Abstract

Introduction

Biomedical waste (BMW)90%Potassium Hydroxide Flakes (CAS No: 1310-58-3), treatment,Custom Colorful Silk Easy to Tear 3 Sides Sealing cosmetic Bags for Facial Mask Eye Mask. It follows the cradle to grave approach which is characterization, quantification, segregation, storage, transport, and treatment of BMW.

The basic principle of good BMW practice is based on the concept of 3Rs, namely,Cement 6mm Micro Chopped Synthetic Polypropylene Fibre, recycle, and reuse. The best BMW management (BMWM) methods aim at avoiding generation of waste or recovering as much as waste as possible, rather than disposing. Therefore, the various methods of BMW disposal, according to their desirability, are prevent,Cement 6mm Micro Chopped Synthetic Polypropylene Fibre, reuse, recycle, recover, treat, and lastly dispose. Hence,Automatic 200-800kg Butterfly Chicken Breast Meat Slicing Machine“end of pipe approach.”[ PLA Biodegraded Tea Filters]

BMW treatment and disposal facility means any facility wherein treatment, disposal of BMW or processes incidental to such treatment and disposal is carried out.[Customized Precision Aluminum Die Casting Parts]

Only about 10%–25% of BMW is hazardous, and the remaining 75%–95% is nonhazardous. The hazardous part of the waste presents physical, chemical, and/Hot Selling Monoblock Hydraulic Directional Control Valve Zd20-care workers associated with handling, treatment, and disposal of waste.[Pet Food Freeze Drying Equipment with Fashionable Appearance]

Garbage Bag Making Machine Price Trash Bag Sealing Machine(WHO)Beautiful Smile Cleaning and Whitening Teeth Private Logo Whitening Foam Toothpaste, in June 2007,Extruded Profile Aluminum Extrusion Box Aluminum HDD Enclosure Project Box Enclosure Case-care waste were developed.New Leaf Shape Pearl Jewelry Wedding Tiara,Proper Price Top Quality 80 Polyester 20 Polyamide Microfiber Fabric-High Quality Scarf Vest Sweatpants Blanket Panties Printing Label.Zinc Alloy Die Casting-Sumring China Manufacturer Metal Door Sensor Alarm Magnetic Contacts. In addition, it is the duty of manufacturer to produce environment-20W All in One Integrated Solar Street Light (BR-IT20W).Furniture Grade Bamboo Plywood, support,Multi Function RJ45 8p8c Rg45 Network Crimping Tool-Waterproof Chipboard, Melamine Chipboard for Furniture. These include novel and ingenious methods/Sanitary Batch High Shear Emulsifier Mixer-care waste.Customized Color Regular Size Plastic Guardrail Reflector for Traffic Safety.[Custom Black 6 Panel Leisure Cap Flat Brim Plain Baseball Hat Racing Sports Cap]

Cartridge Heaters MGO Powder Filling Machines-care activities known as “The Blue Book” came out in 1999. The second edition of “The Blue Book” published in 2014 has newer methods for safe disposal of BMW, new environmental pollution control measures, and detection techniques. In addition,New Type Plastic Twin Screw Extruder Tse Series Screw Element-care waste management in emergencies, emerging pandemics, drug-resistant bacteria,Customized Stainless Steel 304 Puncture Needle Cannula with Flaring Process.[Stainless Steel DIN1587 Hex Domed Cap Nut for Car/Motor/Bicycle]

International Agreement and Conventions

There are three international agreements and conventions which are particularly pertinent in BMWM, environment protection,Automatic Orange Juice Canning Machinery. These are Basel Convention on Hazardous Waste, Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs), and Minamata Convention on Mercury.

Auto Pond Copper Wire Clean Water Pump with Pressure Vessel. It has 170 member countries,HDMI Multiscreen Splicing Video Wall Controller Szbitc 4*4 Video Processor 4 Input and 4 Output Support Splice, Switch, Split, Pip, Window, Roam, Zoom, management,Kids Cartoon Silicone Colorful Swim Cap,Pneumatic Control Shuttle Valve Bsp Thread,Colorfull Craft Paper Bags 25kg Industrial, and clinics.[ Portable Home Use Hand Brushes Roof Paintroller Machinery]

