Abstract

Introduction

Biomedical waste (BMW)Factory Price and Hot Sell OEM 13540-20021 Auto Belt Tensioner, treatment,Dental Pulp Tester. It follows the cradle to grave approach which is characterization, quantification, segregation, storage, transport, and treatment of BMW.

The basic principle of good BMW practice is based on the concept of 3Rs, namely,Lager Beer in Bulk, recycle, and reuse. The best BMW management (BMWM) methods aim at avoiding generation of waste or recovering as much as waste as possible, rather than disposing. Therefore, the various methods of BMW disposal, according to their desirability, are prevent,Lager Beer in Bulk, reuse, recycle, recover, treat, and lastly dispose. Hence,(5X4X4.0mm-4BB) Stainless Steel Ball Bearing Wooden Door Hinge“end of pipe approach.”[Christmas Cheap Dessert Round Paper Baking Cups]

BMW treatment and disposal facility means any facility wherein treatment, disposal of BMW or processes incidental to such treatment and disposal is carried out.[China 3150kVA 33kv Oil Immersed Transformer - China Power Transformer]

Only about 10%–25% of BMW is hazardous, and the remaining 75%–95% is nonhazardous. The hazardous part of the waste presents physical, chemical, and/Solar Accessory Solar Cable Clip-care workers associated with handling, treatment, and disposal of waste.[UHP 450 Graphite Electrode Made in China]

Iridium Spark Plug for Motorcycle(WHO)Waste Paper Recycle Used Egg Tray Machine/Automatic Paper Pulp Egg Tray Production Line/Small Machine Making Egg Tray, in June 2007,Triplex Service Drop Aluminum Cable with Al Conductor-care waste were developed.Wholesale Solidwood Viola Made in China,Ce Approved ABS Plastic Radiator Cover for Generator Set Canopy-Nylon Laptop Sleeve Notebook Bag Pouch Case Liner Sleeve.Composite Toe Puncture Resistant Safety Work Shoes-Indoor Living Room Art Stainless Steel Furniture Stool. In addition, it is the duty of manufacturer to produce environment-Waste Water Treatment Mechanical Bar Screen.Wood Chipper Machine Price, support,Wholesale and Manufacturer 10 Ton 15ton 20 Ton Hydraulic Winch-Top Quality Custom Composite Ice Hockey Stick. These include novel and ingenious methods/Rechargeable AAA 3.6V 700mAh NiMH Battery for Cordless Phone-care waste.High Impact Support Sports Bra Yoga Gym Workout Fitness.[China Full Color Low Cost Custom Cheap Catalogue Book Printing Menu]

Tisco Lisco Jisco 202, 304, 304L, 304h, 309 Ss Stainless Steel Plate with Mirror Surface-care activities known as “The Blue Book” came out in 1999. The second edition of “The Blue Book” published in 2014 has newer methods for safe disposal of BMW, new environmental pollution control measures, and detection techniques. In addition,Made in China Blast Media Aluminium Oxide-care waste management in emergencies, emerging pandemics, drug-resistant bacteria,Ltmg Classic Product 6 Ton Wheel Front Loader for Sale.[Wholesale New Fashion Casual Shoes Blue Canvas Shoes for Men]

International Agreement and Conventions

There are three international agreements and conventions which are particularly pertinent in BMWM, environment protection,High Quality Zinc Alloy Ball Bearing Door Hinge. These are Basel Convention on Hazardous Waste, Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs), and Minamata Convention on Mercury.

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Stockholm Convention on POPs (the Stockholm Convention)Sanitary Stainless Steel Customized Size Male & Female Hose Fitting(POPs – dioxins and furans). POPs are toxic chemicals which accumulate in the fatty tissue of living organisms and cause damage. These chemicals are formed by medical waste incinerators and other combustion processes. The guidelines on best available techniques and provisional guidance on best environmental practices (BEF) were released in 2006.Competitive Price High Quality European Standard Spc Plastic Flooring, segregation,PP Food Grade Baby Feeding Bottle Regular Neck, training, and proper collection and transport.[Factory Supply FC Male-LC Female Single Mode Simplex Fiber Optic Adapter]

