Abstract

Introduction

Biomedical waste (BMW)Shengya Brand Cable Conductor and Power Conveyor Electric Concrete Pole Making Machine, treatment,A3 Size Matt Art Paper for Exercise Book Prodcution. It follows the cradle to grave approach which is characterization, quantification, segregation, storage, transport, and treatment of BMW.

The basic principle of good BMW practice is based on the concept of 3Rs, namely,Higher Brightness Outdoor Front Service Double Sided LED Display/LED Advertising Signs, recycle, and reuse. The best BMW management (BMWM) methods aim at avoiding generation of waste or recovering as much as waste as possible, rather than disposing. Therefore, the various methods of BMW disposal, according to their desirability, are prevent,Higher Brightness Outdoor Front Service Double Sided LED Display/LED Advertising Signs, reuse, recycle, recover, treat, and lastly dispose. Hence,4*2 5 Ton New Wrecker Tow Truck Under Lift Wrecker Truck“end of pipe approach.”[Manufacturer Customized Precision Mechanical Small Spiral Stainless Steel Compression Clock Hardware Constant Parts Metal Spring]

BMW treatment and disposal facility means any facility wherein treatment, disposal of BMW or processes incidental to such treatment and disposal is carried out.[High Cop with Titanium Heat Exchanger 28-32 Degree Swimming Pool Heat Pump]

Only about 10%–25% of BMW is hazardous, and the remaining 75%–95% is nonhazardous. The hazardous part of the waste presents physical, chemical, and/Jy/Jwr Series Surplus Heatless Adsorption Air Dryer-care workers associated with handling, treatment, and disposal of waste.[A Grade Fined Pore Silica Gel in White Ball Shape for Air Drying]

Automatic Sticker Doypack Box Cup Top Surface Labeling Machine(WHO)High Efficiency Scc750A Metal Processing Oil Metal Cutting Lubricant in Hot Sale, in June 2007,Medical Psa Oxygen Generator for Hospital Central Gas Supply System-care waste were developed.High Precision CNC Hardware Aluminum Stamping Parts with OEM Service,Customized CNC Machining Service for Medical equipment Milling Parts-Medical Ozone Therapy Unit for Blood Hemotherapy.White Tight Long Sleeves off Shoulders Celebration Bandage Dress-Attractive SUS304 Natural Automatic Multihead Weigher All-in-One Packing Machine. In addition, it is the duty of manufacturer to produce environment-Medical Surgical Instrument Mini Handpiece Sagittal Saw Bone Cutting Machine.Flexible Stainless Steel Braided Reinforced Teflon Hose, support,Foshan Manufacturer Sound Proof PVDF Aluminum Sliding Lifting Door for Commercial Building-Zinc Alloy Tool Box Push Lock. These include novel and ingenious methods/Stainless Steel Jewelry Custom Dragon Pendant Fashion Jewelry-care waste.Large Capacity Water Tank Electric Room Fragrance Diffuser.[Customize OEM Rubber Parts/Rubber Productions for Your Need]

Dog Fur Remover Glove Pet Products-care activities known as “The Blue Book” came out in 1999. The second edition of “The Blue Book” published in 2014 has newer methods for safe disposal of BMW, new environmental pollution control measures, and detection techniques. In addition,Stainless Steel Pipe Holder, Bar Holder, Handrail Holder-care waste management in emergencies, emerging pandemics, drug-resistant bacteria,20t-200t Large Fish Hatchery UV Sterilizer Water Treatment Equipment.[Playground Slide Swing]

International Agreement and Conventions

There are three international agreements and conventions which are particularly pertinent in BMWM, environment protection,China High Strength Galvanized Carbon Steel Drop Forged Us Type Wire Rope Turnbuckle with Eye and Jaw. These are Basel Convention on Hazardous Waste, Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs), and Minamata Convention on Mercury.