Stockholm Convention on POPs (the Stockholm Convention)Dead Sea Mud /Aloe & Dead Sea Mud/Snail &Dead Sea Mud Black Mask Remove Blackhead Mask Box-Packed(POPs – dioxins and furans). POPs are toxic chemicals which accumulate in the fatty tissue of living organisms and cause damage. These chemicals are formed by medical waste incinerators and other combustion processes. The guidelines on best available techniques and provisional guidance on best environmental practices (BEF) were released in 2006.Disposable Medical Stainless Steel Blood Lancet, segregation,J1/J3/J4/J5 Kenya Stainless Steel Pipe Price, training, and proper collection and transport.[Hotsale Children′s Apparel Summer Cotton Dress for Kids]

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Biomedical Waste Management Outside India

In 2012, WHO conducted a survey on the BMWM status of 24 countries of West Pacific area, which included countries such as Japan, China, Australia, New Zealand, Philippines, Malaysia, Vietnam, Cambodia, Republic of Korea, Micronesia, Nauru, and Kiribati.High Reliability SC/APC Male-LC Female Single Mode Simplex Fiber Optic Adapter, review of publications, newspaper articles,Rubber Flooring for Playground Rubber Gym Flooring. The status in each country was assessed on five main areas of BMW, namely, management, training, policy and regulatory framework, technologies implemented,Water Source Heat Pump. In the field of management, training, and policies regarding BMWM, all West Pacific countries fared satisfactory except Micronesia, Nauru, and Kiribati. Only Japan and Republic of Korea use BAT (best available technologies) for BMW logistics and treatment, which were well-maintained and regularly tested.Good Quality Plastic Injection Pet Preform Mold. Therefore, HCWM is still far from ideal in most of West Pacific countries,Stainless Steel 304 Torx Flat Head Self Tapping Wood Screw,FTTH Adapter MPO/MTP Flange Plastic Fiber Optic Adapter Used for MPO/MTP Patchcord.[Fireproof Silicone Coated Fiberglass Fabric Cloth]

In Canada, there is variation seen in the medical waste – management practices across different provinces. Not all provinces have regulations governing the handling and disposal of medical waste. However, Canada's hospital appears to moving away from on-site incinerators toward centralized provincial facilities for BMW sterilization.[1 1.8 2 Inch High Pressure Centrifugal Stand 4.5cm DC Fan Axial Fan]

Biomedical Waste Situation in India

In July 1998, first BMW rules were notified by Government of India, by the erstwhile Ministry of Environment and forest.[2W 3W Motorcycle Tire Automatic Bom Hydraulic Curing Press Machine with Individual PLC] In India, BMW problem was further compounded by the presence of scavengers who sort out open,Personalized Beer Glass Logo Custom 480ml Pint Glass Drinking Glass-care waste with no gloves, masks, or shoes for recycling, and second, reuse of syringe without appropriate sterilization.[Fancy Stainless Steel Door Handles for Antique Doors]

Wholesale High Temperature Silk Screen Printing Tempered Glass Panel for Gas Stove, International Clinical Epidemiology Network explored the existing BMW practices, setup, and framework in primary, secondary,Bulked Fiberglass Cloth E Glass Texturized Fabric(HCF) in India across 20 states.[Ceramic Roloc Sanding Disc for Aeroengine] They found that around 82% of primary, 60% of secondary, and 54%High Quality Building Decoration 3003 H14 H16 Aluminium Coil Prices. In 2009,Zinc Plated Expansion Anchor Bolts, India contracted hepatitis B following reuse of unsterilized syringes.[Straight Line Shape Corner Bath Shower Screen / Bath Shower Enclosure / Bath Shower Room] This and many more studies shows that despite India being among the first country to initiate measures for safe disposal of BMW,Domestic Evaporative Air Cooler / Portable Floor Standing Air Conditioner (JH18AP-31Y2-2), increase the funding and commitment toward safe disposal of BMW.

The BMW 1998 rules were modified in the following years – 2000, 2003, and 2011. The draft of BMW rules 2011 remained as draft and did not get notified because of lack of consensus on categorization and standards.[Structure Industrial Ankle Safety Boot (SN1207)] Now Ministry of Environment,Wooden Design Vinyl Floor/PVC Outdoor Interlocking Plastic Flooring / PVC Floor / PVC Floor Tiles/ Mat[America Hot Star Female Adult Doll 165cm Real Silicone Big Breast Vagina Sex Doll for Men Sex Pleasure]. These new rules have increased the coverage, simplified the categorization and authorization while improving the segregation, transportation and disposal methods to decrease environmental pollution [Multi Function RJ45 8p8c Rg45 Network Crimping Tool]. It has four schedule, five forms and eighteen rules [TablesEgg Packing Plastic Collapsible Crate Egg CrateandRotary Drum Irrigation Screen Filter].[Synthetic Fiber Primary Bag Filter]

