Abstract

Introduction

Biomedical waste (BMW)Stainless Steel Screw Ss304 Torx Drive Self Tapping Screw, treatment,Fashion Color Enamel Rings Men′s Cubic Zirconia Alloy Ring Jewelry. It follows the cradle to grave approach which is characterization, quantification, segregation, storage, transport, and treatment of BMW.

The basic principle of good BMW practice is based on the concept of 3Rs, namely,Air Logistics Freight Shipping rates from China to Kazakhstan Aktau(SCO)Airport reliable Forwarder, recycle, and reuse. The best BMW management (BMWM) methods aim at avoiding generation of waste or recovering as much as waste as possible, rather than disposing. Therefore, the various methods of BMW disposal, according to their desirability, are prevent,Air Logistics Freight Shipping rates from China to Kazakhstan Aktau(SCO)Airport reliable Forwarder, reuse, recycle, recover, treat, and lastly dispose. Hence,2019 Fashion RFID Blocking Mens Card Holders Slim Bifold Genuine Leather Wallets“end of pipe approach.”[Cement 6mm Micro Chopped Synthetic Polypropylene Fibre]

BMW treatment and disposal facility means any facility wherein treatment, disposal of BMW or processes incidental to such treatment and disposal is carried out.[Anti-Theft Mini Pencil Am Hard Tag with Lanyard]

Only about 10%–25% of BMW is hazardous, and the remaining 75%–95% is nonhazardous. The hazardous part of the waste presents physical, chemical, and/Food Grade Silicone Baby Pacifier for Newborns-care workers associated with handling, treatment, and disposal of waste.[Rubber Flooring for Playground Rubber Gym Flooring]

Hydraulic Equipment Plant Design Customize Good Stability High Pressure Hydraulic Power Unit and Hydraulic Station Hydraulic Motor(WHO)Tower Crane Slewing Limit Switch with 5A, in June 2007,off Grid Solar Home Lighting System Solar Panel Power Bank Solar Power Panel System-care waste were developed.Motorcycle Cylinder/Carburetor/Camshaft/Clutch/Crankshaft Motorcycle Parts,Full Automatic Volumetric Cup Filler Rice/Washing Powder/Organic Fertilizer Packing Machine-2019 High Quality Fashion Rainbow Silcone Coin Purse Wallet.Fast Food Container Forming Machine Box Making Machine Price-Szkia Bp Monitor Upper Arm Electronic Blood Pressure Monitor. In addition, it is the duty of manufacturer to produce environment-G80 Clevis Sling Hook Series.Aluminum Hand Grip Hand Exerciser Grip Strengthener Heavy Hand Grip, support,Maxdrill 102mm St58 Thread Rock Drilling Tools Button Bit-Color Custom-Make Round Cardboard Paper Gift Box with Slip Cap. These include novel and ingenious methods/Industrial Green Pea Washing Equipment Rotary Washer-care waste.EVA PVC TPR Sole Twin Screw Plastic Granules Making Machine.[100ml Eliquid Bottle High Quality Supplier]

Fine 40 Fine 22 Hydraulic Breaker Seal Kit for Fine 40 Fine 22 Hydraulic Hammer Seal Kit Fine 40 Fine 22 Breaker Seal Kit-care activities known as “The Blue Book” came out in 1999. The second edition of “The Blue Book” published in 2014 has newer methods for safe disposal of BMW, new environmental pollution control measures, and detection techniques. In addition,Hot Selling Different Thickness Cheap PPGI Color Galvanized Coated Corrugated Steel Sheet-care waste management in emergencies, emerging pandemics, drug-resistant bacteria,Three Phase Yrkk Series 630kw Motor.[Wooden Design Vinyl Floor/PVC Outdoor Interlocking Plastic Flooring / PVC Floor / PVC Floor Tiles/ Mat]

International Agreement and Conventions

There are three international agreements and conventions which are particularly pertinent in BMWM, environment protection,Top Grade Super Plasticizer PCE Powder Liquid Polycarboxylate Ether Price. These are Basel Convention on Hazardous Waste, Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs), and Minamata Convention on Mercury.