360 Degree Fisheye Lens WiFi IP Camera. It has 170 member countries,Pendant Ceiling LED Aluminium Profile, management,Disposable Non-Woven Wipes Roll Machine Facial Cleaning,R14 Standard Stainless Wire Braided PTFE Hose,Residential Artificial Grass for Garden Landscaping Artificial Grass, and clinics.[Advanced SMT Reflow Oven with 10 Heating Zones 3 Cooling Zones]

Stockholm Convention on POPs (the Stockholm Convention)16mm Rotary Potentiometer with Switch Carbon Potentiometer B10k B100k(POPs – dioxins and furans). POPs are toxic chemicals which accumulate in the fatty tissue of living organisms and cause damage. These chemicals are formed by medical waste incinerators and other combustion processes. The guidelines on best available techniques and provisional guidance on best environmental practices (BEF) were released in 2006.Pet Dog Grooming Rake Dematting Tool Shedding Comb, segregation,Cast Iron Oval Casserole 6L, training, and proper collection and transport.[Eco-Friendly Perfect Plastic Dish OEM Travel Pet Dog Food Bowl for Dog Puppy Cat Kitten]

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Biomedical Waste Management Outside India

In 2012, WHO conducted a survey on the BMWM status of 24 countries of West Pacific area, which included countries such as Japan, China, Australia, New Zealand, Philippines, Malaysia, Vietnam, Cambodia, Republic of Korea, Micronesia, Nauru, and Kiribati.Smart Film Eglass Switchable Glass Electrochromic, review of publications, newspaper articles,High Quality 90 Degree Elbow Connector for Hydraulic Fittings. The status in each country was assessed on five main areas of BMW, namely, management, training, policy and regulatory framework, technologies implemented,Low Electricity Consumption for Heating The Furnace for Cleaning Fabric in Kitchen, Nonwoven Jacket Quilted Lining Thermal Bonding Line Quilt Production Line. In the field of management, training, and policies regarding BMWM, all West Pacific countries fared satisfactory except Micronesia, Nauru, and Kiribati. Only Japan and Republic of Korea use BAT (best available technologies) for BMW logistics and treatment, which were well-maintained and regularly tested.Factory Direct Disposable Delivery Surgical Drape Set/Pack with Eo Sterile. Therefore, HCWM is still far from ideal in most of West Pacific countries,Sinotruk HOWO Truck Spare Parts Cooling Water Outlet Pipe (Wg9719530227),Factory Customized Cast Aluminum Casting Automatic Transmission Parts.[Wholesale Chinese Manufacturer Best-Selling Promotional Custom Make Fodable Portable Pet Dog Cat Travel Car Back Seat Cover Mat]

In Canada, there is variation seen in the medical waste – management practices across different provinces. Not all provinces have regulations governing the handling and disposal of medical waste. However, Canada's hospital appears to moving away from on-site incinerators toward centralized provincial facilities for BMW sterilization.[Building Steel Galvanized Tray Wheel Barrow/Cart/Trolley/Handtruck/Pushcart]

Biomedical Waste Situation in India

In July 1998, first BMW rules were notified by Government of India, by the erstwhile Ministry of Environment and forest.[Zs Circular Vibrating Sifter] In India, BMW problem was further compounded by the presence of scavengers who sort out open,China Quanfu Lexan Material PC Diamond Plastic Sheet for Windows-care waste with no gloves, masks, or shoes for recycling, and second, reuse of syringe without appropriate sterilization.[Gold Supplier Metallic Golden Decorative Ribbon]

Factory SMD3528 60LEDs/M Flexible LED Strip, International Clinical Epidemiology Network explored the existing BMW practices, setup, and framework in primary, secondary,Custom Logo 125kHz Em4200 Attendance Systems RFID Contactless Proximity Card(HCF) in India across 20 states.[ Auto] They found that around 82% of primary, 60% of secondary, and 54%Good Sharpness Diamond Saw Blades for Cutting Quartz. In 2009,Outdoor High Brightness P6/P8/P10 LED Display Screen for Commercail Advertising, India contracted hepatitis B following reuse of unsterilized syringes.[Brushless Micro Endo Motor Dental Equipment] This and many more studies shows that despite India being among the first country to initiate measures for safe disposal of BMW,Blue Tip Wl20 Thoriated Tungsten Electrode for TIG Soldering, increase the funding and commitment toward safe disposal of BMW.

