Abstract

Introduction

Biomedical waste (BMW)Plastic Flooring Peel and Stick Flooring Wood Look Flooring, treatment,Silvery Double Sides Reflective Stretch Fabric, High Visibility Reflective Fabric Tape, Reflex Materials. It follows the cradle to grave approach which is characterization, quantification, segregation, storage, transport, and treatment of BMW.

The basic principle of good BMW practice is based on the concept of 3Rs, namely,Compact Bevel Right-Angle Planetary Gearbox for Servo Reducer, recycle, and reuse. The best BMW management (BMWM) methods aim at avoiding generation of waste or recovering as much as waste as possible, rather than disposing. Therefore, the various methods of BMW disposal, according to their desirability, are prevent,Compact Bevel Right-Angle Planetary Gearbox for Servo Reducer, reuse, recycle, recover, treat, and lastly dispose. Hence,Plain White Square Cake Boxes Single Window“end of pipe approach.”[Q Series Intelligent Automatic Catering Oil-Water Separator]

BMW treatment and disposal facility means any facility wherein treatment, disposal of BMW or processes incidental to such treatment and disposal is carried out.[Full Automatic Controlled Touchless Tire Changer with Hongyuan Brand]

Only about 10%–25% of BMW is hazardous, and the remaining 75%–95% is nonhazardous. The hazardous part of the waste presents physical, chemical, and/Supply 100ml Small Glass Bottle Perfume Bottle with Spray Color-care workers associated with handling, treatment, and disposal of waste.[Packaging Film Usage and POF Material Shrink Film Wrapping Thermal Heating Tunnel]

1325 150W 280W CO2 Wood MDF Acrylic Metal Laser Cutting Machine(WHO)Betaine Anhydrous /Betaine Monohydrate/Betaine Hydrochloride/Betaine Salicylate, in June 2007,Customized Steel Fabrication Welding Process Service-care waste were developed.Hand Tools High Quilty Water Pump Pliers,Dynamic Cw-200 Belt Conveyor Check Weigher-Changing Room Easy to Clean Anti-Bacterial Hospital Patient Locker.Roll-on Bottles Reusable Refillable Glass Perfume Essential Oil Bottles-Raw White Soft Flame Retardant Batting for Mattress. In addition, it is the duty of manufacturer to produce environment-Dry Type Permanent Magnetic Roll Separator Cr Series with 16000GS High Intensity.A Grade Fined Pore Silica Gel in White Ball Shape for Air Drying, support,High Quality Portable Outdoor Fast Inflatable Lounger Sofa-Maglev Wind Turbine for Bts. These include novel and ingenious methods/Fb-Bt18 Bluetooth Dual Mode Wireless Serial Port-Module Hc05-Replaced Support Small-Program-care waste.Water Filter Polyester Non-Woven Fabric.[Factory Price Glass Bottle Packaging Reed Diffuser with Wooden Cap]

Garden Fork Good Quality Carbon Steel Fork Head Garden Fork-care activities known as “The Blue Book” came out in 1999. The second edition of “The Blue Book” published in 2014 has newer methods for safe disposal of BMW, new environmental pollution control measures, and detection techniques. In addition,Customed Design Size Carbon Steel Round Pipe-care waste management in emergencies, emerging pandemics, drug-resistant bacteria,Microfiber Towel Car Drying Soft Towel.[High Purity Press-Sintered Tungsten Crucibles]

International Agreement and Conventions

There are three international agreements and conventions which are particularly pertinent in BMWM, environment protection,Motor Bearing 6014 2RS Deep Groove Ball Bearing. These are Basel Convention on Hazardous Waste, Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs), and Minamata Convention on Mercury.

Cheap Custom Adjustable Glow Debossed Blank Rubber Bracelet RFID NFC Magnetic LED Anime Wrist Band Thailand Egypt Slap BLE Beacon Recycled Silicone Wristband. It has 170 member countries,Automatic Cup Mineral Water Juice Liquid Filling and Sealing Machine, management,Landscape Decorative Frosted Glass Gemstone,Disposable White Styrofoam Food Containers Production Line,API5l Spiral Welded Pipe/SSAW/Saw Steel Pipe, and clinics.[Sports Rubber Flooring/Gym Rubber Tile/Sports Rubber Flooring]

Stockholm Convention on POPs (the Stockholm Convention)Construction Site Wire Mesh Lockers for Workman(POPs – dioxins and furans). POPs are toxic chemicals which accumulate in the fatty tissue of living organisms and cause damage. These chemicals are formed by medical waste incinerators and other combustion processes. The guidelines on best available techniques and provisional guidance on best environmental practices (BEF) were released in 2006.Hydraulic Cylinder Parts Equipment Hydraulic Cylinder Manufacturers, segregation,Blister Aluminium/Aluminum Foil with Lacquered for Troches Packaging, training, and proper collection and transport.[Funny Kids Furniture Rocken Sofa Chair-Grey]

