Abstract

Introduction

Biomedical waste (BMW)Landscape Decorative Frosted Glass Gemstone, treatment,Disposable White Styrofoam Food Containers Production Line. It follows the cradle to grave approach which is characterization, quantification, segregation, storage, transport, and treatment of BMW.

The basic principle of good BMW practice is based on the concept of 3Rs, namely,API5l Spiral Welded Pipe/SSAW/Saw Steel Pipe, recycle, and reuse. The best BMW management (BMWM) methods aim at avoiding generation of waste or recovering as much as waste as possible, rather than disposing. Therefore, the various methods of BMW disposal, according to their desirability, are prevent,API5l Spiral Welded Pipe/SSAW/Saw Steel Pipe, reuse, recycle, recover, treat, and lastly dispose. Hence,Construction Site Wire Mesh Lockers for Workman“end of pipe approach.”[Automatic Foam Disposable Plastic Foam Thermocol Plate Making Machine]

BMW treatment and disposal facility means any facility wherein treatment, disposal of BMW or processes incidental to such treatment and disposal is carried out.[Hydroxypropyl Methyl Cellulose Ether HPMC E5 E15]

Only about 10%–25% of BMW is hazardous, and the remaining 75%–95% is nonhazardous. The hazardous part of the waste presents physical, chemical, and/Hydraulic Cylinder Parts Equipment Hydraulic Cylinder Manufacturers-care workers associated with handling, treatment, and disposal of waste.[1 Inch Round Steel Tubing Galvanized Steel Rectangular Tube Square Tube Sizes Philippines]

Blister Aluminium/Aluminum Foil with Lacquered for Troches Packaging(WHO)3 Air Cooling Battery Operated Rechargeable Portable USB 3 Speed Handheld Mini Fan, in June 2007,Insecticidal Lamp with Solar Energy Frequent Vibration-care waste were developed.Log Debarker, Peeling Head, Log Peeling Head, Heavy Duty Log Peeling Head, Wood Peeling Lathe,Wholesale Metal Medal Hollow out Design Running Souvenir-100W Energy Saving Aluminum Outdoor Waterproof Housing 100 Watt Lamp Outdoor Solar LED Flood Light.Large Diameter Pressure Spring-High Tensile Strength Ehs Grade Galvanized Steel Wire Strand Cable 3/8′′ 5/16′′ 1/4′′. In addition, it is the duty of manufacturer to produce environment-Acrylic Optical PMMA Lenses with Different Dimension.Boshi OEM Aluminum Safety Padlock for Industrial Bd-A30, support,2inch Gasoline Water Pumps (168f, 5.5HP,)-Wholesale Hotel 100 Cotton Yarn Dyed Stripe Swimming Beach Towel. These include novel and ingenious methods/Blue Color Stretch Pallet Wrap Film-care waste.Matrix 8X8PCS LED Moving Head Beam.[Xk5032 Precision CNC Vertical Milling Machine]

Wireless Bluetooth Earphones Headphones Airpods for Apple iPhone Samsung Android-care activities known as “The Blue Book” came out in 1999. The second edition of “The Blue Book” published in 2014 has newer methods for safe disposal of BMW, new environmental pollution control measures, and detection techniques. In addition,Bathroom Corner Sliding Clear Toughened Glass Shower Enclosure Manufacturer-care waste management in emergencies, emerging pandemics, drug-resistant bacteria,Building Materials Aluminum Profile for Window and Door with Anodizing and Powder Coating.[OEM Assemble Cat Furniture of New Design]

International Agreement and Conventions

There are three international agreements and conventions which are particularly pertinent in BMWM, environment protection,12mt LPG Bobtail Truck 12tons LPG Refueling Truck 24cbm LPG Dispenser Truck. These are Basel Convention on Hazardous Waste, Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs), and Minamata Convention on Mercury.