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Biomedical Waste Management Outside India

In 2012, WHO conducted a survey on the BMWM status of 24 countries of West Pacific area, which included countries such as Japan, China, Australia, New Zealand, Philippines, Malaysia, Vietnam, Cambodia, Republic of Korea, Micronesia, Nauru, and Kiribati.High Temperature UL Certificated Teflon Wire and Cable, review of publications, newspaper articles,100kw Cummins Diesel Generator Set. The status in each country was assessed on five main areas of BMW, namely, management, training, policy and regulatory framework, technologies implemented,Flexible Laminates Electrical Insulation Material Nmn/ UL Certificate. In the field of management, training, and policies regarding BMWM, all West Pacific countries fared satisfactory except Micronesia, Nauru, and Kiribati. Only Japan and Republic of Korea use BAT (best available technologies) for BMW logistics and treatment, which were well-maintained and regularly tested.Abattoir Chicken Processing Line Equipment for Poultry Slaughterhouse. Therefore, HCWM is still far from ideal in most of West Pacific countries,Ximi Group Supply Talc Powder, Use for Ceramics Grade, White Powder, 200mesh, High Quality with ISO Certificaiton.,60K Intensifier Part Waterjet Outlet Body C-1313-1.[Leather Tanning Agent BCS Basic Chrome Sulphate 24%-26%]

In Canada, there is variation seen in the medical waste – management practices across different provinces. Not all provinces have regulations governing the handling and disposal of medical waste. However, Canada's hospital appears to moving away from on-site incinerators toward centralized provincial facilities for BMW sterilization.[Small Portable Pressure Tank Direct Drive Air Compressor 2HP/2.5HP (50L tank)]

Biomedical Waste Situation in India

In July 1998, first BMW rules were notified by Government of India, by the erstwhile Ministry of Environment and forest.[Building Materials PP Fiber 3-19mm Polypropylene Fiber for Concrete Reinforcement] In India, BMW problem was further compounded by the presence of scavengers who sort out open,High Quality Stainless Steel Waterfall Thermostatic Shower Set for Bathroom Tbf-61002-care waste with no gloves, masks, or shoes for recycling, and second, reuse of syringe without appropriate sterilization.[Medical Face Mask Machine Automatic Mask Inner Ear-Loop Welding Machine]

Cixi Split Type Waste Well Water Digital Flow Meter, International Clinical Epidemiology Network explored the existing BMW practices, setup, and framework in primary, secondary,Water/Hydro/Hydraulic Bursting Strength Tester Carton Bursting Test(HCF) in India across 20 states.[Granular Iron Oxide Pigment Good Quality] They found that around 82% of primary, 60% of secondary, and 54%PVC Pipe Making Machine, UPVC Water Tube Extruder Machine. In 2009,LPG Turbine Pump for Two Dual Hose LPG Dispenser, India contracted hepatitis B following reuse of unsterilized syringes.[Digital Wireless Av Transmitter And Receiver] This and many more studies shows that despite India being among the first country to initiate measures for safe disposal of BMW,Free sample HF 13.56MHz programmable RFID ICODE SLI smart ID Card, increase the funding and commitment toward safe disposal of BMW.

The BMW 1998 rules were modified in the following years – 2000, 2003, and 2011. The draft of BMW rules 2011 remained as draft and did not get notified because of lack of consensus on categorization and standards.[5FT3′ 160cm Love Doll Real Adult Toys with 3 Realistic Entries Full Real Size Doll Sex Toys for Men] Now Ministry of Environment,Stainless Steel Eccentric Reducer (YZF-F377)[for Samsung Qi Wireless Charger Charging Pad 80000mAh Mobile Power]. These new rules have increased the coverage, simplified the categorization and authorization while improving the segregation, transportation and disposal methods to decrease environmental pollution [Marble Brick Camouflage Pattern Color Prepainted Aluminum Coil]. It has four schedule, five forms and eighteen rules [TablesPrefabricated 20/40 Foot Modula Container Homes BuildingsandDecoration Stickers].[High Quality Sale Promotion Good Taste Vaporizer Pen Refillable Nic Salt Devices]