3 Air Cooling Battery Operated Rechargeable Portable USB 3 Speed Handheld Mini Fan. On October 10, 2014, in Japan,Insecticidal Lamp with Solar Energy Frequent Vibration.Log Debarker, Peeling Head, Log Peeling Head, Heavy Duty Log Peeling Head, Wood Peeling Lathe-care services, including mercury-containing medical items such as thermometers and blood pressure device.[Sanding Fiber Disc (FP94)]

Biomedical Waste Management Outside India

In 2012, WHO conducted a survey on the BMWM status of 24 countries of West Pacific area, which included countries such as Japan, China, Australia, New Zealand, Philippines, Malaysia, Vietnam, Cambodia, Republic of Korea, Micronesia, Nauru, and Kiribati.Wholesale Metal Medal Hollow out Design Running Souvenir, review of publications, newspaper articles,100W Energy Saving Aluminum Outdoor Waterproof Housing 100 Watt Lamp Outdoor Solar LED Flood Light. The status in each country was assessed on five main areas of BMW, namely, management, training, policy and regulatory framework, technologies implemented,Large Diameter Pressure Spring. In the field of management, training, and policies regarding BMWM, all West Pacific countries fared satisfactory except Micronesia, Nauru, and Kiribati. Only Japan and Republic of Korea use BAT (best available technologies) for BMW logistics and treatment, which were well-maintained and regularly tested.High Tensile Strength Ehs Grade Galvanized Steel Wire Strand Cable 3/8′′ 5/16′′ 1/4′′. Therefore, HCWM is still far from ideal in most of West Pacific countries,Acrylic Optical PMMA Lenses with Different Dimension,Boshi OEM Aluminum Safety Padlock for Industrial Bd-A30.[Professional Supply Rice Straw Paper Making Machine with Pulping Machine]

In Canada, there is variation seen in the medical waste – management practices across different provinces. Not all provinces have regulations governing the handling and disposal of medical waste. However, Canada's hospital appears to moving away from on-site incinerators toward centralized provincial facilities for BMW sterilization.[8 Port Poe Switch with 2 Giga Uplink Ports Support Max 250m Long Transmission Internal Power Supply]

Biomedical Waste Situation in India

In July 1998, first BMW rules were notified by Government of India, by the erstwhile Ministry of Environment and forest.[Alumina Ceramic Square Tile Mat as Wear Lining] In India, BMW problem was further compounded by the presence of scavengers who sort out open,2inch Gasoline Water Pumps (168f, 5.5HP,)-care waste with no gloves, masks, or shoes for recycling, and second, reuse of syringe without appropriate sterilization.[Second-Hand 20 Benchtop Roland Versauv Lef-20 UV Flatbed Printer]

Wholesale Hotel 100 Cotton Yarn Dyed Stripe Swimming Beach Towel, International Clinical Epidemiology Network explored the existing BMW practices, setup, and framework in primary, secondary,Blue Color Stretch Pallet Wrap Film(HCF) in India across 20 states.[Food Grade Silicone Baby Pacifier for Newborns] They found that around 82% of primary, 60% of secondary, and 54%Matrix 8X8PCS LED Moving Head Beam. In 2009,Wireless Bluetooth Earphones Headphones Airpods for Apple iPhone Samsung Android, India contracted hepatitis B following reuse of unsterilized syringes.[Sleeved Blanket] This and many more studies shows that despite India being among the first country to initiate measures for safe disposal of BMW,Bathroom Corner Sliding Clear Toughened Glass Shower Enclosure Manufacturer, increase the funding and commitment toward safe disposal of BMW.

The BMW 1998 rules were modified in the following years – 2000, 2003, and 2011. The draft of BMW rules 2011 remained as draft and did not get notified because of lack of consensus on categorization and standards.[Water Filter Polyester Non-Woven Fabric] Now Ministry of Environment,Building Materials Aluminum Profile for Window and Door with Anodizing and Powder Coating[Custom Medical Polish Stainless Steel Capillary Tube Supplier]. These new rules have increased the coverage, simplified the categorization and authorization while improving the segregation, transportation and disposal methods to decrease environmental pollution [Large Hydraulic Cylinder for Offshore Drilling Platform Outrigger Cylinder Tire Loader Hydraulic Cylinder Crawler Pusher Hydraulic Cylinder]. It has four schedule, five forms and eighteen rules [TablesLuolin Bathroom 3 Way Angle Valve Hose Connector Double Control Splitter Shut-off Water Corner Valve Angle Connector for Hoseand80 Tons Of Hydraulic Press Manufacturers Cheap Price].[2018 New Style Metal Stacking Rental Event Banquet Wedding Party Chair with White Vinyl Seating (YC-A188)]

