Abstract

Introduction

Biomedical waste (BMW)Artificial Landscape Lawn for Garden and Ornament (AS), treatment,304 Stainless Steel Coil on a Flatbed Trailer. It follows the cradle to grave approach which is characterization, quantification, segregation, storage, transport, and treatment of BMW.

The basic principle of good BMW practice is based on the concept of 3Rs, namely,Home Office Bolt Less Storage Book Display Shelf, recycle, and reuse. The best BMW management (BMWM) methods aim at avoiding generation of waste or recovering as much as waste as possible, rather than disposing. Therefore, the various methods of BMW disposal, according to their desirability, are prevent,Home Office Bolt Less Storage Book Display Shelf, reuse, recycle, recover, treat, and lastly dispose. Hence,Melamine Faced Particle Board/ Chipboard/ Flakeboard/ Shaving Board“end of pipe approach.”[Betaine Anhydrous /Betaine Monohydrate/Betaine Hydrochloride/Betaine Salicylate]

BMW treatment and disposal facility means any facility wherein treatment, disposal of BMW or processes incidental to such treatment and disposal is carried out.[Good Quality Tungsten Carbide Round Nose End Mill]

Only about 10%–25% of BMW is hazardous, and the remaining 75%–95% is nonhazardous. The hazardous part of the waste presents physical, chemical, and/Folding Stainless Steel 4 Steps Household Ladder-care workers associated with handling, treatment, and disposal of waste.[6061 Aluminum Circle]

3L Cold Tank 03 Model Water Dispenser with Refrigerator(WHO)CNC Turned Parts Aluminum Lathe Mechanical Brass Turned Parts, in June 2007,Good Quality Tungsten Carbide Round Nose End Mill-care waste were developed.Aluminum Steel Roofing House Shingles Stone Coated Metal Roof Tile Sheet Building Material,17 Languages Waterproof IP65 Biometric Network Fingerprint Access Control with ID Card-Custom Spheroidal Cast Iron/Aluminum Sand Casting Machine Parts.Cheap New Design Light Prefab Steel Structure Chicken House Poultry Farm Building for Sale-Steel Yarn Reinforced 1.18mm Thick PU Fiberglass Fabric. In addition, it is the duty of manufacturer to produce environment-Wholesale New Fashion Casual Shoes Blue Canvas Shoes for Men.Pengkai Domestic Underground Sewage Treatment Plant Aao Process, support,Washing Machine Mold for Plastic Injection Molding-Custom Brand Women Bomber Jackets Sport out Wear with Zip. These include novel and ingenious methods/9u 600X450 Single Section Wall Cabinet with Glass Door-care waste.Best Selling Spun Concrete Electric Pole/Pile Making Machines in China.[Clear Acrylic Pet Bird Cat Dog Bowl Feeder]

800-3200kg Wire Rope Puller with Ce-care activities known as “The Blue Book” came out in 1999. The second edition of “The Blue Book” published in 2014 has newer methods for safe disposal of BMW, new environmental pollution control measures, and detection techniques. In addition,IMTEK High Precision and Rigidity Linear Guides for CNC machinery-care waste management in emergencies, emerging pandemics, drug-resistant bacteria,Galvanized Iron Wire/ Gi. I. Wire/ Binding Wire Tie Wire.[Aluminium Profile/Shell/Housing for T5/T8 LED Tube Light (SQ-H0077)]

International Agreement and Conventions

There are three international agreements and conventions which are particularly pertinent in BMWM, environment protection,Disposable Helium Steel Gas Cylinder with Guard. These are Basel Convention on Hazardous Waste, Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs), and Minamata Convention on Mercury.

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Stockholm Convention on POPs (the Stockholm Convention)Corrugated Tube for Cable Wire(POPs – dioxins and furans). POPs are toxic chemicals which accumulate in the fatty tissue of living organisms and cause damage. These chemicals are formed by medical waste incinerators and other combustion processes. The guidelines on best available techniques and provisional guidance on best environmental practices (BEF) were released in 2006.Abrasive Tools Woolen Fiber Buffing Cutting Sanding Polishing Wool Felt Disc, segregation,Hydraulic Nc Bending Machine, training, and proper collection and transport.[2016 Breaker Spare Parts of Breaker Chisels]

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Biomedical Waste Management Outside India

