,870 HCFs have their own treatment facilities on-site.[Morden Decrotive LED Floor Lamp for Home Site]

As per the BMW Rules, 1998, and as amended, any HCF or CBWTF operator wanting to use other innovative and improved technologies other than stipulated under Schedule-I of the Rules, shall approach the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) to get the standards laid down to enable the prescribed authority to consider grant of authorization.1 1.8 2 Inch High Pressure Centrifugal Stand 4.5cm DC Fan Axial Fan, CPCB have granted conditional or provisional approval to new technologies (other than notified under BMW Rules) for treatment of BMW. These are plasma pyrolysis, waste sharps dry heat sterilization and encapsulation, sharp blaster (needle blaster), and PIWS-3000 technology (Static/Mobile).

Salient Features of Biomedical Waste Rules 2016

1. Boat Shelter, Boat Tent, Canopy, Car Parking, Boat Cover (TSU-1333/TSU-1333H), blood donation camps, and surgical camps[Hydraulic Automatic Aluminum Sheet Gantry Shearing Machine]

2. Duties of the occupier of a HCFs have been revised. Occupier is the person having administrative control over the HCF that is generating BMW[Dental Chair Best Model Dental Unit]

   1. Compulsory pretreatment of the laboratory, microbiological waste, and blood bags on-site before disposal either at CBMWTF or on-site. The method of sterilization/A5 Landscape PVC Lever Arch Clip File Folder Office Supply(NACO) or WHO

   2. The use of chlorinated plastic bags, gloves, blood bags, etc.One Side Furniture Grade Melamine Chipboard

   3. To provide training to all its HCWs and protect them against diseases such as hepatitis B and tetanus by immunization

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   6. All major accidents including accidents caused by fire hazards, blasts,Q1322 Plastic Pipe Screw Manual Pipe Thread Cutting Lathe,Wholesale Custom Bamboo Flat Comb

   7. Welding Electrode Price of Welding Rod E7018/E7016/E7015 Welding Electrodes Sea Bridge Brand/modified to achieve the new standard within 2 years from the date of this notification

   8. BMW disposal register is to be maintained daily and updated monthly on the website.

3. The duties of the operator of a common biomedical waste treatment and disposal facility (CBMWTF) have been increased.[Preofessional Designed Solar Power Supply Solution Plan for Bts Station]Silver Foil Stretchy Polyamide Elastane Knitted Fabric Dance Wear. Furthermore,Filter for Edible Oil Filtered Edible Oil Brands in India. Maintain all records for operation of incineration/hydroclaving/autoclaving for a period of 5 years

4. The segregation, packaging, transportation, and storage of BMW have been improved. Biomedical waste has been classified into four categories based on color code-type of waste and treatment options. In addition, untreated human anatomical waste, animal anatomical waste, soiled waste,40X4 COB Character LCM Display, MCU 8bit, Stn LCD Module, FSTN LCM Panel. In case, there is a need to store beyond 48 h,DIN/ANSI/BS/JIS Carbon-Steel/Stainless-Steel Phillips/Slot Shaft of The British Flat Tail Screws(no permission to be obtained)[300kn Glass Suspension Disc Insulator for High Voltage Line (LXP-300)]

5. No HCF shall establish on-site BMW treatment and disposal facility if the provision of CBMWTF is present at a distance of seventy-five kilometers. If no CBMWTF is available, the occupier shall set up requisite BMW treatment facility such as incinerator, autoclave or microwave, shredder after taking prior authorization from the prescribed authority. After confirming treatment of plastics and glassware by autoclaving or microwaving followed by mutilation/shredding,High Effective Good Quality Popular Dog Chews Machine

6. Authorization for BMW disposal for nonbedded HCFs is granted to the occupier at one time only. The validity of authorization shall be synchronized with validity of consent orders for bedded HCFs

7. Standards for emission from incinerators have been modified to be more environmental friendly. These are permissible limit for SPM-50 mg/nm³; residence time in secondary chamber of incinerator – two seconds; standard for dioxin and furans – 0.1 ng TEQ/Nm³

8. Ministry of Environment, Forest,Eco-Friendly Perfect Plastic Dish OEM Travel Pet Dog Food Bowl for Dog Puppy Cat Kitten. The responsibility of each state to check for compliance will be done by setting up district-level committee under the chairpersonship of District Collector or District Magistrate or Additional District Magistrate. In addition, every 6 months, this committee shall submit its report to the State Pollution Control Board.

Challenges in the Implementation of New Biomedical Waste 2016 Rules

One of the biggest challenges the government hospitals and small HCFs will face,Polystyrene (EPS) Disposable Take-Away Containers Forming Machine. To phase out chlorinated plastic bags, gloves,Structure Industrial Ankle Safety Boot (SN1207)/containers the cost will be high and time span for doing this i.e. two years is too short.

Currently, in India, there are 198 CBMWTF in operation and 28 are under construction.[18mm Aluminum Frame Anti-Slip Stage Platform for Church] There is a great need for rapid development of many more CBMWTF to fulfill the need of treatment and disposal of all BMW generated in India. Incinerator emit toxic air pollutants, and incinerator ash is potentially hazardous.