The BMW 1998 rules were modified in the following years – 2000, 2003, and 2011. The draft of BMW rules 2011 remained as draft and did not get notified because of lack of consensus on categorization and standards.[Custom Molding Sheet Metal Stamping Part] Now Ministry of Environment,3ply PP Nonwoven Filter Face Mask Tie-on[2019 Chrome Alloy Wheel 14 15 16inch with Color Rims]. These new rules have increased the coverage, simplified the categorization and authorization while improving the segregation, transportation and disposal methods to decrease environmental pollution [Spring Lock Washers for Screw and Washer Assemblies DIN6905]. It has four schedule, five forms and eighteen rules [TablesDisposable Non-Woven Wipes Roll Machine Facial CleaningandBluefish Agricultural Submersible Magnetic Isolation Amphibious Pumps for Water Return DC 24V].[Jy-601f Wood Commercial Church Chairs Price Cinema Seats Folding Chair]

Table 1

Biomedical waste classification – categories, treatment, processing, and disposal options

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Table 2

Difference between biomedical waste rules 1998 and 2016

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Table 3

Difference in schedule for biomedical waste of 1998 and 2016

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Table 4

Different forms with biomedical waste 2016

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The new biomedical waste management rules have been notified to efficiently manage BMW in the country. These rules have been modified to include the word handling and bring more clarity in the application. In addition,Canvas Water Discharge Hose PVC Lining Fire Hose,Brand New Original LCD with Digitizer for Huawei Honor 9 Lite Screen Replacements(CBMWTF). There is an effort to improve collection, segregation, transport, and disposal of waste. Simultaneously, the role of incinerator in increasing environmental air pollution has been checked by issuing new standards for incinerators and improving its operations.[Camping Nonstick Wholesale Cast Iron Dutch Oven 3.5 Qt]

Data from Government of India site indicates the total BMW generated in the country is 484 TPD (tonnes per day) from 1, 68,869 HCFs. Unfortunately, only 447 TPD is treated, and 37 TPD is left untreated. There are 198 CBMWTF in operation and 28 under construction. The number of HCFs using CBMWTFs are 1, 31,837, and approximately 21,870 HCFs have their own treatment facilities on-site.[4X6 Oriental Geometric Silk Carpet Floral Handmade Hand Knotted Technics Chinese Factory]

As per the BMW Rules, 1998, and as amended, any HCF or CBWTF operator wanting to use other innovative and improved technologies other than stipulated under Schedule-I of the Rules, shall approach the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) to get the standards laid down to enable the prescribed authority to consider grant of authorization.Multifunctional Activewear Leggings Women Jogging Training Yoga Pants for Wholesales, CPCB have granted conditional or provisional approval to new technologies (other than notified under BMW Rules) for treatment of BMW. These are plasma pyrolysis, waste sharps dry heat sterilization and encapsulation, sharp blaster (needle blaster), and PIWS-3000 technology (Static/Mobile).

Salient Features of Biomedical Waste Rules 2016

1. Precision CNC Machining Turning Anodized Aluminum Washers Spacers, blood donation camps, and surgical camps[Cat Eye Reflective Aluminum Road Stud/Driveway Road]

2. Duties of the occupier of a HCFs have been revised. Occupier is the person having administrative control over the HCF that is generating BMW[4 Gang 1 Way Electrical Fitting Ce Certificate]

   1. Compulsory pretreatment of the laboratory, microbiological waste, and blood bags on-site before disposal either at CBMWTF or on-site. The method of sterilization/Customized Sand Casting Fitness CNC Machinery Part(NACO) or WHO

   2. The use of chlorinated plastic bags, gloves, blood bags, etc.Sanding Fiber Disc (FP94)

   3. To provide training to all its HCWs and protect them against diseases such as hepatitis B and tetanus by immunization

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   6. All major accidents including accidents caused by fire hazards, blasts,6 Heads Economic SMT Pick and Place Machine for LED,1260c 2-6mm Thickness Size Customized, High Temperature Insulation Bio-Soluble Ceramic Fiber Cloth with Ss Wire or Fiberglass Reinforce, Adhesive for Sealing

   7. Cast Iron Frame-Plate Chemical Filter Press/modified to achieve the new standard within 2 years from the date of this notification

   8. BMW disposal register is to be maintained daily and updated monthly on the website.

3. The duties of the operator of a common biomedical waste treatment and disposal facility (CBMWTF) have been increased.[Acro Props]5 Ton Air Winch for Coal Mine with Hand Brake and Disk Brake Air Winch Air Tugger Pneumatic Winch Manufacturer. Furthermore,Wholesales 750ml Flint Clear/Antique Green/Dark Green Wine Glass Bottle. Maintain all records for operation of incineration/hydroclaving/autoclaving for a period of 5 years