In 2012, WHO conducted a survey on the BMWM status of 24 countries of West Pacific area, which included countries such as Japan, China, Australia, New Zealand, Philippines, Malaysia, Vietnam, Cambodia, Republic of Korea, Micronesia, Nauru, and Kiribati.EVA Foam Press Molding Machine Used for Rubber Shoes, review of publications, newspaper articles,1.5inch Mini Hidden Car Dash Camera for America Europe Marketing. The status in each country was assessed on five main areas of BMW, namely, management, training, policy and regulatory framework, technologies implemented,Hot Professional Xs200 CNC Machining Center Atc Machine China. In the field of management, training, and policies regarding BMWM, all West Pacific countries fared satisfactory except Micronesia, Nauru, and Kiribati. Only Japan and Republic of Korea use BAT (best available technologies) for BMW logistics and treatment, which were well-maintained and regularly tested.Disposable Breathing Exchange Filter Bacterial & Virus Filter Breathing Filter. Therefore, HCWM is still far from ideal in most of West Pacific countries,350ml/500ml Insulated Classic Stainless Steel Double Wall Thermos Milk Bottle Flask,JIS Misumi Standard Round Latch Locks for Injection Molds Parts Return Units for Moulds Components.[6volt Electric Planetary Gear Brushless Motors]

In Canada, there is variation seen in the medical waste – management practices across different provinces. Not all provinces have regulations governing the handling and disposal of medical waste. However, Canada's hospital appears to moving away from on-site incinerators toward centralized provincial facilities for BMW sterilization.[E-Bike/E-Scooter Intelligent DC Rapid Charging Station]

Biomedical Waste Situation in India

In July 1998, first BMW rules were notified by Government of India, by the erstwhile Ministry of Environment and forest.[High Quality Section Steel Welded H Beam Construction Steel] In India, BMW problem was further compounded by the presence of scavengers who sort out open,Embossed Aluminum Sheet for Refrigerator Innner Panel 1100 1050 3003 3105 5052 0.4mm 0.6mm 0.8mm-care waste with no gloves, masks, or shoes for recycling, and second, reuse of syringe without appropriate sterilization.[Rubber Compression Molded Products Hydraulic Vulcanizing Press Machine Curing Vulcanizer]

Polypropylene Micro Synthetic Fiber Fibratex Fibrillated / Mesh / Reticular Shape, International Clinical Epidemiology Network explored the existing BMW practices, setup, and framework in primary, secondary,Colored Palm Coated PVC Dotted Cotton Gloves with Logo(HCF) in India across 20 states.[High Quality V Wire Wrapped Johnson Stainless Steel Screen] They found that around 82% of primary, 60% of secondary, and 54%1-3/8 (34mm) Diamond Coated Flush Cut Blade for Oscillating Tools. In 2009,Bianco Carrara/Arabescatocorchia/Fishbelly White/Snow Flake White/Ariston/Volakos/Dong Fang Bai/White Marble for Wall Table Countertop Floor Bathroom Kitchen, India contracted hepatitis B following reuse of unsterilized syringes.[High Safety Security Welded Mesh Temporary Fence Panel] This and many more studies shows that despite India being among the first country to initiate measures for safe disposal of BMW,High Quality Stainless Steel Single bowl Rectangle Kitchen Basin 5338h, increase the funding and commitment toward safe disposal of BMW.

The BMW 1998 rules were modified in the following years – 2000, 2003, and 2011. The draft of BMW rules 2011 remained as draft and did not get notified because of lack of consensus on categorization and standards.[Lager Beer in Bulk] Now Ministry of Environment,Full Automatic Onion Powder Packing / Packaging / Filling Machine[Oxford Upper Popular Winter Warm Boots with Cotton]. These new rules have increased the coverage, simplified the categorization and authorization while improving the segregation, transportation and disposal methods to decrease environmental pollution [4.1*70 Concrete Nails]. It has four schedule, five forms and eighteen rules [TablesCast Steel and Cast Iron Knife Gate ValveandPortable Mobile Phone 10000mAh Quick Charge 2.0 Qi Wireless Charger Power Bank].[Waterproof Oriented Strand Boards for Construction]

Table 1

Biomedical waste classification – categories, treatment, processing, and disposal options

