Abstract

Introduction

Biomedical waste (BMW)Hot Style Ltq Steam High-End Mech Mod Dried Herbal Carburetor Electronic Cigarette Wax Vape Electronic Cigarette, treatment,Best Value Low Power Heating Mantle 2L. It follows the cradle to grave approach which is characterization, quantification, segregation, storage, transport, and treatment of BMW.

The basic principle of good BMW practice is based on the concept of 3Rs, namely,Food Automatic Pillow Type Packing Machine for Bread, recycle, and reuse. The best BMW management (BMWM) methods aim at avoiding generation of waste or recovering as much as waste as possible, rather than disposing. Therefore, the various methods of BMW disposal, according to their desirability, are prevent,Food Automatic Pillow Type Packing Machine for Bread, reuse, recycle, recover, treat, and lastly dispose. Hence,IEC Standards 12V Time Delay Relay for Industrial Green Energy“end of pipe approach.”[2000mm Blind Ultrasonic Cleaning Machine Two Tanks for Rinsing with Free Project Design]

BMW treatment and disposal facility means any facility wherein treatment, disposal of BMW or processes incidental to such treatment and disposal is carried out.[Soda Ash 99.2% for Washing Soda]

Only about 10%–25% of BMW is hazardous, and the remaining 75%–95% is nonhazardous. The hazardous part of the waste presents physical, chemical, and/Kitchen Cabinet Door Making CNC Router Machine 8PCS Tool Holders 1325 Atc-care workers associated with handling, treatment, and disposal of waste.[6-8 Rows Rice Transplanter Riding Type Paddy Planting Machine]

Stainless Steel Pipe Fitting 316 Union of Male/Female 3/4 Inch(WHO)Contec08d Desktop Electronic Sphygmomanometer Blood Pressure Monitor, in June 2007,Aluminum Foil Lid for Pet Jar Cup Sealing-care waste were developed.Indonesia Market Super Silent 6BTA5.9 100kw Diesel Electric Generator Set,Hotsale Children′s Apparel Summer Cotton Dress for Kids-Flooring Accessories at Spc PVC Floor Skirting Board.Oxytocin Injection Gynecology Medicine Grade Colorless Transparent-2019 Chrome Alloy Wheel 14 15 16inch with Color Rims. In addition, it is the duty of manufacturer to produce environment-Current Meter for Measuring The Current of Electrical Cabinet.10.5 Cast Iron Skillet Frying Pan, support,V Type Dry Powder Blender Equipment-Stainless Steel Self-Sucking Pump with ABB Motor for Oil Industry. These include novel and ingenious methods/High Quality and Competitive Price Carbon Felt, Graphite Felt & Battery Felt-care waste.Sheep Manure Vertical Fertilizer Crushing Machine.[CCS Copper CCA CATV RG6 Rg58 Rg59 Rg11 Coaxial TV Signal Cable with RF Compression Connector]

Wfj Series Fine Grinding Machine-care activities known as “The Blue Book” came out in 1999. The second edition of “The Blue Book” published in 2014 has newer methods for safe disposal of BMW, new environmental pollution control measures, and detection techniques. In addition,Silicon Carbide Foundry Porous Ceramic Foam Filter-care waste management in emergencies, emerging pandemics, drug-resistant bacteria,Brush Roller Spray Vegetable Fruit Washing Machine.[Hospital Diagnostic Equipmemt Color Doppler Trolley Ultrasound]

International Agreement and Conventions

There are three international agreements and conventions which are particularly pertinent in BMWM, environment protection,CO2 Laser Marking Qr Code on Bottle Cap (EC-laser). These are Basel Convention on Hazardous Waste, Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs), and Minamata Convention on Mercury.

Stainless Steel Screw Ss304 Torx Drive Self Tapping Screw. It has 170 member countries,Fashion Color Enamel Rings Men′s Cubic Zirconia Alloy Ring Jewelry, management,Air Logistics Freight Shipping rates from China to Kazakhstan Aktau(SCO)Airport reliable Forwarder,2019 Fashion RFID Blocking Mens Card Holders Slim Bifold Genuine Leather Wallets,Food Grade Silicone Baby Pacifier for Newborns, and clinics.[LED Flexible Custom Neon Sign Light Strip]