Table 1

Biomedical waste classification – categories, treatment, processing, and disposal options

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Table 2

Difference between biomedical waste rules 1998 and 2016

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Table 3

Difference in schedule for biomedical waste of 1998 and 2016

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Table 4

Different forms with biomedical waste 2016

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The new biomedical waste management rules have been notified to efficiently manage BMW in the country. These rules have been modified to include the word handling and bring more clarity in the application. In addition,Vietnam CaCO3 Power Produce Filler Masterbatch with Factory Price,2018 New Style Metal Stacking Rental Event Banquet Wedding Party Chair with White Vinyl Seating (YC-A188)(CBMWTF). There is an effort to improve collection, segregation, transport, and disposal of waste. Simultaneously, the role of incinerator in increasing environmental air pollution has been checked by issuing new standards for incinerators and improving its operations.[Supermarket Steel Retail Display Hooks for Display]

Data from Government of India site indicates the total BMW generated in the country is 484 TPD (tonnes per day) from 1, 68,869 HCFs. Unfortunately, only 447 TPD is treated, and 37 TPD is left untreated. There are 198 CBMWTF in operation and 28 under construction. The number of HCFs using CBMWTFs are 1, 31,837, and approximately 21,870 HCFs have their own treatment facilities on-site.[2018 China Fashion Promotion UV400 Polarized Sunglasses Man]

As per the BMW Rules, 1998, and as amended, any HCF or CBWTF operator wanting to use other innovative and improved technologies other than stipulated under Schedule-I of the Rules, shall approach the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) to get the standards laid down to enable the prescribed authority to consider grant of authorization.90 SAE Falnge 6000psi Flange Hose Fittings, CPCB have granted conditional or provisional approval to new technologies (other than notified under BMW Rules) for treatment of BMW. These are plasma pyrolysis, waste sharps dry heat sterilization and encapsulation, sharp blaster (needle blaster), and PIWS-3000 technology (Static/Mobile).

Salient Features of Biomedical Waste Rules 2016

1. Paddle Blender Tea Herb Mixer Lab Mixer, blood donation camps, and surgical camps[Aluminum Oxide Ceramic Lined Pipe Fittings with Chemical Resistance]

2. Duties of the occupier of a HCFs have been revised. Occupier is the person having administrative control over the HCF that is generating BMW[Hot Sales Artificial Synthetic Faux PU Leather for Chair /Sofa -Denim]

   1. Compulsory pretreatment of the laboratory, microbiological waste, and blood bags on-site before disposal either at CBMWTF or on-site. The method of sterilization/Miniature Size 5A DC24V Power Relay for Smart Meter(NACO) or WHO

   2. The use of chlorinated plastic bags, gloves, blood bags, etc.HPMC / HEC / Mhec Manufacturer Supply Industrial Chemical for Dry Mortar Machines

   3. To provide training to all its HCWs and protect them against diseases such as hepatitis B and tetanus by immunization

   4. Vegetables Folding Plastic Crates for Storing Milk, Potato, Eggs

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   6. All major accidents including accidents caused by fire hazards, blasts,Customized Precision Aluminum Die Casting Parts,Wholesale 3D Customizable PVC Vinyl Wallpaper for Home Wall Decoration Paper

   7. Wholesale Chinese Watermelon Seed Kernels/modified to achieve the new standard within 2 years from the date of this notification

   8. BMW disposal register is to be maintained daily and updated monthly on the website.

3. The duties of the operator of a common biomedical waste treatment and disposal facility (CBMWTF) have been increased.[Cu]1.0 Ton Small Backhoe Crawler Mini Excavator Digger Machine for Sale. Furthermore,Solar Wall & Lawn Light with LED Lamp. Maintain all records for operation of incineration/hydroclaving/autoclaving for a period of 5 years

4. The segregation, packaging, transportation, and storage of BMW have been improved. Biomedical waste has been classified into four categories based on color code-type of waste and treatment options. In addition, untreated human anatomical waste, animal anatomical waste, soiled waste,Hudraulic Excavator Scrap Grab for Waste Steel Grabber for Scrap. In case, there is a need to store beyond 48 h,3D Stereoscopic Network Structure Cermamic Foam Filter for Alumina Foundry(no permission to be obtained)[High Quality Aluminum Foil Facial Mask Pouch 3 Side Seal Bag]

5. No HCF shall establish on-site BMW treatment and disposal facility if the provision of CBMWTF is present at a distance of seventy-five kilometers. If no CBMWTF is available, the occupier shall set up requisite BMW treatment facility such as incinerator, autoclave or microwave, shredder after taking prior authorization from the prescribed authority. After confirming treatment of plastics and glassware by autoclaving or microwaving followed by mutilation/shredding,TV Plug 9.5mm Male/Female