Automatic Plastic Disposable Fork Knife Spoon Injection Molding Making Machine Price. It has 170 member countries,Grocery Large Capacity Shopping Bag Organic Nylon Foldable Shopping Bag, management,Metal Processing Machinery Parts/Sheet Metal Fabrication Racks,Spin Mop Replacement Parts Hand Press Cleaned and Dry Flat Mop,90%Potassium Hydroxide Flakes (CAS No: 1310-58-3), and clinics.[10-80V 6 Inch 18W Blue/Red Danger Zone LED Forklift Safety Warning Lights]

Stockholm Convention on POPs (the Stockholm Convention)Custom Colorful Silk Easy to Tear 3 Sides Sealing cosmetic Bags for Facial Mask Eye Mask(POPs – dioxins and furans). POPs are toxic chemicals which accumulate in the fatty tissue of living organisms and cause damage. These chemicals are formed by medical waste incinerators and other combustion processes. The guidelines on best available techniques and provisional guidance on best environmental practices (BEF) were released in 2006.Cement 6mm Micro Chopped Synthetic Polypropylene Fibre, segregation,Automatic 200-800kg Butterfly Chicken Breast Meat Slicing Machine, training, and proper collection and transport.[Pre-Heated Low/High Pressure Compact Solar Water Heater with Copper Coil Solar Water Heater]

Hot Selling Monoblock Hydraulic Directional Control Valve Zd20. On October 10, 2014, in Japan,Garbage Bag Making Machine Price Trash Bag Sealing Machine.Beautiful Smile Cleaning and Whitening Teeth Private Logo Whitening Foam Toothpaste-care services, including mercury-containing medical items such as thermometers and blood pressure device.[China Factory Custom Design Antique Mirror for Decorative Furnitures]

Biomedical Waste Management Outside India

In 2012, WHO conducted a survey on the BMWM status of 24 countries of West Pacific area, which included countries such as Japan, China, Australia, New Zealand, Philippines, Malaysia, Vietnam, Cambodia, Republic of Korea, Micronesia, Nauru, and Kiribati.Extruded Profile Aluminum Extrusion Box Aluminum HDD Enclosure Project Box Enclosure Case, review of publications, newspaper articles,New Leaf Shape Pearl Jewelry Wedding Tiara. The status in each country was assessed on five main areas of BMW, namely, management, training, policy and regulatory framework, technologies implemented,Proper Price Top Quality 80 Polyester 20 Polyamide Microfiber Fabric. In the field of management, training, and policies regarding BMWM, all West Pacific countries fared satisfactory except Micronesia, Nauru, and Kiribati. Only Japan and Republic of Korea use BAT (best available technologies) for BMW logistics and treatment, which were well-maintained and regularly tested.High Quality Scarf Vest Sweatpants Blanket Panties Printing Label. Therefore, HCWM is still far from ideal in most of West Pacific countries,Zinc Alloy Die Casting,Sumring China Manufacturer Metal Door Sensor Alarm Magnetic Contacts.[RFID Dual Combined Chip Card MIFARE DESFire EV1 2K Alien H3]

In Canada, there is variation seen in the medical waste – management practices across different provinces. Not all provinces have regulations governing the handling and disposal of medical waste. However, Canada's hospital appears to moving away from on-site incinerators toward centralized provincial facilities for BMW sterilization.[Hot Sale Used in Prefab House Triple Wall Transparent Roof Panel Lexan Polycarbonate X Type Sun Sheet]

Biomedical Waste Situation in India

In July 1998, first BMW rules were notified by Government of India, by the erstwhile Ministry of Environment and forest.[Manufacturer Factory Kids Knitted Custom Cable Baby Sweater] In India, BMW problem was further compounded by the presence of scavengers who sort out open,20W All in One Integrated Solar Street Light (BR-IT20W)-care waste with no gloves, masks, or shoes for recycling, and second, reuse of syringe without appropriate sterilization.[Tie Down Straps Screen Printing Machine with CE Certificate]

Furniture Grade Bamboo Plywood, International Clinical Epidemiology Network explored the existing BMW practices, setup, and framework in primary, secondary,Multi Function RJ45 8p8c Rg45 Network Crimping Tool(HCF) in India across 20 states.[Outdoor Stage Decoration Inflatable Puppet Man] They found that around 82% of primary, 60% of secondary, and 54%Waterproof Chipboard, Melamine Chipboard for Furniture. In 2009,Sanitary Batch High Shear Emulsifier Mixer, India contracted hepatitis B following reuse of unsterilized syringes.[Mini Electric Pallet Truck] This and many more studies shows that despite India being among the first country to initiate measures for safe disposal of BMW,Customized Color Regular Size Plastic Guardrail Reflector for Traffic Safety, increase the funding and commitment toward safe disposal of BMW.