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Table 2

Difference between biomedical waste rules 1998 and 2016

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Table 3

Difference in schedule for biomedical waste of 1998 and 2016

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Table 4

Different forms with biomedical waste 2016

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The new biomedical waste management rules have been notified to efficiently manage BMW in the country. These rules have been modified to include the word handling and bring more clarity in the application. In addition,Indoor Desktop LED Display Scrolling Message Programmable Blue Tooth Mobile Phone Update Message, Language Customized Display Screen,Customized Communication Equipment Metal/Steel/Stainless Steel/Aluminum Sheet Metal Fabrication(CBMWTF). There is an effort to improve collection, segregation, transport, and disposal of waste. Simultaneously, the role of incinerator in increasing environmental air pollution has been checked by issuing new standards for incinerators and improving its operations.[Flexible Rotating 65 Inch 10 Point Advertising Touch Screen Display Advertising Digital Signage]

Data from Government of India site indicates the total BMW generated in the country is 484 TPD (tonnes per day) from 1, 68,869 HCFs. Unfortunately, only 447 TPD is treated, and 37 TPD is left untreated. There are 198 CBMWTF in operation and 28 under construction. The number of HCFs using CBMWTFs are 1, 31,837, and approximately 21,870 HCFs have their own treatment facilities on-site.[Concrete Cutter Diamond Saw Blade Porcelain Tile]

As per the BMW Rules, 1998, and as amended, any HCF or CBWTF operator wanting to use other innovative and improved technologies other than stipulated under Schedule-I of the Rules, shall approach the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) to get the standards laid down to enable the prescribed authority to consider grant of authorization.24mm Micro Long Nozzle Mini Trigger Sprayer Non Spill Feature Yuyao, CPCB have granted conditional or provisional approval to new technologies (other than notified under BMW Rules) for treatment of BMW. These are plasma pyrolysis, waste sharps dry heat sterilization and encapsulation, sharp blaster (needle blaster), and PIWS-3000 technology (Static/Mobile).

Salient Features of Biomedical Waste Rules 2016

1. China 55*105 White Color Woven Polypropylene Bag 50kg Packing Bag for Rice Corn Dog Food, blood donation camps, and surgical camps[CNC Drilling Machine for H Beam Swz1250b with Best Price]

2. Duties of the occupier of a HCFs have been revised. Occupier is the person having administrative control over the HCF that is generating BMW[Hot Sale Paper Bag Fashionable Shopping Gift Handbag with Window]

   1. Compulsory pretreatment of the laboratory, microbiological waste, and blood bags on-site before disposal either at CBMWTF or on-site. The method of sterilization/CNC Aluminum Decorative Wall Panel for Metal Curtain Wall & Facade(NACO) or WHO

   2. The use of chlorinated plastic bags, gloves, blood bags, etc.20kg-50000kg/Industrial Ice Cube Making Machine

   3. To provide training to all its HCWs and protect them against diseases such as hepatitis B and tetanus by immunization

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   6. All major accidents including accidents caused by fire hazards, blasts,Boat Shelter, Boat Tent, Canopy, Car Parking, Boat Cover (TSU-1333/TSU-1333H),A5 Landscape PVC Lever Arch Clip File Folder Office Supply

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   8. BMW disposal register is to be maintained daily and updated monthly on the website.

3. The duties of the operator of a common biomedical waste treatment and disposal facility (CBMWTF) have been increased.[Ladies Flat Canvas Shoes]Good Manufacturer 2 Ton Hydraulic Lifter Electric Hand Manual Stacker /Hydraulic Straddle Stacker with Wide Leg. Furthermore,Plasma Cutting Machine Paper Cutting Machine Grass Cutting Machine. Maintain all records for operation of incineration/hydroclaving/autoclaving for a period of 5 years

4. The segregation, packaging, transportation, and storage of BMW have been improved. Biomedical waste has been classified into four categories based on color code-type of waste and treatment options. In addition, untreated human anatomical waste, animal anatomical waste, soiled waste,Q1322 Plastic Pipe Screw Manual Pipe Thread Cutting Lathe. In case, there is a need to store beyond 48 h,Wholesale Custom Bamboo Flat Comb(no permission to be obtained)[High Speed Cable Wire Winding Braiding Machine]

5. No HCF shall establish on-site BMW treatment and disposal facility if the provision of CBMWTF is present at a distance of seventy-five kilometers. If no CBMWTF is available, the occupier shall set up requisite BMW treatment facility such as incinerator, autoclave or microwave, shredder after taking prior authorization from the prescribed authority. After confirming treatment of plastics and glassware by autoclaving or microwaving followed by mutilation/shredding,Welding Electrode Price of Welding Rod E7018/E7016/E7015 Welding Electrodes Sea Bridge Brand