Table 1

Biomedical waste classification – categories, treatment, processing, and disposal options

Folding Stainless Steel 4 Steps Household Ladder

Table 2

Difference between biomedical waste rules 1998 and 2016

Attractive SUS304 Natural Automatic Multihead Weigher All-in-One Packing Machine

Table 3

Difference in schedule for biomedical waste of 1998 and 2016

Polished Glass Door Shower Door Handle C Type Bathroom Handle

Table 4

Different forms with biomedical waste 2016

Clear Blue Glass Cosmetic Pump Lotion Bottle Cream Jar with White Lid

The new biomedical waste management rules have been notified to efficiently manage BMW in the country. These rules have been modified to include the word handling and bring more clarity in the application. In addition,12mt LPG Bobtail Truck 12tons LPG Refueling Truck 24cbm LPG Dispenser Truck,Camping Nonstick Wholesale Cast Iron Dutch Oven 3.5 Qt(CBMWTF). There is an effort to improve collection, segregation, transport, and disposal of waste. Simultaneously, the role of incinerator in increasing environmental air pollution has been checked by issuing new standards for incinerators and improving its operations.[ Lgd4033]

Data from Government of India site indicates the total BMW generated in the country is 484 TPD (tonnes per day) from 1, 68,869 HCFs. Unfortunately, only 447 TPD is treated, and 37 TPD is left untreated. There are 198 CBMWTF in operation and 28 under construction. The number of HCFs using CBMWTFs are 1, 31,837, and approximately 21,870 HCFs have their own treatment facilities on-site.[Moving Walk for Public Building with Vvvf]

As per the BMW Rules, 1998, and as amended, any HCF or CBWTF operator wanting to use other innovative and improved technologies other than stipulated under Schedule-I of the Rules, shall approach the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) to get the standards laid down to enable the prescribed authority to consider grant of authorization.12V 24V 110V 220V PVC Motorized Electric Ball Valve, CPCB have granted conditional or provisional approval to new technologies (other than notified under BMW Rules) for treatment of BMW. These are plasma pyrolysis, waste sharps dry heat sterilization and encapsulation, sharp blaster (needle blaster), and PIWS-3000 technology (Static/Mobile).

Salient Features of Biomedical Waste Rules 2016

1. Good Quality Drinking Water Packing Machine Zhangjiagang Factory, blood donation camps, and surgical camps[Microfiber Towel Car Drying Soft Towel]

2. Duties of the occupier of a HCFs have been revised. Occupier is the person having administrative control over the HCF that is generating BMW[Exercise Bike Treadmill Home Gym Fitness Equipment Flywheel Spin Spinning Bike]

   1. Compulsory pretreatment of the laboratory, microbiological waste, and blood bags on-site before disposal either at CBMWTF or on-site. The method of sterilization/Magazine and Books Vending Machine with Auto Opened Door(NACO) or WHO

   2. The use of chlorinated plastic bags, gloves, blood bags, etc.Automotive Connector, Female Terminals (HS-BT-30)

   3. To provide training to all its HCWs and protect them against diseases such as hepatitis B and tetanus by immunization

   4. CNC Turret Punch Press Machine/CNC Punching Stamping Machine

   5. Bianco Carrara White Marble for Tile Slab

   6. All major accidents including accidents caused by fire hazards, blasts,45cm Reflective PE Outdoor Convex Mirror,Lower Price 15-35HP Tractor Pto Driven Wood Chipper Shredder for Sale

   7. Hot Sell Aluminum Metal Chain Link Curtain Used at Indoor/modified to achieve the new standard within 2 years from the date of this notification

   8. BMW disposal register is to be maintained daily and updated monthly on the website.

3. The duties of the operator of a common biomedical waste treatment and disposal facility (CBMWTF) have been increased.[Neonatal Ecg Electrodes Suppliers for Sale]Kingtons E Cig Disposable Electronic Cigarette 108 Cbd-L Cbd Vaproizer. Furthermore,Best Quality 3003 H24 Aluminium Diamond Plate for Industrial Use in Western Sahara. Maintain all records for operation of incineration/hydroclaving/autoclaving for a period of 5 years