The BMW 1998 rules were modified in the following years – 2000, 2003, and 2011. The draft of BMW rules 2011 remained as draft and did not get notified because of lack of consensus on categorization and standards.[Hot Forging Internal Circlip Pliers] Now Ministry of Environment,Cartridge Heaters MGO Powder Filling Machines[Customed Design Size Carbon Steel Round Pipe]. These new rules have increased the coverage, simplified the categorization and authorization while improving the segregation, transportation and disposal methods to decrease environmental pollution [18inch Loudspeaker High Power subwoofer 3000W Subwoofer PRO AUdio Powered Speaker driver]. It has four schedule, five forms and eighteen rules [TablesFashion Children Baby Kids Sweet Cute Princess Sleeveless Pageant Vestido De Nina Flora Flower Girl Party DressesandBar Stage Laser Light Mini].[Ge Holter Cable Snap Type Holter ECG Cable]

Table 1

Biomedical waste classification – categories, treatment, processing, and disposal options

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Table 2

Difference between biomedical waste rules 1998 and 2016

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Table 3

Difference in schedule for biomedical waste of 1998 and 2016

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Table 4

Different forms with biomedical waste 2016

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The new biomedical waste management rules have been notified to efficiently manage BMW in the country. These rules have been modified to include the word handling and bring more clarity in the application. In addition,New Type Plastic Twin Screw Extruder Tse Series Screw Element,Customized Stainless Steel 304 Puncture Needle Cannula with Flaring Process(CBMWTF). There is an effort to improve collection, segregation, transport, and disposal of waste. Simultaneously, the role of incinerator in increasing environmental air pollution has been checked by issuing new standards for incinerators and improving its operations.[Stainless Steel Screw Ss304 Torx Drive Self Tapping Screw]

Data from Government of India site indicates the total BMW generated in the country is 484 TPD (tonnes per day) from 1, 68,869 HCFs. Unfortunately, only 447 TPD is treated, and 37 TPD is left untreated. There are 198 CBMWTF in operation and 28 under construction. The number of HCFs using CBMWTFs are 1, 31,837, and approximately 21,870 HCFs have their own treatment facilities on-site.[High Quality 500m 100lb Super Strong Braided Fishing Line]

As per the BMW Rules, 1998, and as amended, any HCF or CBWTF operator wanting to use other innovative and improved technologies other than stipulated under Schedule-I of the Rules, shall approach the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) to get the standards laid down to enable the prescribed authority to consider grant of authorization.Automatic Orange Juice Canning Machinery, CPCB have granted conditional or provisional approval to new technologies (other than notified under BMW Rules) for treatment of BMW. These are plasma pyrolysis, waste sharps dry heat sterilization and encapsulation, sharp blaster (needle blaster), and PIWS-3000 technology (Static/Mobile).

Salient Features of Biomedical Waste Rules 2016

1. Auto Pond Copper Wire Clean Water Pump with Pressure Vessel, blood donation camps, and surgical camps[Christmas Cheap Dessert Round Paper Baking Cups]

2. Duties of the occupier of a HCFs have been revised. Occupier is the person having administrative control over the HCF that is generating BMW[China 3150kVA 33kv Oil Immersed Transformer - China Power Transformer]

   1. Compulsory pretreatment of the laboratory, microbiological waste, and blood bags on-site before disposal either at CBMWTF or on-site. The method of sterilization/HDMI Multiscreen Splicing Video Wall Controller Szbitc 4*4 Video Processor 4 Input and 4 Output Support Splice, Switch, Split, Pip, Window, Roam, Zoom(NACO) or WHO

   2. The use of chlorinated plastic bags, gloves, blood bags, etc.Kids Cartoon Silicone Colorful Swim Cap

   3. To provide training to all its HCWs and protect them against diseases such as hepatitis B and tetanus by immunization

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   6. All major accidents including accidents caused by fire hazards, blasts,Dead Sea Mud /Aloe & Dead Sea Mud/Snail &Dead Sea Mud Black Mask Remove Blackhead Mask Box-Packed,Disposable Medical Stainless Steel Blood Lancet

   7. J1/J3/J4/J5 Kenya Stainless Steel Pipe Price/modified to achieve the new standard within 2 years from the date of this notification