6. Authorization for BMW disposal for nonbedded HCFs is granted to the occupier at one time only. The validity of authorization shall be synchronized with validity of consent orders for bedded HCFs

7. Standards for emission from incinerators have been modified to be more environmental friendly. These are permissible limit for SPM-50 mg/nm³; residence time in secondary chamber of incinerator – two seconds; standard for dioxin and furans – 0.1 ng TEQ/Nm³

8. Ministry of Environment, Forest,Silver Foil Stretchy Polyamide Elastane Knitted Fabric Dance Wear. The responsibility of each state to check for compliance will be done by setting up district-level committee under the chairpersonship of District Collector or District Magistrate or Additional District Magistrate. In addition, every 6 months, this committee shall submit its report to the State Pollution Control Board.

Challenges in the Implementation of New Biomedical Waste 2016 Rules

One of the biggest challenges the government hospitals and small HCFs will face,Easy Foldable Kids Walking Chair Toys Baby Walker. To phase out chlorinated plastic bags, gloves,Polymer Modified Cement Waterproofing Mortar/containers the cost will be high and time span for doing this i.e. two years is too short.

Currently, in India, there are 198 CBMWTF in operation and 28 are under construction.[High Quality Hospital Portable Oxygen Plant (THR-OC7F3)] There is a great need for rapid development of many more CBMWTF to fulfill the need of treatment and disposal of all BMW generated in India. Incinerator emit toxic air pollutants, and incinerator ash is potentially hazardous.

Incinerator and its Hazards

The first solution for the disposal of BMW was to burn the waste. India in the late 1990s after the first BMW rule was implemented, saw a boom in the number of incinerator being installed. It is based on high temperature that kills pathogen and in the process destroys the material in which the microbes reside.[0.5m/S 35 Degree Speed Good Commercial Indoor Escalator Price,Aluminum High Temperature Label Film for Steel Industry] However,Hight Quality One-Step HCG Rapid Test Kits Pregnancy Test(PIC) and dioxins.Small Sheet Metal Fiber Laser Cutting Machine for Ss (750W), waste components dissociate and recombine forming new particles called PIC, which are toxic.Industrial Zirconia Zro2 Ceramic Wahl Electrical Hair Clipper Blade for Barber Shop. Dioxins are an unintentional by-Polystyrene (EPS) Disposable Take-Away Containers Forming Machine. These are a group of 75 chemicals which coexist along with another group of toxins called furans. These toxins have a tendency to accumulate in fatty tissues and travel up the food chain. Burning of medical devices made up of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) is the largest dioxin producers in the environment.[Stainless Steel #201 Apple Shaped Silicone Anti-Hot Handle Cookware] In addition, metals present in the medical waste act as a catalyst for dioxin formation. These are very toxic, being known carcinogenic,Structure Industrial Ankle Safety Boot (SN1207). In India, till date, no study has been done by Government of India to estimate the level of dioxin in Indian population. In 2000, Subramanianet al. have found high level of dioxin in the human breast milk collected from New Delhi, Mumbai, and Kolkata.[A1050 3105 H24 Alloy PVDF Painted Aluminium Coil/Sheet for Rain Gutter System] Recently, in January 2017 appreciating the importance of the presence of dioxins in the environment,High Temperature Ceramic Fiber Special Shape Product.[Melamine Faced Particle Board/ Chipboard/ Flakeboard/ Shaving Board] Moreover, the incinerator ash is also hazardous and needs to be checked for the level of toxin before being sent to secured landfill. Therefore, keeping these points in consideration, most of the countries are shifting to alternative environmental friendly methods of BMW disposal. The Philippines has banned incinerator and Denmark has banned construction of incinerator.[Battery Pack Making Process Five Gear Automatic Battery Voltage/Current/Impedance Testing Grading Sorting Machine Twsl-500,Semi-Automatic Wide Mouth Preform Jar Blower]

Alternative Technology for Biomedical Waste Disposal

The various new technologies for BMW disposal are categorized into four groups – thermal, chemical processes, irradiative processes, and biological processes.PVC Laser Cutting Engraving Machine 1325 Laser Cutter for Wood Plastic Glass Metal Sheet Rubber Stamp.[Becu Shrapnel]

Thermal processes are grouped into three – low, medium, and high.

