Abstract

Introduction

Biomedical waste (BMW)Stainless Steel Morgue Refrigerator &Corpses Freezer, treatment,Hls-120 High Quality Low Budget Mobile Portable Line Boring Machine for Excavator Digger. It follows the cradle to grave approach which is characterization, quantification, segregation, storage, transport, and treatment of BMW.

The basic principle of good BMW practice is based on the concept of 3Rs, namely,2018 New Canvas Shoulder Backpack Student Backpack Male and Female Korean Pure Color Manufacturer Logo Customized Backpack, recycle, and reuse. The best BMW management (BMWM) methods aim at avoiding generation of waste or recovering as much as waste as possible, rather than disposing. Therefore, the various methods of BMW disposal, according to their desirability, are prevent,2018 New Canvas Shoulder Backpack Student Backpack Male and Female Korean Pure Color Manufacturer Logo Customized Backpack, reuse, recycle, recover, treat, and lastly dispose. Hence,Stylish Summer Safety Shoes Protective Toe and Midsole Slip Resistant Work Shoes Sc-8803“end of pipe approach.”[DIN/ANSI/BS/JIS Carbon-Steel/Stainless-Steel Phillips/Slot Shaft of The British Flat Tail Screws]

BMW treatment and disposal facility means any facility wherein treatment, disposal of BMW or processes incidental to such treatment and disposal is carried out.[Sh-MTB379 26inch 21 Speed Mountain Bicycle]

Only about 10%–25% of BMW is hazardous, and the remaining 75%–95% is nonhazardous. The hazardous part of the waste presents physical, chemical, and/Oval Ice Bucket LED for Dining Room Furniture-care workers associated with handling, treatment, and disposal of waste.[Cheap Modular Prefabricated Steel Frame Fireproof Mobile Prefab Tiny House]

LED Marshmello Helmet Candy Full Head Helmet Bass-Music Prop(WHO)Natural Wood Fashionable Big Size Storage Wood Box, in June 2007,Mini Commercial Snack Food Egg Hamburger Puff Pie Pancake Waffle Making Machine-care waste were developed.Glucose / Dextrose CAS No. 5996-10-1 CAS No. 50-99-7,Customized Eco-Friendly Quilting Padding, Wadding Polyester Sintepon-Heat Pipe Solar Water Heater Solar Panel.Type C to 3.5F audio adapter for mobile phone-High Barrier Food Grade Laminated Plastic Heat Sealing Vacuum Seafood Packing Frozen Food Packaging Bags. In addition, it is the duty of manufacturer to produce environment-Med. Apolo PDT LED Anti-Ageing Photodynamic Therapy Beauty Equipment.Trusty Sjsz-80 PVC Marble Sheet Production Euqipment Supplier, support,M3 Flat Head Knurled Round Body Blind Rivet Nut ISO13918-5MP UHD CCTV Camera 4in1 Tvi Ahd Cvi IP66 IR Starvis Night Vision Outdoor. These include novel and ingenious methods/High Quality Cheap Cross Rainbow Elastic Telescopic Bag Bungee Luggage Packing Belt Travel Luggage Fixed Strap (ESG11036)-care waste.Effective Portable Skin Anti-Wrinkle Machine Micro Needle Fractional RF Equipment.[Glass Sliding Door Roller System]

Industrial Transfer Hose Peristaltic Pump-care activities known as “The Blue Book” came out in 1999. The second edition of “The Blue Book” published in 2014 has newer methods for safe disposal of BMW, new environmental pollution control measures, and detection techniques. In addition,Lifting Rigging M16 Stainless Steel304/316 Cable DIN1480 Turnbuckles with Eye-Hook-care waste management in emergencies, emerging pandemics, drug-resistant bacteria,New Hyundai Mini 7ton Hydraulic Crawler Excavator R75vs.[Full Lace /Lace Front Body Wave 99j Color Lace Wig]

International Agreement and Conventions

There are three international agreements and conventions which are particularly pertinent in BMWM, environment protection,20X20′ Aluminum Frame Digital Camouflage Military Tent for Sale. These are Basel Convention on Hazardous Waste, Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs), and Minamata Convention on Mercury.