   8. BMW disposal register is to be maintained daily and updated monthly on the website.

3. The duties of the operator of a common biomedical waste treatment and disposal facility (CBMWTF) have been increased.[ODM Customized Precision CNC Machining POM Screw Parts (S-150)]Foshan Wholesale Modern Design Ceramic Floor Tile 30X30. Furthermore,Wholesale Waterproof PVC Foam Board Special Sheet for Bathroom Cabinet. Maintain all records for operation of incineration/hydroclaving/autoclaving for a period of 5 years

4. The segregation, packaging, transportation, and storage of BMW have been improved. Biomedical waste has been classified into four categories based on color code-type of waste and treatment options. In addition, untreated human anatomical waste, animal anatomical waste, soiled waste,Durable High Stiffness and Accuracy Sfi Ball Screw. In case, there is a need to store beyond 48 h,High Reliability SC/APC Male-LC Female Single Mode Simplex Fiber Optic Adapter(no permission to be obtained)[UHP 450 Graphite Electrode Made in China]

5. No HCF shall establish on-site BMW treatment and disposal facility if the provision of CBMWTF is present at a distance of seventy-five kilometers. If no CBMWTF is available, the occupier shall set up requisite BMW treatment facility such as incinerator, autoclave or microwave, shredder after taking prior authorization from the prescribed authority. After confirming treatment of plastics and glassware by autoclaving or microwaving followed by mutilation/shredding,Rubber Flooring for Playground Rubber Gym Flooring

6. Authorization for BMW disposal for nonbedded HCFs is granted to the occupier at one time only. The validity of authorization shall be synchronized with validity of consent orders for bedded HCFs

7. Standards for emission from incinerators have been modified to be more environmental friendly. These are permissible limit for SPM-50 mg/nm³; residence time in secondary chamber of incinerator – two seconds; standard for dioxin and furans – 0.1 ng TEQ/Nm³

8. Ministry of Environment, Forest,Water Source Heat Pump. The responsibility of each state to check for compliance will be done by setting up district-level committee under the chairpersonship of District Collector or District Magistrate or Additional District Magistrate. In addition, every 6 months, this committee shall submit its report to the State Pollution Control Board.

Challenges in the Implementation of New Biomedical Waste 2016 Rules

One of the biggest challenges the government hospitals and small HCFs will face,Paddle Blender Tea Herb Mixer Lab Mixer. To phase out chlorinated plastic bags, gloves,Miniature Size 5A DC24V Power Relay for Smart Meter/containers the cost will be high and time span for doing this i.e. two years is too short.

Currently, in India, there are 198 CBMWTF in operation and 28 are under construction.[Wholesale New Fashion Casual Shoes Blue Canvas Shoes for Men] There is a great need for rapid development of many more CBMWTF to fulfill the need of treatment and disposal of all BMW generated in India. Incinerator emit toxic air pollutants, and incinerator ash is potentially hazardous.

Incinerator and its Hazards

The first solution for the disposal of BMW was to burn the waste. India in the late 1990s after the first BMW rule was implemented, saw a boom in the number of incinerator being installed. It is based on high temperature that kills pathogen and in the process destroys the material in which the microbes reside.[Anti-Static Frosted Polycarbonate Multi Wall Hollow Sheet for Public,Factory Supply FC Male-LC Female Single Mode Simplex Fiber Optic Adapter] However,HPMC / HEC / Mhec Manufacturer Supply Industrial Chemical for Dry Mortar Machines(PIC) and dioxins.Vegetables Folding Plastic Crates for Storing Milk, Potato, Eggs, waste components dissociate and recombine forming new particles called PIC, which are toxic.Stainless Steel Frameless Glass Balcony Railing/Glass Balustrade for Terrace. Dioxins are an unintentional by-Customized Precision Aluminum Die Casting Parts. These are a group of 75 chemicals which coexist along with another group of toxins called furans. These toxins have a tendency to accumulate in fatty tissues and travel up the food chain. Burning of medical devices made up of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) is the largest dioxin producers in the environment.[Microfiber Natural Leather] In addition, metals present in the medical waste act as a catalyst for dioxin formation. These are very toxic, being known carcinogenic,Wholesale 3D Customizable PVC Vinyl Wallpaper for Home Wall Decoration Paper. In India, till date, no study has been done by Government of India to estimate the level of dioxin in Indian population. In 2000, Subramanianet al. have found high level of dioxin in the human breast milk collected from New Delhi, Mumbai, and Kolkata.[High Temperature Ceramic Fiber Special Shape Product] Recently, in January 2017 appreciating the importance of the presence of dioxins in the environment,Wholesale Chinese Watermelon Seed Kernels.[Small Portable Pressure Tank Direct Drive Air Compressor 2HP/2.5HP (50L tank)] Moreover, the incinerator ash is also hazardous and needs to be checked for the level of toxin before being sent to secured landfill. Therefore, keeping these points in consideration, most of the countries are shifting to alternative environmental friendly methods of BMW disposal. The Philippines has banned incinerator and Denmark has banned construction of incinerator.[Building Materials PP Fiber 3-19mm Polypropylene Fiber for Concrete Reinforcement,Medical Face Mask Machine Automatic Mask Inner Ear-Loop Welding Machine]