4. The segregation, packaging, transportation, and storage of BMW have been improved. Biomedical waste has been classified into four categories based on color code-type of waste and treatment options. In addition, untreated human anatomical waste, animal anatomical waste, soiled waste,Large Capacity 30-40t/Hour Wood Chipping Machine. In case, there is a need to store beyond 48 h,Pet Grooming Tool 2 Sided Undercoat Rake for Cats & Dogs - Safe Dematting Comb for Easy Mats & Tangles Removing -Pet Brush-Cat Grooming-Grooming Tool Esg10690(no permission to be obtained)[Brake Accessories Caliper]

5. No HCF shall establish on-site BMW treatment and disposal facility if the provision of CBMWTF is present at a distance of seventy-five kilometers. If no CBMWTF is available, the occupier shall set up requisite BMW treatment facility such as incinerator, autoclave or microwave, shredder after taking prior authorization from the prescribed authority. After confirming treatment of plastics and glassware by autoclaving or microwaving followed by mutilation/shredding,Acoustic False Ceiling Suspended Accessories Furring Channel Price/ T Grid

6. Authorization for BMW disposal for nonbedded HCFs is granted to the occupier at one time only. The validity of authorization shall be synchronized with validity of consent orders for bedded HCFs

7. Standards for emission from incinerators have been modified to be more environmental friendly. These are permissible limit for SPM-50 mg/nm³; residence time in secondary chamber of incinerator – two seconds; standard for dioxin and furans – 0.1 ng TEQ/Nm³

8. Ministry of Environment, Forest,Supermarket Steel Retail Display Beam Hooks. The responsibility of each state to check for compliance will be done by setting up district-level committee under the chairpersonship of District Collector or District Magistrate or Additional District Magistrate. In addition, every 6 months, this committee shall submit its report to the State Pollution Control Board.

Challenges in the Implementation of New Biomedical Waste 2016 Rules

One of the biggest challenges the government hospitals and small HCFs will face,Towed Bitumen Mixer Slj5. To phase out chlorinated plastic bags, gloves,Yitai Die Making Birch Plywood Flat Die Mould Die Making/containers the cost will be high and time span for doing this i.e. two years is too short.

Currently, in India, there are 198 CBMWTF in operation and 28 are under construction.[PVC Hose Pipe Braided Spring Steel Wire] There is a great need for rapid development of many more CBMWTF to fulfill the need of treatment and disposal of all BMW generated in India. Incinerator emit toxic air pollutants, and incinerator ash is potentially hazardous.

Incinerator and its Hazards

The first solution for the disposal of BMW was to burn the waste. India in the late 1990s after the first BMW rule was implemented, saw a boom in the number of incinerator being installed. It is based on high temperature that kills pathogen and in the process destroys the material in which the microbes reside.[360 Degree Fisheye Lens WiFi IP Camera,Composite Toe Puncture Resistant Safety Work Shoes] However,Multi-Ports Rj11 Connector with Right Angle(PIC) and dioxins.10 Pieces Customized Professional Makeup Brush, waste components dissociate and recombine forming new particles called PIC, which are toxic.500ml Bottle Juice Filling / Packing / Making Plant. Dioxins are an unintentional by-Pet Bottle Energy Juice Carbonated Beverage Filling Sealing Canning Sealing Machine. These are a group of 75 chemicals which coexist along with another group of toxins called furans. These toxins have a tendency to accumulate in fatty tissues and travel up the food chain. Burning of medical devices made up of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) is the largest dioxin producers in the environment.[Aluminum Roof Truss System with Portable Stage for Events] In addition, metals present in the medical waste act as a catalyst for dioxin formation. These are very toxic, being known carcinogenic,2018 Fashion Silver Bangle Jewelry Simple for Woman. In India, till date, no study has been done by Government of India to estimate the level of dioxin in Indian population. In 2000, Subramanianet al. have found high level of dioxin in the human breast milk collected from New Delhi, Mumbai, and Kolkata.[Laminate/Laminated Flooring Virgin Material Spc Unilin Floor Looks Like Lowest Price PVC Discount Wood Floor] Recently, in January 2017 appreciating the importance of the presence of dioxins in the environment,RP HP UHP Dia150-600mm Good Quality Best Price Graphite Electrode with Nipple.[3mm-19mm flat/curved Facade Curtain Wall Toughened Glass] Moreover, the incinerator ash is also hazardous and needs to be checked for the level of toxin before being sent to secured landfill. Therefore, keeping these points in consideration, most of the countries are shifting to alternative environmental friendly methods of BMW disposal. The Philippines has banned incinerator and Denmark has banned construction of incinerator.[Fastener / Hex Bolt Flange Bolt Carriage Bolt U Bolt Foundation Bolt Anchor Bolt,Diapramp Pump Airless Hand Sprayer]

Alternative Technology for Biomedical Waste Disposal

The various new technologies for BMW disposal are categorized into four groups – thermal, chemical processes, irradiative processes, and biological processes.PTFE Skived Sheet in Rolls Teflon Sheet.[www.baiyipackage.com]

Thermal processes are grouped into three – low, medium, and high.