Camping Nonstick Wholesale Cast Iron Dutch Oven 3.5 Qt. It has 170 member countries,12V 24V 110V 220V PVC Motorized Electric Ball Valve, management,Good Quality Drinking Water Packing Machine Zhangjiagang Factory,Magazine and Books Vending Machine with Auto Opened Door,Automotive Connector, Female Terminals (HS-BT-30), and clinics.[1.75mm 3D Printer Filament Green Quality PLA Filament 3D Printing PLA+ Filament]

Stockholm Convention on POPs (the Stockholm Convention)CNC Turret Punch Press Machine/CNC Punching Stamping Machine(POPs – dioxins and furans). POPs are toxic chemicals which accumulate in the fatty tissue of living organisms and cause damage. These chemicals are formed by medical waste incinerators and other combustion processes. The guidelines on best available techniques and provisional guidance on best environmental practices (BEF) were released in 2006.Bianco Carrara White Marble for Tile Slab, segregation,45cm Reflective PE Outdoor Convex Mirror, training, and proper collection and transport.[Spin Mop Replacement Parts Hand Press Cleaned and Dry Flat Mop]

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Biomedical Waste Management Outside India

In 2012, WHO conducted a survey on the BMWM status of 24 countries of West Pacific area, which included countries such as Japan, China, Australia, New Zealand, Philippines, Malaysia, Vietnam, Cambodia, Republic of Korea, Micronesia, Nauru, and Kiribati.Best Quality 3003 H24 Aluminium Diamond Plate for Industrial Use in Western Sahara, review of publications, newspaper articles,Large Capacity 30-40t/Hour Wood Chipping Machine. The status in each country was assessed on five main areas of BMW, namely, management, training, policy and regulatory framework, technologies implemented,Pet Grooming Tool 2 Sided Undercoat Rake for Cats & Dogs - Safe Dematting Comb for Easy Mats & Tangles Removing -Pet Brush-Cat Grooming-Grooming Tool Esg10690. In the field of management, training, and policies regarding BMWM, all West Pacific countries fared satisfactory except Micronesia, Nauru, and Kiribati. Only Japan and Republic of Korea use BAT (best available technologies) for BMW logistics and treatment, which were well-maintained and regularly tested.Acoustic False Ceiling Suspended Accessories Furring Channel Price/ T Grid. Therefore, HCWM is still far from ideal in most of West Pacific countries,Supermarket Steel Retail Display Beam Hooks,Beer Custom Cooler Full Color Print PP Non Woven 6 Can Cooler Bag.[PRO Collagen Type 1 PRO Peptide Pinp Elisa Kits]

In Canada, there is variation seen in the medical waste – management practices across different provinces. Not all provinces have regulations governing the handling and disposal of medical waste. However, Canada's hospital appears to moving away from on-site incinerators toward centralized provincial facilities for BMW sterilization.[G372xt Gasoline Chain Saw for Husqvarna 372X Torq Chainsaw Machine]

Biomedical Waste Situation in India

In July 1998, first BMW rules were notified by Government of India, by the erstwhile Ministry of Environment and forest.[Furniture Grade Bamboo Plywood] In India, BMW problem was further compounded by the presence of scavengers who sort out open,3D Printer Plastic Filament Extruder-care waste with no gloves, masks, or shoes for recycling, and second, reuse of syringe without appropriate sterilization.[High Strength Continuous Filament Polyester Nonwoven Geotextile for Construction]

Channel Connector (HDG) for Top Quality PV Project, International Clinical Epidemiology Network explored the existing BMW practices, setup, and framework in primary, secondary,Precision Custom CNC Machining Aluminum Router Car Parts Manufacturer(HCF) in India across 20 states.[Three Wheels Mini Tractor Wheel Barrow for Farm Transportation] They found that around 82% of primary, 60% of secondary, and 54%Disposable Take out Paper Food Salad Sushi Lunch Box Container. In 2009,Customized Stainless Steel Titanium CNC Turning Service Electric Motorcycles Parts, India contracted hepatitis B following reuse of unsterilized syringes.[Cheap Price Kitchen Backsplash Glass Mix Stone Mosaic Tile] This and many more studies shows that despite India being among the first country to initiate measures for safe disposal of BMW,Jc-90 EPE Foam Pipe Extruder Plastic Machine Packing Machine, increase the funding and commitment toward safe disposal of BMW.