Alternative Technology for Biomedical Waste Disposal

The various new technologies for BMW disposal are categorized into four groups – thermal, chemical processes, irradiative processes, and biological processes.1.0 Ton Small Backhoe Crawler Mini Excavator Digger Machine for Sale.[Analyzer Machine Suppliers for Sale]

Thermal processes are grouped into three – low, medium, and high.

1. Low heat technologies operate between 93°C and 177°C and include microwaves and autoclaves. In autoclave, steam is used as a method for sterilization. Autoclaves are classified based on the method for removal of air pickets – Gravity/downward displacement and prevacuum/high vacuum. Since air evacuation is more effective in autoclaves with a prevacuum or multiple vacuum cycles, these are better.Solar Wall & Lawn Light with LED Lamp. The evacuated air is disinfected before disposal into the environment by passing through a high-efficiency particulate absolute (HEPA) filter as it may contain pathogens. All infectious waste including cultures, human waste, laboratory waste, soft waste (gauze, bandages, and gowns) and sharps, and medical instruments are sterilized in autoclave. Hazardous waste and chemicals cannot be autoclaved as they release toxic emissions. Furthermore, heat resistant containers, beddings, and other bulky waste cannot be disinfected in autoclave.[Granular Iron Oxide Pigment Good Quality] Microwave uses moist heat and steam generated by microwave energy to disinfect. All infectious waste including human waste, laboratory waste, soft waste (gauze, bandages, and gowns), and sharps are sterilized in microwave. Volatile, semi-volatile organic compounds, mercury,Hudraulic Excavator Scrap Grab for Waste Steel Grabber for Scrap. The advantage of using microwave for BMW disposal is minimal emissions. Its disadvantage include requirement of high capital for setup, problem of odor near the machine, and there is a chance of leak of microwave energy

2. Medium heat technologies operate between 177°C and 540°C and include reverse polymerization and thermal depolymerization. This involves the application of high-energy microwaves in nitrogen atmosphere to BMW to breakdown the organic matter. As the waste absorbs the microwave energy, its internal energy increase and chemical decomposition take place at molecular level. Nitrogen provides an oxygen-free environment so that combustion does not take place. Then, shredders are used to mutilate the waste[5FT3′ 160cm Love Doll Real Adult Toys with 3 Realistic Entries Full Real Size Doll Sex Toys for Men]

3. High heat technologies operate between 540°C and 8300°C and include pyrolysis – oxidation, plasma pyrolysis, induction-based pyrolysis, and lase-based pyrolysis. In pyrolysis oxidation, inside the pyrolysis chamber, the organic solid and liquid waste vaporize at high temperature (approximately 594°C) leaving behind inert ash and glass and metal fragments. This is followed by second step, wherein combustion of the vapors takes place at a temperature of 982°C –1093°C in a chamber and clean exhaust steam is later released.

Plasma pyrolysis uses plasma torches to generate plasma energy. In plasma state, the ionized gas can conduct electric current, but due to its high resistance, the electric energy is converted to heat energy. The residue generated include carbon black, vitrified glass aggregates, and metallic residues. A wide variety of waste can be destroyed in plasma-based technology – infectious waste, sharps, plastics, dialysis waste, hazardous waste, chemotherapeutic waste, chemotherapy waste, and low-level radioactive waste (3D Stereoscopic Network Structure Cermamic Foam Filter for Alumina Foundry).TV Plug 9.5mm Male/Female, waste residue is inert and sterile, i.e., environment friendly,Manufacturer Customized Precision Mechanical Small Spiral Stainless Steel Compression Clock Hardware Constant Parts Metal Spring(95%) and mass (80%–90%). Its disadvantage includes high capital cost, high operation cost, high electrical usage, limited lifespan of plasma torch and may generate dioxins in poorly designed setup.[for Samsung Qi Wireless Charger Charging Pad 80000mAh Mobile Power]

Conclusions

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References