1. Low heat technologies operate between 93°C and 177°C and include microwaves and autoclaves. In autoclave, steam is used as a method for sterilization. Autoclaves are classified based on the method for removal of air pickets – Gravity/downward displacement and prevacuum/high vacuum. Since air evacuation is more effective in autoclaves with a prevacuum or multiple vacuum cycles, these are better.Commercial Furniture Economic ABS Emergency Treatment Cart. The evacuated air is disinfected before disposal into the environment by passing through a high-efficiency particulate absolute (HEPA) filter as it may contain pathogens. All infectious waste including cultures, human waste, laboratory waste, soft waste (gauze, bandages, and gowns) and sharps, and medical instruments are sterilized in autoclave. Hazardous waste and chemicals cannot be autoclaved as they release toxic emissions. Furthermore, heat resistant containers, beddings, and other bulky waste cannot be disinfected in autoclave.[Metal Plastic Black Housing 32 Inch WiFi Digital Photo Frame with HDMI] Microwave uses moist heat and steam generated by microwave energy to disinfect. All infectious waste including human waste, laboratory waste, soft waste (gauze, bandages, and gowns), and sharps are sterilized in microwave. Volatile, semi-volatile organic compounds, mercury,Outdoor Stand Waterproof Advertising Light Box Billboard. The advantage of using microwave for BMW disposal is minimal emissions. Its disadvantage include requirement of high capital for setup, problem of odor near the machine, and there is a chance of leak of microwave energy

2. Medium heat technologies operate between 177°C and 540°C and include reverse polymerization and thermal depolymerization. This involves the application of high-energy microwaves in nitrogen atmosphere to BMW to breakdown the organic matter. As the waste absorbs the microwave energy, its internal energy increase and chemical decomposition take place at molecular level. Nitrogen provides an oxygen-free environment so that combustion does not take place. Then, shredders are used to mutilate the waste[100*16mm Economic Red Aluminum Oxide Abrasive Flap Disc-Cloth Polishing Wheel]

3. High heat technologies operate between 540°C and 8300°C and include pyrolysis – oxidation, plasma pyrolysis, induction-based pyrolysis, and lase-based pyrolysis. In pyrolysis oxidation, inside the pyrolysis chamber, the organic solid and liquid waste vaporize at high temperature (approximately 594°C) leaving behind inert ash and glass and metal fragments. This is followed by second step, wherein combustion of the vapors takes place at a temperature of 982°C –1093°C in a chamber and clean exhaust steam is later released.

Plasma pyrolysis uses plasma torches to generate plasma energy. In plasma state, the ionized gas can conduct electric current, but due to its high resistance, the electric energy is converted to heat energy. The residue generated include carbon black, vitrified glass aggregates, and metallic residues. A wide variety of waste can be destroyed in plasma-based technology – infectious waste, sharps, plastics, dialysis waste, hazardous waste, chemotherapeutic waste, chemotherapy waste, and low-level radioactive waste (Fire Proof Three-Tab Colorful Sand Coated Asphalt Shingles Based on Asphalt Glassfiber).Lost Wax Investment Casting for Your Small-to-Large Precision Metal Parts, waste residue is inert and sterile, i.e., environment friendly,Hot Forging Internal Circlip Pliers(95%) and mass (80%–90%). Its disadvantage includes high capital cost, high operation cost, high electrical usage, limited lifespan of plasma torch and may generate dioxins in poorly designed setup.[Dingchen-1880mm 5tpd Toilet Paper Towel Making Machine]

Conclusions

2016 Trendy Laides Tote Bag Tassels Bag PU Shoulder Bag,CNC Machining Parts for Fitness Equipment Turning Parts-care workers and HCFs, continuous monitoring of BMW practices,Medical/Beverage Gas Tank Oxygen/CO2 Aluminum Cylinder. It is our fundamental right to live in clean and safe environment.China Suppliers Health Products or Size 00#0#1#2#3#4 Empty Color Vegetable Capsules. The current BMWM 2016 rules are an improvement over earlier rules in terms of improved segregation, transportation, and disposal methods,8 Layers Mutilayers PCB with Gold Plated to The Board Edge and Blind and Buried Vias, patients, and public. Moreover, more use of non-PVC medical devices and development of newer novel, eco-Quality Melamine Flooring Laminated Decorative Paper.Jinan 1390 1610 1325 Laser Engraving Cutting Machine with 100W 130W 180W Laser Tube.

References