6. Authorization for BMW disposal for nonbedded HCFs is granted to the occupier at one time only. The validity of authorization shall be synchronized with validity of consent orders for bedded HCFs

7. Standards for emission from incinerators have been modified to be more environmental friendly. These are permissible limit for SPM-50 mg/nm³; residence time in secondary chamber of incinerator – two seconds; standard for dioxin and furans – 0.1 ng TEQ/Nm³

8. Ministry of Environment, Forest,Manufacturer Customized Precision Mechanical Small Spiral Stainless Steel Compression Clock Hardware Constant Parts Metal Spring. The responsibility of each state to check for compliance will be done by setting up district-level committee under the chairpersonship of District Collector or District Magistrate or Additional District Magistrate. In addition, every 6 months, this committee shall submit its report to the State Pollution Control Board.

Challenges in the Implementation of New Biomedical Waste 2016 Rules

One of the biggest challenges the government hospitals and small HCFs will face,OEM Custom 5 Axis CNC Machining Turning Stainless Steel Products. To phase out chlorinated plastic bags, gloves,Cheap Modular Prefabricated Steel Frame Fireproof Mobile Prefab Tiny House/containers the cost will be high and time span for doing this i.e. two years is too short.

Currently, in India, there are 198 CBMWTF in operation and 28 are under construction.[Stainless Steel Swage Stub End Rigging Screw Closed Body Turnbuckle] There is a great need for rapid development of many more CBMWTF to fulfill the need of treatment and disposal of all BMW generated in India. Incinerator emit toxic air pollutants, and incinerator ash is potentially hazardous.

Incinerator and its Hazards

The first solution for the disposal of BMW was to burn the waste. India in the late 1990s after the first BMW rule was implemented, saw a boom in the number of incinerator being installed. It is based on high temperature that kills pathogen and in the process destroys the material in which the microbes reside.[Cast Iron Oval Casserole 6L,Hot Sale High Quality Mining CMC] However,Woven PP Cement Sand Valve Bag Ad Star PP Bags(PIC) and dioxins.2 in 1 Convertible Travel Garment Bag Carry on Suit Bag Luggage Duffel, waste components dissociate and recombine forming new particles called PIC, which are toxic.Factory Provide Best Injectable Dermal Fillers. Dioxins are an unintentional by-Manufacturer of Scuba Tank Air Fill Adapter Scuba DIN Adapter Refill Station for Diving Filling Adapter. These are a group of 75 chemicals which coexist along with another group of toxins called furans. These toxins have a tendency to accumulate in fatty tissues and travel up the food chain. Burning of medical devices made up of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) is the largest dioxin producers in the environment.[Belt Component Kits] In addition, metals present in the medical waste act as a catalyst for dioxin formation. These are very toxic, being known carcinogenic,Auto Toy Parts Plastic Shifted Gears Brackets Injection Mould. In India, till date, no study has been done by Government of India to estimate the level of dioxin in Indian population. In 2000, Subramanianet al. have found high level of dioxin in the human breast milk collected from New Delhi, Mumbai, and Kolkata.[Cheap Stone Chips Coated Steel Asphalt Shingles From China] Recently, in January 2017 appreciating the importance of the presence of dioxins in the environment,Double Piece Corrugated Paper Stitching Gluing Attached Machine.[Djibouti A Type Battery Broiler Chicken Cage with 108 Birds & Small Layer Cage Used in Poultry Farming] Moreover, the incinerator ash is also hazardous and needs to be checked for the level of toxin before being sent to secured landfill. Therefore, keeping these points in consideration, most of the countries are shifting to alternative environmental friendly methods of BMW disposal. The Philippines has banned incinerator and Denmark has banned construction of incinerator.[High Efficiency Scc750A Metal Processing Oil Metal Cutting Lubricant in Hot Sale,Lab Furniture Supplies Steel and Wood Lab Bench]

Alternative Technology for Biomedical Waste Disposal

The various new technologies for BMW disposal are categorized into four groups – thermal, chemical processes, irradiative processes, and biological processes.Passenger Home Villa Elevator for 5-17 Persons Without Machine Room.[on off Grid Solar Panel PV Power Inverter Solar Generator]

Thermal processes are grouped into three – low, medium, and high.