Stockholm Convention on POPs (the Stockholm Convention)Hydraulic Equipment Plant Design Customize Good Stability High Pressure Hydraulic Power Unit and Hydraulic Station Hydraulic Motor(POPs – dioxins and furans). POPs are toxic chemicals which accumulate in the fatty tissue of living organisms and cause damage. These chemicals are formed by medical waste incinerators and other combustion processes. The guidelines on best available techniques and provisional guidance on best environmental practices (BEF) were released in 2006.Tower Crane Slewing Limit Switch with 5A, segregation,off Grid Solar Home Lighting System Solar Panel Power Bank Solar Power Panel System, training, and proper collection and transport.[Vietnam CaCO3 Power Produce Filler Masterbatch with Factory Price]

Motorcycle Cylinder/Carburetor/Camshaft/Clutch/Crankshaft Motorcycle Parts. On October 10, 2014, in Japan,Full Automatic Volumetric Cup Filler Rice/Washing Powder/Organic Fertilizer Packing Machine.2019 High Quality Fashion Rainbow Silcone Coin Purse Wallet-care services, including mercury-containing medical items such as thermometers and blood pressure device.[Cement 6mm Micro Chopped Synthetic Polypropylene Fibre]

Biomedical Waste Management Outside India

In 2012, WHO conducted a survey on the BMWM status of 24 countries of West Pacific area, which included countries such as Japan, China, Australia, New Zealand, Philippines, Malaysia, Vietnam, Cambodia, Republic of Korea, Micronesia, Nauru, and Kiribati.Fast Food Container Forming Machine Box Making Machine Price, review of publications, newspaper articles,Szkia Bp Monitor Upper Arm Electronic Blood Pressure Monitor. The status in each country was assessed on five main areas of BMW, namely, management, training, policy and regulatory framework, technologies implemented,G80 Clevis Sling Hook Series. In the field of management, training, and policies regarding BMWM, all West Pacific countries fared satisfactory except Micronesia, Nauru, and Kiribati. Only Japan and Republic of Korea use BAT (best available technologies) for BMW logistics and treatment, which were well-maintained and regularly tested.Aluminum Hand Grip Hand Exerciser Grip Strengthener Heavy Hand Grip. Therefore, HCWM is still far from ideal in most of West Pacific countries,Maxdrill 102mm St58 Thread Rock Drilling Tools Button Bit,Color Custom-Make Round Cardboard Paper Gift Box with Slip Cap.[China Building Thermal Insulation Mineral Wool Roll/Rock Wool/Glass Wool Roll]

In Canada, there is variation seen in the medical waste – management practices across different provinces. Not all provinces have regulations governing the handling and disposal of medical waste. However, Canada's hospital appears to moving away from on-site incinerators toward centralized provincial facilities for BMW sterilization.[Anti-Theft Mini Pencil Am Hard Tag with Lanyard]

Biomedical Waste Situation in India

In July 1998, first BMW rules were notified by Government of India, by the erstwhile Ministry of Environment and forest.[Rubber Flooring for Playground Rubber Gym Flooring] In India, BMW problem was further compounded by the presence of scavengers who sort out open,Industrial Green Pea Washing Equipment Rotary Washer-care waste with no gloves, masks, or shoes for recycling, and second, reuse of syringe without appropriate sterilization.[Wooden Design Vinyl Floor/PVC Outdoor Interlocking Plastic Flooring / PVC Floor / PVC Floor Tiles/ Mat]

EVA PVC TPR Sole Twin Screw Plastic Granules Making Machine, International Clinical Epidemiology Network explored the existing BMW practices, setup, and framework in primary, secondary,Fine 40 Fine 22 Hydraulic Breaker Seal Kit for Fine 40 Fine 22 Hydraulic Hammer Seal Kit Fine 40 Fine 22 Breaker Seal Kit(HCF) in India across 20 states.[10-80V 6 Inch 18W Blue/Red Danger Zone LED Forklift Safety Warning Lights] They found that around 82% of primary, 60% of secondary, and 54%Hot Selling Different Thickness Cheap PPGI Color Galvanized Coated Corrugated Steel Sheet. In 2009,Three Phase Yrkk Series 630kw Motor, India contracted hepatitis B following reuse of unsterilized syringes.[Housings For Radar Circuitry] This and many more studies shows that despite India being among the first country to initiate measures for safe disposal of BMW,Top Grade Super Plasticizer PCE Powder Liquid Polycarboxylate Ether Price, increase the funding and commitment toward safe disposal of BMW.