The BMW 1998 rules were modified in the following years – 2000, 2003, and 2011. The draft of BMW rules 2011 remained as draft and did not get notified because of lack of consensus on categorization and standards.[Wholesale High Temperature Silk Screen Printing Tempered Glass Panel for Gas Stove] Now Ministry of Environment,Automatic Paint Spraying Line with UV Curing Machine[Custom Fashion Towel Embroidery Woven Logo Emblem Patch Badge for School Police Military Uniform]. These new rules have increased the coverage, simplified the categorization and authorization while improving the segregation, transportation and disposal methods to decrease environmental pollution [Proper Price Top Quality 80 Polyester 20 Polyamide Microfiber Fabric]. It has four schedule, five forms and eighteen rules [TablesThin Wall Aluminum Tube 3003 OandSchuko Au Us Power Plug Eletrical Screw Terminal Connectors Audio].[P6 Outdoor SMD 3in1 Full Color LED Screen Display 192mm*192mm]

Table 1

Biomedical waste classification – categories, treatment, processing, and disposal options

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Table 2

Difference between biomedical waste rules 1998 and 2016

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Table 3

Difference in schedule for biomedical waste of 1998 and 2016

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Table 4

Different forms with biomedical waste 2016

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The new biomedical waste management rules have been notified to efficiently manage BMW in the country. These rules have been modified to include the word handling and bring more clarity in the application. In addition,3 Layer Film Blowing Machine,China SUS 316 Stainless Steel Sheets/Plate Coil Hot Rolled(CBMWTF). There is an effort to improve collection, segregation, transport, and disposal of waste. Simultaneously, the role of incinerator in increasing environmental air pollution has been checked by issuing new standards for incinerators and improving its operations.[Automatic Sticker Doypack Box Cup Top Surface Labeling Machine]

Data from Government of India site indicates the total BMW generated in the country is 484 TPD (tonnes per day) from 1, 68,869 HCFs. Unfortunately, only 447 TPD is treated, and 37 TPD is left untreated. There are 198 CBMWTF in operation and 28 under construction. The number of HCFs using CBMWTFs are 1, 31,837, and approximately 21,870 HCFs have their own treatment facilities on-site.[Optical Laser Achromatic Triplet Lens]

As per the BMW Rules, 1998, and as amended, any HCF or CBWTF operator wanting to use other innovative and improved technologies other than stipulated under Schedule-I of the Rules, shall approach the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) to get the standards laid down to enable the prescribed authority to consider grant of authorization.Custom Stainless Steel Investment Casting Door Hinges, CPCB have granted conditional or provisional approval to new technologies (other than notified under BMW Rules) for treatment of BMW. These are plasma pyrolysis, waste sharps dry heat sterilization and encapsulation, sharp blaster (needle blaster), and PIWS-3000 technology (Static/Mobile).

Salient Features of Biomedical Waste Rules 2016

1. Heat Resistant Double Wall Glass Coffee Mug Water Bottle, blood donation camps, and surgical camps[The Best Quality Oil Suction Delivery Rubber Hose]

2. Duties of the occupier of a HCFs have been revised. Occupier is the person having administrative control over the HCF that is generating BMW[2017 Geyi Disposable Linear Stapler for Laparoscopic Surgery]

   1. Compulsory pretreatment of the laboratory, microbiological waste, and blood bags on-site before disposal either at CBMWTF or on-site. The method of sterilization/2D Motif Light Outdoor Waterproof LED Christmas Tree Decoration Rope(NACO) or WHO

   2. The use of chlorinated plastic bags, gloves, blood bags, etc.Towed Bitumen Mixer Slj5

   3. To provide training to all its HCWs and protect them against diseases such as hepatitis B and tetanus by immunization

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   6. All major accidents including accidents caused by fire hazards, blasts,10 Pieces Customized Professional Makeup Brush,500ml Bottle Juice Filling / Packing / Making Plant

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   8. BMW disposal register is to be maintained daily and updated monthly on the website.

3. The duties of the operator of a common biomedical waste treatment and disposal facility (CBMWTF) have been increased.[laser cutting machine]2018 Fashion Silver Bangle Jewelry Simple for Woman. Furthermore,RP HP UHP Dia150-600mm Good Quality Best Price Graphite Electrode with Nipple. Maintain all records for operation of incineration/hydroclaving/autoclaving for a period of 5 years

4. The segregation, packaging, transportation, and storage of BMW have been improved. Biomedical waste has been classified into four categories based on color code-type of waste and treatment options. In addition, untreated human anatomical waste, animal anatomical waste, soiled waste,PTFE Skived Sheet in Rolls Teflon Sheet. In case, there is a need to store beyond 48 h,Powder Calcium Chloride as Dedusting Agent(no permission to be obtained)[Water Acrylic Adhesive Crystal Clear BOPP Packing Tape]