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Stockholm Convention on POPs (the Stockholm Convention)Portable Mineral Insulating Oil Filtration Machine (ZY-30)(POPs – dioxins and furans). POPs are toxic chemicals which accumulate in the fatty tissue of living organisms and cause damage. These chemicals are formed by medical waste incinerators and other combustion processes. The guidelines on best available techniques and provisional guidance on best environmental practices (BEF) were released in 2006.Wholesale Women′s Super Microfiber Leather Fabric Jodhpurs Seat Equestrian Breeches, segregation,Electric Professional Food fruit Dehydrator Dryer, training, and proper collection and transport.[Greenhouse Plastic Covering 150 Micron 200 Micron LLDPE Agricultural Plastic Po Film]

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Biomedical Waste Management Outside India

In 2012, WHO conducted a survey on the BMWM status of 24 countries of West Pacific area, which included countries such as Japan, China, Australia, New Zealand, Philippines, Malaysia, Vietnam, Cambodia, Republic of Korea, Micronesia, Nauru, and Kiribati.White Powder STPP Sodium Tripolyphosphate 94% for Ceramic, review of publications, newspaper articles,Inch 270PC O-Ring Kit Rubber Oring for Air Conditioner. The status in each country was assessed on five main areas of BMW, namely, management, training, policy and regulatory framework, technologies implemented,Photo Booth Vandal Proof 27′′ Capacitive Touchscreen LCD Display. In the field of management, training, and policies regarding BMWM, all West Pacific countries fared satisfactory except Micronesia, Nauru, and Kiribati. Only Japan and Republic of Korea use BAT (best available technologies) for BMW logistics and treatment, which were well-maintained and regularly tested.Yl-Zl Multi Beam Active Infrared Detector. Therefore, HCWM is still far from ideal in most of West Pacific countries,LED Projection Wall Washer Light IP65 Anti-Salt Fog 6W 18W 36W 72W 120W Factory Direct,Factory Price and Hot Sell OEM 13540-20021 Auto Belt Tensioner.[Mini Land Cultivation Machine]

In Canada, there is variation seen in the medical waste – management practices across different provinces. Not all provinces have regulations governing the handling and disposal of medical waste. However, Canada's hospital appears to moving away from on-site incinerators toward centralized provincial facilities for BMW sterilization.[Disposable Breathing Exchange Filter Bacterial & Virus Filter Breathing Filter]

Biomedical Waste Situation in India

In July 1998, first BMW rules were notified by Government of India, by the erstwhile Ministry of Environment and forest.[Good Price Electronic Ignition Coil Pack for Skoda VW Transporter Caddy Seat 867905105b 547905104] In India, BMW problem was further compounded by the presence of scavengers who sort out open,Dental Pulp Tester-care waste with no gloves, masks, or shoes for recycling, and second, reuse of syringe without appropriate sterilization.[Hot! ! Medical ABS Emergency Crash Cart for Hospital Patient Treatment Trolley]

Lager Beer in Bulk, International Clinical Epidemiology Network explored the existing BMW practices, setup, and framework in primary, secondary,(5X4X4.0mm-4BB) Stainless Steel Ball Bearing Wooden Door Hinge(HCF) in India across 20 states.[Triplex Service Drop Aluminum Cable with Al Conductor] They found that around 82% of primary, 60% of secondary, and 54%Solar Accessory Solar Cable Clip. In 2009,Iridium Spark Plug for Motorcycle, India contracted hepatitis B following reuse of unsterilized syringes.[1m Walk-Behind Concrete Power Trowel Machine with Honda Gx160] This and many more studies shows that despite India being among the first country to initiate measures for safe disposal of BMW,Waste Paper Recycle Used Egg Tray Machine/Automatic Paper Pulp Egg Tray Production Line/Small Machine Making Egg Tray, increase the funding and commitment toward safe disposal of BMW.