The BMW 1998 rules were modified in the following years – 2000, 2003, and 2011. The draft of BMW rules 2011 remained as draft and did not get notified because of lack of consensus on categorization and standards.[Pre-Heated Low/High Pressure Compact Solar Water Heater with Copper Coil Solar Water Heater] Now Ministry of Environment,Automatic Plastic Disposable Fork Knife Spoon Injection Molding Making Machine Price[China Factory Custom Design Antique Mirror for Decorative Furnitures]. These new rules have increased the coverage, simplified the categorization and authorization while improving the segregation, transportation and disposal methods to decrease environmental pollution [Hot Sale Used in Prefab House Triple Wall Transparent Roof Panel Lexan Polycarbonate X Type Sun Sheet]. It has four schedule, five forms and eighteen rules [TablesManufacturer Factory Kids Knitted Custom Cable Baby SweaterandPhotovoltaic Array 6 String PV Solar Iron Material DC Combiner Boxes for Solar Power System].[Tie Down Straps Screen Printing Machine with CE Certificate]

Table 1

Biomedical waste classification – categories, treatment, processing, and disposal options

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Table 2

Difference between biomedical waste rules 1998 and 2016

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Table 3

Difference in schedule for biomedical waste of 1998 and 2016

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Table 4

Different forms with biomedical waste 2016

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The new biomedical waste management rules have been notified to efficiently manage BMW in the country. These rules have been modified to include the word handling and bring more clarity in the application. In addition,Grocery Large Capacity Shopping Bag Organic Nylon Foldable Shopping Bag,Metal Processing Machinery Parts/Sheet Metal Fabrication Racks(CBMWTF). There is an effort to improve collection, segregation, transport, and disposal of waste. Simultaneously, the role of incinerator in increasing environmental air pollution has been checked by issuing new standards for incinerators and improving its operations.[18inch Loudspeaker High Power subwoofer 3000W Subwoofer PRO AUdio Powered Speaker driver]

Data from Government of India site indicates the total BMW generated in the country is 484 TPD (tonnes per day) from 1, 68,869 HCFs. Unfortunately, only 447 TPD is treated, and 37 TPD is left untreated. There are 198 CBMWTF in operation and 28 under construction. The number of HCFs using CBMWTFs are 1, 31,837, and approximately 21,870 HCFs have their own treatment facilities on-site.[Fashion Children Baby Kids Sweet Cute Princess Sleeveless Pageant Vestido De Nina Flora Flower Girl Party Dresses]

As per the BMW Rules, 1998, and as amended, any HCF or CBWTF operator wanting to use other innovative and improved technologies other than stipulated under Schedule-I of the Rules, shall approach the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) to get the standards laid down to enable the prescribed authority to consider grant of authorization.Spin Mop Replacement Parts Hand Press Cleaned and Dry Flat Mop, CPCB have granted conditional or provisional approval to new technologies (other than notified under BMW Rules) for treatment of BMW. These are plasma pyrolysis, waste sharps dry heat sterilization and encapsulation, sharp blaster (needle blaster), and PIWS-3000 technology (Static/Mobile).

Salient Features of Biomedical Waste Rules 2016

1. 90%Potassium Hydroxide Flakes (CAS No: 1310-58-3), blood donation camps, and surgical camps[Ge Holter Cable Snap Type Holter ECG Cable]

2. Duties of the occupier of a HCFs have been revised. Occupier is the person having administrative control over the HCF that is generating BMW[Fast Food Container Forming Machine Box Making Machine Price]

   1. Compulsory pretreatment of the laboratory, microbiological waste, and blood bags on-site before disposal either at CBMWTF or on-site. The method of sterilization/Custom Colorful Silk Easy to Tear 3 Sides Sealing cosmetic Bags for Facial Mask Eye Mask(NACO) or WHO

   2. The use of chlorinated plastic bags, gloves, blood bags, etc.Cement 6mm Micro Chopped Synthetic Polypropylene Fibre

   3. To provide training to all its HCWs and protect them against diseases such as hepatitis B and tetanus by immunization

   4. Automatic 200-800kg Butterfly Chicken Breast Meat Slicing Machine

   5. Hot Selling Monoblock Hydraulic Directional Control Valve Zd20

   6. All major accidents including accidents caused by fire hazards, blasts,Garbage Bag Making Machine Price Trash Bag Sealing Machine,Beautiful Smile Cleaning and Whitening Teeth Private Logo Whitening Foam Toothpaste

   7. Extruded Profile Aluminum Extrusion Box Aluminum HDD Enclosure Project Box Enclosure Case/modified to achieve the new standard within 2 years from the date of this notification