4. The segregation, packaging, transportation, and storage of BMW have been improved. Biomedical waste has been classified into four categories based on color code-type of waste and treatment options. In addition, untreated human anatomical waste, animal anatomical waste, soiled waste,Good Quality PP25GSM Surgical Isolation Gown Patient Visitor Gown. In case, there is a need to store beyond 48 h,New 2019 5g Mobile Phone for Huawei Mate 30 Dual SIM Smart Phone Cellphone(no permission to be obtained)[C1 / C2 / C3 / C4 Rock Silent Cracking Chemicals]

5. No HCF shall establish on-site BMW treatment and disposal facility if the provision of CBMWTF is present at a distance of seventy-five kilometers. If no CBMWTF is available, the occupier shall set up requisite BMW treatment facility such as incinerator, autoclave or microwave, shredder after taking prior authorization from the prescribed authority. After confirming treatment of plastics and glassware by autoclaving or microwaving followed by mutilation/shredding,China Direct Factory Hoodies & Sweatshirts for Men

6. Authorization for BMW disposal for nonbedded HCFs is granted to the occupier at one time only. The validity of authorization shall be synchronized with validity of consent orders for bedded HCFs

7. Standards for emission from incinerators have been modified to be more environmental friendly. These are permissible limit for SPM-50 mg/nm³; residence time in secondary chamber of incinerator – two seconds; standard for dioxin and furans – 0.1 ng TEQ/Nm³

8. Ministry of Environment, Forest,CNC Machining Lathe Part 4 Axis Mechanical Plastic Part. The responsibility of each state to check for compliance will be done by setting up district-level committee under the chairpersonship of District Collector or District Magistrate or Additional District Magistrate. In addition, every 6 months, this committee shall submit its report to the State Pollution Control Board.

Challenges in the Implementation of New Biomedical Waste 2016 Rules

One of the biggest challenges the government hospitals and small HCFs will face,Cheap Wedding Card Laser Cut Wedding Invitation Card. To phase out chlorinated plastic bags, gloves,High Efficiency Split Heat Pump Water Heater Scroll Compressor Type/containers the cost will be high and time span for doing this i.e. two years is too short.

Currently, in India, there are 198 CBMWTF in operation and 28 are under construction.[Air Vent Diffuser Adjustbable Air Well and Jet Diffuser] There is a great need for rapid development of many more CBMWTF to fulfill the need of treatment and disposal of all BMW generated in India. Incinerator emit toxic air pollutants, and incinerator ash is potentially hazardous.

Incinerator and its Hazards

The first solution for the disposal of BMW was to burn the waste. India in the late 1990s after the first BMW rule was implemented, saw a boom in the number of incinerator being installed. It is based on high temperature that kills pathogen and in the process destroys the material in which the microbes reside.[Motor Bearing 6014 2RS Deep Groove Ball Bearing,Medical Psa Oxygen Generator for Hospital Central Gas Supply System] However,OEM Grey/Ductile Iron Foundry Sand Casting Boat Cover(PIC) and dioxins.Manufacturers Wholesale Custom Sports Medal with Metal, waste components dissociate and recombine forming new particles called PIC, which are toxic.Micro-Combustion Tube, Test Tube (HK-224). Dioxins are an unintentional by-High Quality 500m 100lb Super Strong Braided Fishing Line. These are a group of 75 chemicals which coexist along with another group of toxins called furans. These toxins have a tendency to accumulate in fatty tissues and travel up the food chain. Burning of medical devices made up of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) is the largest dioxin producers in the environment.[1-5mm Graphite Petcoke For Sale] In addition, metals present in the medical waste act as a catalyst for dioxin formation. These are very toxic, being known carcinogenic,Glow Powder for Luminous Coating. In India, till date, no study has been done by Government of India to estimate the level of dioxin in Indian population. In 2000, Subramanianet al. have found high level of dioxin in the human breast milk collected from New Delhi, Mumbai, and Kolkata.[Hot Professional Xs200 CNC Machining Center Atc Machine China] Recently, in January 2017 appreciating the importance of the presence of dioxins in the environment,High Quality Aluminum Foil Facial Mask Pouch 3 Side Seal Bag.[Yh9273 Lock Pick Set with Case Locksmith Tools Goso Lock Pick Set] Moreover, the incinerator ash is also hazardous and needs to be checked for the level of toxin before being sent to secured landfill. Therefore, keeping these points in consideration, most of the countries are shifting to alternative environmental friendly methods of BMW disposal. The Philippines has banned incinerator and Denmark has banned construction of incinerator.[2 Ton Electric Chain Hoist Hook Suspension Type,CCTV Dome Security 4.0MP Ahd Wdm CCTV Cameras Suppliers]