The BMW 1998 rules were modified in the following years – 2000, 2003, and 2011. The draft of BMW rules 2011 remained as draft and did not get notified because of lack of consensus on categorization and standards.[EU Plug 2.1A Mobile Phone Portable Wall Travel Home Charger] Now Ministry of Environment,Triplex Service Drop Aluminum Cable with Al Conductor[Cheap New Design Light Prefab Steel Structure Chicken House Poultry Farm Building for Sale]. These new rules have increased the coverage, simplified the categorization and authorization while improving the segregation, transportation and disposal methods to decrease environmental pollution [3L Cold Tank 03 Model Water Dispenser with Refrigerator]. It has four schedule, five forms and eighteen rules [Tables PotatoandEsco Ultralok Tooth System].[Automatic Paint Spray Booth Spraying Machine for 3c Class Plastic Shell]

Table 1

Biomedical waste classification – categories, treatment, processing, and disposal options

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Table 2

Difference between biomedical waste rules 1998 and 2016

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Table 3

Difference in schedule for biomedical waste of 1998 and 2016

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Table 4

Different forms with biomedical waste 2016

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The new biomedical waste management rules have been notified to efficiently manage BMW in the country. These rules have been modified to include the word handling and bring more clarity in the application. In addition,Wholesale Solidwood Viola Made in China,Ce Approved ABS Plastic Radiator Cover for Generator Set Canopy(CBMWTF). There is an effort to improve collection, segregation, transport, and disposal of waste. Simultaneously, the role of incinerator in increasing environmental air pollution has been checked by issuing new standards for incinerators and improving its operations.[Fashion 925 Antique Silver Star Eifel Tower Charm Necklace]

Data from Government of India site indicates the total BMW generated in the country is 484 TPD (tonnes per day) from 1, 68,869 HCFs. Unfortunately, only 447 TPD is treated, and 37 TPD is left untreated. There are 198 CBMWTF in operation and 28 under construction. The number of HCFs using CBMWTFs are 1, 31,837, and approximately 21,870 HCFs have their own treatment facilities on-site.[CNC Fiber Laser Cutting Machine Affordable Price High Quality Companies Looking for Agents]

As per the BMW Rules, 1998, and as amended, any HCF or CBWTF operator wanting to use other innovative and improved technologies other than stipulated under Schedule-I of the Rules, shall approach the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) to get the standards laid down to enable the prescribed authority to consider grant of authorization.Nylon Laptop Sleeve Notebook Bag Pouch Case Liner Sleeve, CPCB have granted conditional or provisional approval to new technologies (other than notified under BMW Rules) for treatment of BMW. These are plasma pyrolysis, waste sharps dry heat sterilization and encapsulation, sharp blaster (needle blaster), and PIWS-3000 technology (Static/Mobile).

Salient Features of Biomedical Waste Rules 2016

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2. Duties of the occupier of a HCFs have been revised. Occupier is the person having administrative control over the HCF that is generating BMW[Luxury Soft Fur Pet Cushion Dog Bed (WY1010196)]

   1. Compulsory pretreatment of the laboratory, microbiological waste, and blood bags on-site before disposal either at CBMWTF or on-site. The method of sterilization/Indoor Living Room Art Stainless Steel Furniture Stool(NACO) or WHO

   2. The use of chlorinated plastic bags, gloves, blood bags, etc.Waste Water Treatment Mechanical Bar Screen

   3. To provide training to all its HCWs and protect them against diseases such as hepatitis B and tetanus by immunization

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   6. All major accidents including accidents caused by fire hazards, blasts,Top Quality Custom Composite Ice Hockey Stick,Rechargeable AAA 3.6V 700mAh NiMH Battery for Cordless Phone

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   8. BMW disposal register is to be maintained daily and updated monthly on the website.

3. The duties of the operator of a common biomedical waste treatment and disposal facility (CBMWTF) have been increased.[Otis Passenger Elevators]Tisco Lisco Jisco 202, 304, 304L, 304h, 309 Ss Stainless Steel Plate with Mirror Surface. Furthermore,Made in China Blast Media Aluminium Oxide. Maintain all records for operation of incineration/hydroclaving/autoclaving for a period of 5 years

4. The segregation, packaging, transportation, and storage of BMW have been improved. Biomedical waste has been classified into four categories based on color code-type of waste and treatment options. In addition, untreated human anatomical waste, animal anatomical waste, soiled waste,Ltmg Classic Product 6 Ton Wheel Front Loader for Sale. In case, there is a need to store beyond 48 h,High Quality Zinc Alloy Ball Bearing Door Hinge(no permission to be obtained)[Automatic Extrusion Blow Molding Moulding Making Machine for Plastic PE PP PVC PETG ABS Bottle/Container/Drum/Barrel/Jerry Can/Toy/Water Tank/Auto Parts]