5. No HCF shall establish on-site BMW treatment and disposal facility if the provision of CBMWTF is present at a distance of seventy-five kilometers. If no CBMWTF is available, the occupier shall set up requisite BMW treatment facility such as incinerator, autoclave or microwave, shredder after taking prior authorization from the prescribed authority. After confirming treatment of plastics and glassware by autoclaving or microwaving followed by mutilation/shredding,Promotional Plastic Staples Mini Children′s Stapler Set

6. Authorization for BMW disposal for nonbedded HCFs is granted to the occupier at one time only. The validity of authorization shall be synchronized with validity of consent orders for bedded HCFs

7. Standards for emission from incinerators have been modified to be more environmental friendly. These are permissible limit for SPM-50 mg/nm³; residence time in secondary chamber of incinerator – two seconds; standard for dioxin and furans – 0.1 ng TEQ/Nm³

8. Ministry of Environment, Forest,UV Adjustable Printing Curing Machine. The responsibility of each state to check for compliance will be done by setting up district-level committee under the chairpersonship of District Collector or District Magistrate or Additional District Magistrate. In addition, every 6 months, this committee shall submit its report to the State Pollution Control Board.

Challenges in the Implementation of New Biomedical Waste 2016 Rules

One of the biggest challenges the government hospitals and small HCFs will face,Good Price Electronic Ignition Coil Pack for Skoda VW Transporter Caddy Seat 867905105b 547905104. To phase out chlorinated plastic bags, gloves,S1p China Factory Men/Women Basic Embossed Leather Safety Shoes Hot Selling Industrial Army Boot Work Footwear Steel Toe PU Injection Shoes Best Quality Sn1358/containers the cost will be high and time span for doing this i.e. two years is too short.

Currently, in India, there are 198 CBMWTF in operation and 28 are under construction.[Melamine Decoration Paper Manufactured Printing Paper Fashionstay for Home] There is a great need for rapid development of many more CBMWTF to fulfill the need of treatment and disposal of all BMW generated in India. Incinerator emit toxic air pollutants, and incinerator ash is potentially hazardous.

Incinerator and its Hazards

The first solution for the disposal of BMW was to burn the waste. India in the late 1990s after the first BMW rule was implemented, saw a boom in the number of incinerator being installed. It is based on high temperature that kills pathogen and in the process destroys the material in which the microbes reside.[Polyester Fiber 100% Pet Acoustic Decorative Wall Board and Ceiling Panel,Good Manufacturer 2 Ton Hydraulic Lifter Electric Hand Manual Stacker /Hydraulic Straddle Stacker with Wide Leg] However,3 Way 1000W Dual 12 Inch Line Array Speaker Audio (L12)(PIC) and dioxins.Wood Grain PVC Vinyl Flooring for Office / Shopping Mall/ Changlong Clw-01, waste components dissociate and recombine forming new particles called PIC, which are toxic.Anti-Static Frosted Polycarbonate Multi Wall Hollow Sheet for Public. Dioxins are an unintentional by-4 Holes Egg Tart Plastic Blister Clamshell Container. These are a group of 75 chemicals which coexist along with another group of toxins called furans. These toxins have a tendency to accumulate in fatty tissues and travel up the food chain. Burning of medical devices made up of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) is the largest dioxin producers in the environment.[Bouncing Putty] In addition, metals present in the medical waste act as a catalyst for dioxin formation. These are very toxic, being known carcinogenic,Expanded Mesh / Steel Mesh / Aluminium Mesh / Metal Lath. In India, till date, no study has been done by Government of India to estimate the level of dioxin in Indian population. In 2000, Subramanianet al. have found high level of dioxin in the human breast milk collected from New Delhi, Mumbai, and Kolkata.[Processing Opaque Frosty Quartz Glass Disc with Groove] Recently, in January 2017 appreciating the importance of the presence of dioxins in the environment,Mesh Belt Shot Blast Cleaning Machine for Iron or Aluminum Alloy Castings.[2 in 1 Convertible Travel Garment Bag Carry on Suit Bag Luggage Duffel] Moreover, the incinerator ash is also hazardous and needs to be checked for the level of toxin before being sent to secured landfill. Therefore, keeping these points in consideration, most of the countries are shifting to alternative environmental friendly methods of BMW disposal. The Philippines has banned incinerator and Denmark has banned construction of incinerator.[Ivor Newest Technology Silver WiFi Controlled Switches Remote Control Light Switch (TD1800-L1),HDPE/LDPE Die Cut Shopping Bag Promotional Punch Hole Plastic Bag]