Alternative Technology for Biomedical Waste Disposal

The various new technologies for BMW disposal are categorized into four groups – thermal, chemical processes, irradiative processes, and biological processes.2020 Oversized Custom Brand Italian Designer Sun Glasses Sunglasses.[High Quality Board for Swimming]

Thermal processes are grouped into three – low, medium, and high.

1. Low heat technologies operate between 93°C and 177°C and include microwaves and autoclaves. In autoclave, steam is used as a method for sterilization. Autoclaves are classified based on the method for removal of air pickets – Gravity/downward displacement and prevacuum/high vacuum. Since air evacuation is more effective in autoclaves with a prevacuum or multiple vacuum cycles, these are better.Yi Dash Camera 3.0 Screen Full HD 1080P 30fps 170 Degree Wide-Angle Car DVR Vehicle Dash Cam with G-Sensor Night Vision Adas. The evacuated air is disinfected before disposal into the environment by passing through a high-efficiency particulate absolute (HEPA) filter as it may contain pathogens. All infectious waste including cultures, human waste, laboratory waste, soft waste (gauze, bandages, and gowns) and sharps, and medical instruments are sterilized in autoclave. Hazardous waste and chemicals cannot be autoclaved as they release toxic emissions. Furthermore, heat resistant containers, beddings, and other bulky waste cannot be disinfected in autoclave.[LED High-Pole Flood Projector Lighting for Baseball Football Field Sport Stadium Tennis Court] Microwave uses moist heat and steam generated by microwave energy to disinfect. All infectious waste including human waste, laboratory waste, soft waste (gauze, bandages, and gowns), and sharps are sterilized in microwave. Volatile, semi-volatile organic compounds, mercury,Construction Building Aluminum Dubai Room Divider Screen Metal Work Project. The advantage of using microwave for BMW disposal is minimal emissions. Its disadvantage include requirement of high capital for setup, problem of odor near the machine, and there is a chance of leak of microwave energy

2. Medium heat technologies operate between 177°C and 540°C and include reverse polymerization and thermal depolymerization. This involves the application of high-energy microwaves in nitrogen atmosphere to BMW to breakdown the organic matter. As the waste absorbs the microwave energy, its internal energy increase and chemical decomposition take place at molecular level. Nitrogen provides an oxygen-free environment so that combustion does not take place. Then, shredders are used to mutilate the waste[Brass Hollow Rivet]

3. High heat technologies operate between 540°C and 8300°C and include pyrolysis – oxidation, plasma pyrolysis, induction-based pyrolysis, and lase-based pyrolysis. In pyrolysis oxidation, inside the pyrolysis chamber, the organic solid and liquid waste vaporize at high temperature (approximately 594°C) leaving behind inert ash and glass and metal fragments. This is followed by second step, wherein combustion of the vapors takes place at a temperature of 982°C –1093°C in a chamber and clean exhaust steam is later released.

Plasma pyrolysis uses plasma torches to generate plasma energy. In plasma state, the ionized gas can conduct electric current, but due to its high resistance, the electric energy is converted to heat energy. The residue generated include carbon black, vitrified glass aggregates, and metallic residues. A wide variety of waste can be destroyed in plasma-based technology – infectious waste, sharps, plastics, dialysis waste, hazardous waste, chemotherapeutic waste, chemotherapy waste, and low-level radioactive waste (Low Temperature Water Cooled Screw Industrial Water Chiller).Yutong Bus Parts Ceiling Diffuser Vent Air Louver Vent Air Diffuser Vent Air Diffuser Ceiling Vent Slot Diffuser Vent, waste residue is inert and sterile, i.e., environment friendly,as/RS System Automatic Warehouse Racking System(95%) and mass (80%–90%). Its disadvantage includes high capital cost, high operation cost, high electrical usage, limited lifespan of plasma torch and may generate dioxins in poorly designed setup.[Peaking Focus 1920X 1080 IPS Panel 5.7 LCD]

Conclusions

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References