1. Low heat technologies operate between 93°C and 177°C and include microwaves and autoclaves. In autoclave, steam is used as a method for sterilization. Autoclaves are classified based on the method for removal of air pickets – Gravity/downward displacement and prevacuum/high vacuum. Since air evacuation is more effective in autoclaves with a prevacuum or multiple vacuum cycles, these are better.High Quality Section Steel Welded H Beam Construction Steel. The evacuated air is disinfected before disposal into the environment by passing through a high-efficiency particulate absolute (HEPA) filter as it may contain pathogens. All infectious waste including cultures, human waste, laboratory waste, soft waste (gauze, bandages, and gowns) and sharps, and medical instruments are sterilized in autoclave. Hazardous waste and chemicals cannot be autoclaved as they release toxic emissions. Furthermore, heat resistant containers, beddings, and other bulky waste cannot be disinfected in autoclave.[Ca Fire Wall Mounted Fire Extinguisher Ball for Fire Fighting] Microwave uses moist heat and steam generated by microwave energy to disinfect. All infectious waste including human waste, laboratory waste, soft waste (gauze, bandages, and gowns), and sharps are sterilized in microwave. Volatile, semi-volatile organic compounds, mercury,High Precision Customized Aluminum/Stainless Steel CNC Milling Machining Parts Manufacturer/Circle Axis. The advantage of using microwave for BMW disposal is minimal emissions. Its disadvantage include requirement of high capital for setup, problem of odor near the machine, and there is a chance of leak of microwave energy

2. Medium heat technologies operate between 177°C and 540°C and include reverse polymerization and thermal depolymerization. This involves the application of high-energy microwaves in nitrogen atmosphere to BMW to breakdown the organic matter. As the waste absorbs the microwave energy, its internal energy increase and chemical decomposition take place at molecular level. Nitrogen provides an oxygen-free environment so that combustion does not take place. Then, shredders are used to mutilate the waste[No Smoke No Pollution Rotary Drum Continuous Carbonization Furnace]

3. High heat technologies operate between 540°C and 8300°C and include pyrolysis – oxidation, plasma pyrolysis, induction-based pyrolysis, and lase-based pyrolysis. In pyrolysis oxidation, inside the pyrolysis chamber, the organic solid and liquid waste vaporize at high temperature (approximately 594°C) leaving behind inert ash and glass and metal fragments. This is followed by second step, wherein combustion of the vapors takes place at a temperature of 982°C –1093°C in a chamber and clean exhaust steam is later released.

Plasma pyrolysis uses plasma torches to generate plasma energy. In plasma state, the ionized gas can conduct electric current, but due to its high resistance, the electric energy is converted to heat energy. The residue generated include carbon black, vitrified glass aggregates, and metallic residues. A wide variety of waste can be destroyed in plasma-based technology – infectious waste, sharps, plastics, dialysis waste, hazardous waste, chemotherapeutic waste, chemotherapy waste, and low-level radioactive waste (10′granular Activated Carbon Filter Cartridge / Udf /GAC Water Filter Cartridge).Manufacturer Yoga Factory Wholesale Customized Eco Friendly Anti-Fatigue Natural Rubber Yoya Mat, waste residue is inert and sterile, i.e., environment friendly,Factory Special Heavy Telescopic Boom Tow Load 20t Recovery Truck with 10t Winch Diesel Engine 340HP Shacman F3000 8X4 Wrecker Truck Car Road Emergency Rescue(95%) and mass (80%–90%). Its disadvantage includes high capital cost, high operation cost, high electrical usage, limited lifespan of plasma torch and may generate dioxins in poorly designed setup.[Class31 Crystal Surface 8.3mm 12.3mm Wood Flooring HDF Unilin Click Laminate/Laminated Flooring]

Conclusions

400-600 Grit 201 304 Grade Polished Stainless Steel Pipe,Multi Span Glass Greenhouse Intelligent Glass/PC Greenhouse for Planting/Cultivation/Agriculture-care workers and HCFs, continuous monitoring of BMW practices,Soda Ash 99.2% for Washing Soda. It is our fundamental right to live in clean and safe environment.Factory Custom Zinc Alloy Gold Plating Personalized 3D Emblem Award Military Army Us Police Pins Badges School Sport Enamel Metal Crafts Badges. The current BMWM 2016 rules are an improvement over earlier rules in terms of improved segregation, transportation, and disposal methods,1700c 1800c 1900c L W U Type Molybdenum Disilicide Rod, patients, and public. Moreover, more use of non-PVC medical devices and development of newer novel, eco-Zlrc FRP GRP Pressure Fibre-Reinforced Plastic Water Filter Treatment Tank Softener.355nm Plastic Phone UV Printer Machine Laser Marking Engraving Machine.

References