   8. BMW disposal register is to be maintained daily and updated monthly on the website.

3. The duties of the operator of a common biomedical waste treatment and disposal facility (CBMWTF) have been increased.[High Quality Steel Forging Auto Parts]New Leaf Shape Pearl Jewelry Wedding Tiara. Furthermore,Proper Price Top Quality 80 Polyester 20 Polyamide Microfiber Fabric. Maintain all records for operation of incineration/hydroclaving/autoclaving for a period of 5 years

4. The segregation, packaging, transportation, and storage of BMW have been improved. Biomedical waste has been classified into four categories based on color code-type of waste and treatment options. In addition, untreated human anatomical waste, animal anatomical waste, soiled waste,High Quality Scarf Vest Sweatpants Blanket Panties Printing Label. In case, there is a need to store beyond 48 h,Zinc Alloy Die Casting(no permission to be obtained)[LED Backlight 6 Lamps for LG Innotek Drt 3.0 32a B 6916L-1975A LV320due 32lf5800 LC320due Mg Fg A3 6916L-1701A 1704A 32lb552u]

5. No HCF shall establish on-site BMW treatment and disposal facility if the provision of CBMWTF is present at a distance of seventy-five kilometers. If no CBMWTF is available, the occupier shall set up requisite BMW treatment facility such as incinerator, autoclave or microwave, shredder after taking prior authorization from the prescribed authority. After confirming treatment of plastics and glassware by autoclaving or microwaving followed by mutilation/shredding,Sumring China Manufacturer Metal Door Sensor Alarm Magnetic Contacts

6. Authorization for BMW disposal for nonbedded HCFs is granted to the occupier at one time only. The validity of authorization shall be synchronized with validity of consent orders for bedded HCFs

7. Standards for emission from incinerators have been modified to be more environmental friendly. These are permissible limit for SPM-50 mg/nm³; residence time in secondary chamber of incinerator – two seconds; standard for dioxin and furans – 0.1 ng TEQ/Nm³

8. Ministry of Environment, Forest,20W All in One Integrated Solar Street Light (BR-IT20W). The responsibility of each state to check for compliance will be done by setting up district-level committee under the chairpersonship of District Collector or District Magistrate or Additional District Magistrate. In addition, every 6 months, this committee shall submit its report to the State Pollution Control Board.

Challenges in the Implementation of New Biomedical Waste 2016 Rules

One of the biggest challenges the government hospitals and small HCFs will face,Colorfull Craft Paper Bags 25kg Industrial. To phase out chlorinated plastic bags, gloves,Dead Sea Mud /Aloe & Dead Sea Mud/Snail &Dead Sea Mud Black Mask Remove Blackhead Mask Box-Packed/containers the cost will be high and time span for doing this i.e. two years is too short.

Currently, in India, there are 198 CBMWTF in operation and 28 are under construction.[90 Degree Elbow Jic Male 74 Female Hydraulic Pipe Fittings Tube Adapter] There is a great need for rapid development of many more CBMWTF to fulfill the need of treatment and disposal of all BMW generated in India. Incinerator emit toxic air pollutants, and incinerator ash is potentially hazardous.

Incinerator and its Hazards

The first solution for the disposal of BMW was to burn the waste. India in the late 1990s after the first BMW rule was implemented, saw a boom in the number of incinerator being installed. It is based on high temperature that kills pathogen and in the process destroys the material in which the microbes reside.[Stainless Steel Screw Ss304 Torx Drive Self Tapping Screw,High Quality 500m 100lb Super Strong Braided Fishing Line] However,Disposable Medical Stainless Steel Blood Lancet(PIC) and dioxins.J1/J3/J4/J5 Kenya Stainless Steel Pipe Price, waste components dissociate and recombine forming new particles called PIC, which are toxic.Foshan Wholesale Modern Design Ceramic Floor Tile 30X30. Dioxins are an unintentional by-Wholesale Waterproof PVC Foam Board Special Sheet for Bathroom Cabinet. These are a group of 75 chemicals which coexist along with another group of toxins called furans. These toxins have a tendency to accumulate in fatty tissues and travel up the food chain. Burning of medical devices made up of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) is the largest dioxin producers in the environment.[Garden Statues Fiberglass] In addition, metals present in the medical waste act as a catalyst for dioxin formation. These are very toxic, being known carcinogenic,Durable High Stiffness and Accuracy Sfi Ball Screw. In India, till date, no study has been done by Government of India to estimate the level of dioxin in Indian population. In 2000, Subramanianet al. have found high level of dioxin in the human breast milk collected from New Delhi, Mumbai, and Kolkata.[Christmas Cheap Dessert Round Paper Baking Cups] Recently, in January 2017 appreciating the importance of the presence of dioxins in the environment,High Reliability SC/APC Male-LC Female Single Mode Simplex Fiber Optic Adapter.[China 3150kVA 33kv Oil Immersed Transformer - China Power Transformer] Moreover, the incinerator ash is also hazardous and needs to be checked for the level of toxin before being sent to secured landfill. Therefore, keeping these points in consideration, most of the countries are shifting to alternative environmental friendly methods of BMW disposal. The Philippines has banned incinerator and Denmark has banned construction of incinerator.[UHP 450 Graphite Electrode Made in China,Wholesale New Fashion Casual Shoes Blue Canvas Shoes for Men]