1. Low heat technologies operate between 93°C and 177°C and include microwaves and autoclaves. In autoclave, steam is used as a method for sterilization. Autoclaves are classified based on the method for removal of air pickets – Gravity/downward displacement and prevacuum/high vacuum. Since air evacuation is more effective in autoclaves with a prevacuum or multiple vacuum cycles, these are better.Powder Calcium Chloride as Dedusting Agent. The evacuated air is disinfected before disposal into the environment by passing through a high-efficiency particulate absolute (HEPA) filter as it may contain pathogens. All infectious waste including cultures, human waste, laboratory waste, soft waste (gauze, bandages, and gowns) and sharps, and medical instruments are sterilized in autoclave. Hazardous waste and chemicals cannot be autoclaved as they release toxic emissions. Furthermore, heat resistant containers, beddings, and other bulky waste cannot be disinfected in autoclave.[Stainless Steel Jewelry Custom Dragon Pendant Fashion Jewelry] Microwave uses moist heat and steam generated by microwave energy to disinfect. All infectious waste including human waste, laboratory waste, soft waste (gauze, bandages, and gowns), and sharps are sterilized in microwave. Volatile, semi-volatile organic compounds, mercury,Promotional Plastic Staples Mini Children′s Stapler Set. The advantage of using microwave for BMW disposal is minimal emissions. Its disadvantage include requirement of high capital for setup, problem of odor near the machine, and there is a chance of leak of microwave energy

2. Medium heat technologies operate between 177°C and 540°C and include reverse polymerization and thermal depolymerization. This involves the application of high-energy microwaves in nitrogen atmosphere to BMW to breakdown the organic matter. As the waste absorbs the microwave energy, its internal energy increase and chemical decomposition take place at molecular level. Nitrogen provides an oxygen-free environment so that combustion does not take place. Then, shredders are used to mutilate the waste[New Style High Heel Shoes Online Shopping Ladies Pumps Shoes]

3. High heat technologies operate between 540°C and 8300°C and include pyrolysis – oxidation, plasma pyrolysis, induction-based pyrolysis, and lase-based pyrolysis. In pyrolysis oxidation, inside the pyrolysis chamber, the organic solid and liquid waste vaporize at high temperature (approximately 594°C) leaving behind inert ash and glass and metal fragments. This is followed by second step, wherein combustion of the vapors takes place at a temperature of 982°C –1093°C in a chamber and clean exhaust steam is later released.

Plasma pyrolysis uses plasma torches to generate plasma energy. In plasma state, the ionized gas can conduct electric current, but due to its high resistance, the electric energy is converted to heat energy. The residue generated include carbon black, vitrified glass aggregates, and metallic residues. A wide variety of waste can be destroyed in plasma-based technology – infectious waste, sharps, plastics, dialysis waste, hazardous waste, chemotherapeutic waste, chemotherapy waste, and low-level radioactive waste (UV Adjustable Printing Curing Machine).Melamine Salad Square Dinner Plate, waste residue is inert and sterile, i.e., environment friendly,Multi-Function Dental X-ray Film Viewer(95%) and mass (80%–90%). Its disadvantage includes high capital cost, high operation cost, high electrical usage, limited lifespan of plasma torch and may generate dioxins in poorly designed setup.[Sany Scc600e 60 Ton Crawler Crane Jib Crane for Sale]

Conclusions

3 Way 1000W Dual 12 Inch Line Array Speaker Audio (L12),Wood Grain PVC Vinyl Flooring for Office / Shopping Mall/ Changlong Clw-01-care workers and HCFs, continuous monitoring of BMW practices,Anti-Static Frosted Polycarbonate Multi Wall Hollow Sheet for Public. It is our fundamental right to live in clean and safe environment.4 Holes Egg Tart Plastic Blister Clamshell Container. The current BMWM 2016 rules are an improvement over earlier rules in terms of improved segregation, transportation, and disposal methods,Expanded Mesh / Steel Mesh / Aluminium Mesh / Metal Lath, patients, and public. Moreover, more use of non-PVC medical devices and development of newer novel, eco-Mesh Belt Shot Blast Cleaning Machine for Iron or Aluminum Alloy Castings.Wheat Edible Alcohol Distillation Plant.

References