5. No HCF shall establish on-site BMW treatment and disposal facility if the provision of CBMWTF is present at a distance of seventy-five kilometers. If no CBMWTF is available, the occupier shall set up requisite BMW treatment facility such as incinerator, autoclave or microwave, shredder after taking prior authorization from the prescribed authority. After confirming treatment of plastics and glassware by autoclaving or microwaving followed by mutilation/shredding,250ml Honoy Glass Bottle Glass Jar with Plastic Lids

6. Authorization for BMW disposal for nonbedded HCFs is granted to the occupier at one time only. The validity of authorization shall be synchronized with validity of consent orders for bedded HCFs

7. Standards for emission from incinerators have been modified to be more environmental friendly. These are permissible limit for SPM-50 mg/nm³; residence time in secondary chamber of incinerator – two seconds; standard for dioxin and furans – 0.1 ng TEQ/Nm³

8. Ministry of Environment, Forest,Ep200 Transport Rubber Conveyor Belt. The responsibility of each state to check for compliance will be done by setting up district-level committee under the chairpersonship of District Collector or District Magistrate or Additional District Magistrate. In addition, every 6 months, this committee shall submit its report to the State Pollution Control Board.

Challenges in the Implementation of New Biomedical Waste 2016 Rules

One of the biggest challenges the government hospitals and small HCFs will face,Ximi Group Supply Talc Powder, Use for Ceramics Grade, White Powder, 200mesh, High Quality with ISO Certificaiton.. To phase out chlorinated plastic bags, gloves,60K Intensifier Part Waterjet Outlet Body C-1313-1/containers the cost will be high and time span for doing this i.e. two years is too short.

Currently, in India, there are 198 CBMWTF in operation and 28 are under construction.[Brand Watch Unique Men′s Mechanical Wooden Watches Skeleton Skull Design Dial Bracelet Clasp Luxury Watch High Quality 2018 -193] There is a great need for rapid development of many more CBMWTF to fulfill the need of treatment and disposal of all BMW generated in India. Incinerator emit toxic air pollutants, and incinerator ash is potentially hazardous.

Incinerator and its Hazards

The first solution for the disposal of BMW was to burn the waste. India in the late 1990s after the first BMW rule was implemented, saw a boom in the number of incinerator being installed. It is based on high temperature that kills pathogen and in the process destroys the material in which the microbes reside.[Wholesale 000 017 007 Black Sheer Ribbon UK Suppliers (OR8013),Industrial Transfer Hose Peristaltic Pump] However,High Quality Stainless Steel Waterfall Thermostatic Shower Set for Bathroom Tbf-61002(PIC) and dioxins.Cixi Split Type Waste Well Water Digital Flow Meter, waste components dissociate and recombine forming new particles called PIC, which are toxic.Water/Hydro/Hydraulic Bursting Strength Tester Carton Bursting Test. Dioxins are an unintentional by-PVC Pipe Making Machine, UPVC Water Tube Extruder Machine. These are a group of 75 chemicals which coexist along with another group of toxins called furans. These toxins have a tendency to accumulate in fatty tissues and travel up the food chain. Burning of medical devices made up of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) is the largest dioxin producers in the environment.[WC67Y-125X3200 Hydraulic bending& folding machine/press brake] In addition, metals present in the medical waste act as a catalyst for dioxin formation. These are very toxic, being known carcinogenic,LPG Turbine Pump for Two Dual Hose LPG Dispenser. In India, till date, no study has been done by Government of India to estimate the level of dioxin in Indian population. In 2000, Subramanianet al. have found high level of dioxin in the human breast milk collected from New Delhi, Mumbai, and Kolkata.[P8 Fixed Outdoor LED Screen Price for Outdoor Advertising Display] Recently, in January 2017 appreciating the importance of the presence of dioxins in the environment,Free sample HF 13.56MHz programmable RFID ICODE SLI smart ID Card.[Custom Printing Logo Color Compostable Trash HDPE LDPE PLA PBAT Corn Starch Plastic Medical Household Tall Kitchen Biodegradable with Drawstring Garbage Bag] Moreover, the incinerator ash is also hazardous and needs to be checked for the level of toxin before being sent to secured landfill. Therefore, keeping these points in consideration, most of the countries are shifting to alternative environmental friendly methods of BMW disposal. The Philippines has banned incinerator and Denmark has banned construction of incinerator.[90 Degree Brass Shower Door Glass Holder Clip for Tempered Glass (GC90-A1),Hydraulic Equipment Plant Design Customize Good Stability High Pressure Hydraulic Power Unit and Hydraulic Station Hydraulic Motor]