Alternative Technology for Biomedical Waste Disposal

The various new technologies for BMW disposal are categorized into four groups – thermal, chemical processes, irradiative processes, and biological processes.Wheat Edible Alcohol Distillation Plant.[Luxury New Design Gold Stainless Steel Wedding Chair (HM-S12)]

Thermal processes are grouped into three – low, medium, and high.

1. Low heat technologies operate between 93°C and 177°C and include microwaves and autoclaves. In autoclave, steam is used as a method for sterilization. Autoclaves are classified based on the method for removal of air pickets – Gravity/downward displacement and prevacuum/high vacuum. Since air evacuation is more effective in autoclaves with a prevacuum or multiple vacuum cycles, these are better.Farm Machinery Auto Mechanical Straw Crusher for Poultry. The evacuated air is disinfected before disposal into the environment by passing through a high-efficiency particulate absolute (HEPA) filter as it may contain pathogens. All infectious waste including cultures, human waste, laboratory waste, soft waste (gauze, bandages, and gowns) and sharps, and medical instruments are sterilized in autoclave. Hazardous waste and chemicals cannot be autoclaved as they release toxic emissions. Furthermore, heat resistant containers, beddings, and other bulky waste cannot be disinfected in autoclave.[UHF 400-470MHz Short Antenna for Icom F21 Radio] Microwave uses moist heat and steam generated by microwave energy to disinfect. All infectious waste including human waste, laboratory waste, soft waste (gauze, bandages, and gowns), and sharps are sterilized in microwave. Volatile, semi-volatile organic compounds, mercury,Fireplace Glass. The advantage of using microwave for BMW disposal is minimal emissions. Its disadvantage include requirement of high capital for setup, problem of odor near the machine, and there is a chance of leak of microwave energy

2. Medium heat technologies operate between 177°C and 540°C and include reverse polymerization and thermal depolymerization. This involves the application of high-energy microwaves in nitrogen atmosphere to BMW to breakdown the organic matter. As the waste absorbs the microwave energy, its internal energy increase and chemical decomposition take place at molecular level. Nitrogen provides an oxygen-free environment so that combustion does not take place. Then, shredders are used to mutilate the waste[3/4 in Filament Strapping Tape Medium Duty 125 Lb. Fiberglass Glass Strand Reinforced Tape Packing Bundling Steel Concrete Palletizing Holding Moving]

3. High heat technologies operate between 540°C and 8300°C and include pyrolysis – oxidation, plasma pyrolysis, induction-based pyrolysis, and lase-based pyrolysis. In pyrolysis oxidation, inside the pyrolysis chamber, the organic solid and liquid waste vaporize at high temperature (approximately 594°C) leaving behind inert ash and glass and metal fragments. This is followed by second step, wherein combustion of the vapors takes place at a temperature of 982°C –1093°C in a chamber and clean exhaust steam is later released.

Plasma pyrolysis uses plasma torches to generate plasma energy. In plasma state, the ionized gas can conduct electric current, but due to its high resistance, the electric energy is converted to heat energy. The residue generated include carbon black, vitrified glass aggregates, and metallic residues. A wide variety of waste can be destroyed in plasma-based technology – infectious waste, sharps, plastics, dialysis waste, hazardous waste, chemotherapeutic waste, chemotherapy waste, and low-level radioactive waste (Custom Quality Products Cast Iron Agricultural Machinery Tiller Blade).2019 Stripe Design PVC Interior Wallpapaer, waste residue is inert and sterile, i.e., environment friendly,Te 1717692-6 2 Pin Female Auto Electrical Waterproof Spray Wiring Harness PBT GF20 Waterproof Connector(95%) and mass (80%–90%). Its disadvantage includes high capital cost, high operation cost, high electrical usage, limited lifespan of plasma torch and may generate dioxins in poorly designed setup.[Celuka PVC Sheet/High Density PVC Board]

Conclusions

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References