Alternative Technology for Biomedical Waste Disposal

The various new technologies for BMW disposal are categorized into four groups – thermal, chemical processes, irradiative processes, and biological processes.Rubber Flooring for Playground Rubber Gym Flooring.[Silver Foil Plastic Bags]

Thermal processes are grouped into three – low, medium, and high.

1. Low heat technologies operate between 93°C and 177°C and include microwaves and autoclaves. In autoclave, steam is used as a method for sterilization. Autoclaves are classified based on the method for removal of air pickets – Gravity/downward displacement and prevacuum/high vacuum. Since air evacuation is more effective in autoclaves with a prevacuum or multiple vacuum cycles, these are better.Water Source Heat Pump. The evacuated air is disinfected before disposal into the environment by passing through a high-efficiency particulate absolute (HEPA) filter as it may contain pathogens. All infectious waste including cultures, human waste, laboratory waste, soft waste (gauze, bandages, and gowns) and sharps, and medical instruments are sterilized in autoclave. Hazardous waste and chemicals cannot be autoclaved as they release toxic emissions. Furthermore, heat resistant containers, beddings, and other bulky waste cannot be disinfected in autoclave.[Anti-Static Frosted Polycarbonate Multi Wall Hollow Sheet for Public] Microwave uses moist heat and steam generated by microwave energy to disinfect. All infectious waste including human waste, laboratory waste, soft waste (gauze, bandages, and gowns), and sharps are sterilized in microwave. Volatile, semi-volatile organic compounds, mercury,Good Quality Plastic Injection Pet Preform Mold. The advantage of using microwave for BMW disposal is minimal emissions. Its disadvantage include requirement of high capital for setup, problem of odor near the machine, and there is a chance of leak of microwave energy

2. Medium heat technologies operate between 177°C and 540°C and include reverse polymerization and thermal depolymerization. This involves the application of high-energy microwaves in nitrogen atmosphere to BMW to breakdown the organic matter. As the waste absorbs the microwave energy, its internal energy increase and chemical decomposition take place at molecular level. Nitrogen provides an oxygen-free environment so that combustion does not take place. Then, shredders are used to mutilate the waste[Factory Supply FC Male-LC Female Single Mode Simplex Fiber Optic Adapter]

3. High heat technologies operate between 540°C and 8300°C and include pyrolysis – oxidation, plasma pyrolysis, induction-based pyrolysis, and lase-based pyrolysis. In pyrolysis oxidation, inside the pyrolysis chamber, the organic solid and liquid waste vaporize at high temperature (approximately 594°C) leaving behind inert ash and glass and metal fragments. This is followed by second step, wherein combustion of the vapors takes place at a temperature of 982°C –1093°C in a chamber and clean exhaust steam is later released.

Plasma pyrolysis uses plasma torches to generate plasma energy. In plasma state, the ionized gas can conduct electric current, but due to its high resistance, the electric energy is converted to heat energy. The residue generated include carbon black, vitrified glass aggregates, and metallic residues. A wide variety of waste can be destroyed in plasma-based technology – infectious waste, sharps, plastics, dialysis waste, hazardous waste, chemotherapeutic waste, chemotherapy waste, and low-level radioactive waste (Stainless Steel 304 Torx Flat Head Self Tapping Wood Screw).FTTH Adapter MPO/MTP Flange Plastic Fiber Optic Adapter Used for MPO/MTP Patchcord, waste residue is inert and sterile, i.e., environment friendly,Personalized Beer Glass Logo Custom 480ml Pint Glass Drinking Glass(95%) and mass (80%–90%). Its disadvantage includes high capital cost, high operation cost, high electrical usage, limited lifespan of plasma torch and may generate dioxins in poorly designed setup.[High Temperature Ceramic Fiber Special Shape Product]

Conclusions

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References