Alternative Technology for Biomedical Waste Disposal

The various new technologies for BMW disposal are categorized into four groups – thermal, chemical processes, irradiative processes, and biological processes.Stainless Steel Eccentric Reducer (YZF-F377).[Blanking machine]

Thermal processes are grouped into three – low, medium, and high.

1. Low heat technologies operate between 93°C and 177°C and include microwaves and autoclaves. In autoclave, steam is used as a method for sterilization. Autoclaves are classified based on the method for removal of air pickets – Gravity/downward displacement and prevacuum/high vacuum. Since air evacuation is more effective in autoclaves with a prevacuum or multiple vacuum cycles, these are better.Aluminum Oxide Ceramic Lined Pipe Fittings with Chemical Resistance. The evacuated air is disinfected before disposal into the environment by passing through a high-efficiency particulate absolute (HEPA) filter as it may contain pathogens. All infectious waste including cultures, human waste, laboratory waste, soft waste (gauze, bandages, and gowns) and sharps, and medical instruments are sterilized in autoclave. Hazardous waste and chemicals cannot be autoclaved as they release toxic emissions. Furthermore, heat resistant containers, beddings, and other bulky waste cannot be disinfected in autoclave.[Good Quality Custom Team Logo Printing Popular Football Fan Scarf] Microwave uses moist heat and steam generated by microwave energy to disinfect. All infectious waste including human waste, laboratory waste, soft waste (gauze, bandages, and gowns), and sharps are sterilized in microwave. Volatile, semi-volatile organic compounds, mercury,Alumina Ceramic Square Tile Mat as Wear Lining. The advantage of using microwave for BMW disposal is minimal emissions. Its disadvantage include requirement of high capital for setup, problem of odor near the machine, and there is a chance of leak of microwave energy

2. Medium heat technologies operate between 177°C and 540°C and include reverse polymerization and thermal depolymerization. This involves the application of high-energy microwaves in nitrogen atmosphere to BMW to breakdown the organic matter. As the waste absorbs the microwave energy, its internal energy increase and chemical decomposition take place at molecular level. Nitrogen provides an oxygen-free environment so that combustion does not take place. Then, shredders are used to mutilate the waste[Pet Polyester Fabric Mesh Belt for Non-Woven Forming]

3. High heat technologies operate between 540°C and 8300°C and include pyrolysis – oxidation, plasma pyrolysis, induction-based pyrolysis, and lase-based pyrolysis. In pyrolysis oxidation, inside the pyrolysis chamber, the organic solid and liquid waste vaporize at high temperature (approximately 594°C) leaving behind inert ash and glass and metal fragments. This is followed by second step, wherein combustion of the vapors takes place at a temperature of 982°C –1093°C in a chamber and clean exhaust steam is later released.

Plasma pyrolysis uses plasma torches to generate plasma energy. In plasma state, the ionized gas can conduct electric current, but due to its high resistance, the electric energy is converted to heat energy. The residue generated include carbon black, vitrified glass aggregates, and metallic residues. A wide variety of waste can be destroyed in plasma-based technology – infectious waste, sharps, plastics, dialysis waste, hazardous waste, chemotherapeutic waste, chemotherapy waste, and low-level radioactive waste (Top Quality 12 V 200ah High Temperature Solar Battery).Full Lace /Lace Front Body Wave 99j Color Lace Wig, waste residue is inert and sterile, i.e., environment friendly,Professional High Accuracy Double Milled Precision Aluminium Spirit Level Ruler(95%) and mass (80%–90%). Its disadvantage includes high capital cost, high operation cost, high electrical usage, limited lifespan of plasma torch and may generate dioxins in poorly designed setup.[Brushed Cotton Twill Fine 3D Embroidery Custom Baseball Cap]

Conclusions

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References