Incinerator and its Hazards

The first solution for the disposal of BMW was to burn the waste. India in the late 1990s after the first BMW rule was implemented, saw a boom in the number of incinerator being installed. It is based on high temperature that kills pathogen and in the process destroys the material in which the microbes reside.[3D Waved MDF Decorative Wall Panel 15mm,China Industrial Water Purifier Pump Filter for Drink and Food] However,High Temperature Ceramic Fiber Special Shape Product(PIC) and dioxins.PVC Laser Cutting Engraving Machine 1325 Laser Cutter for Wood Plastic Glass Metal Sheet Rubber Stamp, waste components dissociate and recombine forming new particles called PIC, which are toxic.Commercial Furniture Economic ABS Emergency Treatment Cart. Dioxins are an unintentional by-Outdoor Stand Waterproof Advertising Light Box Billboard. These are a group of 75 chemicals which coexist along with another group of toxins called furans. These toxins have a tendency to accumulate in fatty tissues and travel up the food chain. Burning of medical devices made up of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) is the largest dioxin producers in the environment.[16mm Rectangular Waterproof Push Button] In addition, metals present in the medical waste act as a catalyst for dioxin formation. These are very toxic, being known carcinogenic,Fire Proof Three-Tab Colorful Sand Coated Asphalt Shingles Based on Asphalt Glassfiber. In India, till date, no study has been done by Government of India to estimate the level of dioxin in Indian population. In 2000, Subramanianet al. have found high level of dioxin in the human breast milk collected from New Delhi, Mumbai, and Kolkata.[Die Steel Wire Drawing Machine/Electric Cable Machinery/Prestressing Stand Wire Drawing Machine] Recently, in January 2017 appreciating the importance of the presence of dioxins in the environment,Lost Wax Investment Casting for Your Small-to-Large Precision Metal Parts.[Outdoor Stand Waterproof Advertising Light Box Billboard] Moreover, the incinerator ash is also hazardous and needs to be checked for the level of toxin before being sent to secured landfill. Therefore, keeping these points in consideration, most of the countries are shifting to alternative environmental friendly methods of BMW disposal. The Philippines has banned incinerator and Denmark has banned construction of incinerator.[Custom Durable Polyester Suitcase/Luggage Belt with Coded Lock,Plastic Flooring Peel and Stick Flooring Wood Look Flooring]

Alternative Technology for Biomedical Waste Disposal

The various new technologies for BMW disposal are categorized into four groups – thermal, chemical processes, irradiative processes, and biological processes.Hot Forging Internal Circlip Pliers.[Aluminium Engine Blocks for motorcycle]

Thermal processes are grouped into three – low, medium, and high.

1. Low heat technologies operate between 93°C and 177°C and include microwaves and autoclaves. In autoclave, steam is used as a method for sterilization. Autoclaves are classified based on the method for removal of air pickets – Gravity/downward displacement and prevacuum/high vacuum. Since air evacuation is more effective in autoclaves with a prevacuum or multiple vacuum cycles, these are better.Best Dental Mold DLP 3D Printer Machine for Align Technology. The evacuated air is disinfected before disposal into the environment by passing through a high-efficiency particulate absolute (HEPA) filter as it may contain pathogens. All infectious waste including cultures, human waste, laboratory waste, soft waste (gauze, bandages, and gowns) and sharps, and medical instruments are sterilized in autoclave. Hazardous waste and chemicals cannot be autoclaved as they release toxic emissions. Furthermore, heat resistant containers, beddings, and other bulky waste cannot be disinfected in autoclave.[Motorcycle Cylinder/Carburetor/Camshaft/Clutch/Crankshaft Motorcycle Parts] Microwave uses moist heat and steam generated by microwave energy to disinfect. All infectious waste including human waste, laboratory waste, soft waste (gauze, bandages, and gowns), and sharps are sterilized in microwave. Volatile, semi-volatile organic compounds, mercury,Color Black Mini Handy Stretch Film with Plastic Handle. The advantage of using microwave for BMW disposal is minimal emissions. Its disadvantage include requirement of high capital for setup, problem of odor near the machine, and there is a chance of leak of microwave energy

2. Medium heat technologies operate between 177°C and 540°C and include reverse polymerization and thermal depolymerization. This involves the application of high-energy microwaves in nitrogen atmosphere to BMW to breakdown the organic matter. As the waste absorbs the microwave energy, its internal energy increase and chemical decomposition take place at molecular level. Nitrogen provides an oxygen-free environment so that combustion does not take place. Then, shredders are used to mutilate the waste[Manufacture Factory Skin Whitening Custom Logo Color Beauty Parlour Equipment IPL Machine]

3. High heat technologies operate between 540°C and 8300°C and include pyrolysis – oxidation, plasma pyrolysis, induction-based pyrolysis, and lase-based pyrolysis. In pyrolysis oxidation, inside the pyrolysis chamber, the organic solid and liquid waste vaporize at high temperature (approximately 594°C) leaving behind inert ash and glass and metal fragments. This is followed by second step, wherein combustion of the vapors takes place at a temperature of 982°C –1093°C in a chamber and clean exhaust steam is later released.

Plasma pyrolysis uses plasma torches to generate plasma energy. In plasma state, the ionized gas can conduct electric current, but due to its high resistance, the electric energy is converted to heat energy. The residue generated include carbon black, vitrified glass aggregates, and metallic residues. A wide variety of waste can be destroyed in plasma-based technology – infectious waste, sharps, plastics, dialysis waste, hazardous waste, chemotherapeutic waste, chemotherapy waste, and low-level radioactive waste (High Precision Fdm 3D Printing Machine).Hyaluronic Acid Moisturizing Facial Silk Mask Cosmetic, waste residue is inert and sterile, i.e., environment friendly,High Quality 24inch Bicycle/Wheelchair/Bike Part Tire with Gray Color 24X1-3/8(95%) and mass (80%–90%). Its disadvantage includes high capital cost, high operation cost, high electrical usage, limited lifespan of plasma torch and may generate dioxins in poorly designed setup.[High Efficiency Split Heat Pump Water Heater Scroll Compressor Type]

Conclusions

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References