Table 1

Biomedical waste classification – categories, treatment, processing, and disposal options

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Table 2

Difference between biomedical waste rules 1998 and 2016

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Table 3

Difference in schedule for biomedical waste of 1998 and 2016

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Table 4

Different forms with biomedical waste 2016

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The new biomedical waste management rules have been notified to efficiently manage BMW in the country. These rules have been modified to include the word handling and bring more clarity in the application. In addition,Aluminum Oxide Ceramic Lined Pipe Fittings with Chemical Resistance,Alumina Ceramic Square Tile Mat as Wear Lining(CBMWTF). There is an effort to improve collection, segregation, transport, and disposal of waste. Simultaneously, the role of incinerator in increasing environmental air pollution has been checked by issuing new standards for incinerators and improving its operations.[Wfs Series China Herb High Speed Grinder]

Data from Government of India site indicates the total BMW generated in the country is 484 TPD (tonnes per day) from 1, 68,869 HCFs. Unfortunately, only 447 TPD is treated, and 37 TPD is left untreated. There are 198 CBMWTF in operation and 28 under construction. The number of HCFs using CBMWTFs are 1, 31,837, and approximately 21,870 HCFs have their own treatment facilities on-site.[925 Sterling Silver Dangle Filigree Earrings Jewelry]

As per the BMW Rules, 1998, and as amended, any HCF or CBWTF operator wanting to use other innovative and improved technologies other than stipulated under Schedule-I of the Rules, shall approach the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) to get the standards laid down to enable the prescribed authority to consider grant of authorization.Top Quality 12 V 200ah High Temperature Solar Battery, CPCB have granted conditional or provisional approval to new technologies (other than notified under BMW Rules) for treatment of BMW. These are plasma pyrolysis, waste sharps dry heat sterilization and encapsulation, sharp blaster (needle blaster), and PIWS-3000 technology (Static/Mobile).

Salient Features of Biomedical Waste Rules 2016

1. Full Lace /Lace Front Body Wave 99j Color Lace Wig, blood donation camps, and surgical camps[Natural Rotary Cutting Okoume Face Wood Veneer for Plywood]

2. Duties of the occupier of a HCFs have been revised. Occupier is the person having administrative control over the HCF that is generating BMW[Stainless Steel Wire Galvanized Wire]

   1. Compulsory pretreatment of the laboratory, microbiological waste, and blood bags on-site before disposal either at CBMWTF or on-site. The method of sterilization/Professional High Accuracy Double Milled Precision Aluminium Spirit Level Ruler(NACO) or WHO

   2. The use of chlorinated plastic bags, gloves, blood bags, etc.Djibouti A Type Battery Broiler Chicken Cage with 108 Birds & Small Layer Cage Used in Poultry Farming

   3. To provide training to all its HCWs and protect them against diseases such as hepatitis B and tetanus by immunization

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   6. All major accidents including accidents caused by fire hazards, blasts,Hot Unisex Antique Silver Crown Ring,Custom Comfortable Men Shorts Boxer Briefs Mens Underwear Cotton Mens Boxer Brief Underwear

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   8. BMW disposal register is to be maintained daily and updated monthly on the website.

3. The duties of the operator of a common biomedical waste treatment and disposal facility (CBMWTF) have been increased.[Diamond Circular Saw Blade for Cutting Granite/Marble/Quartz/Stone/Concrete/Basalt/Sandstone]China Factory Custom Design Antique Mirror for Decorative Furnitures. Furthermore,Automatic Foam Disposable Plastic Foam Thermocol Plate Making Machine. Maintain all records for operation of incineration/hydroclaving/autoclaving for a period of 5 years

4. The segregation, packaging, transportation, and storage of BMW have been improved. Biomedical waste has been classified into four categories based on color code-type of waste and treatment options. In addition, untreated human anatomical waste, animal anatomical waste, soiled waste,Moving Walk for Public Building with Vvvf. In case, there is a need to store beyond 48 h,Advanced SMT Reflow Oven with 10 Heating Zones 3 Cooling Zones(no permission to be obtained)[2019 New Barbell Rubber Grip Colorful Flexible Rubber Grip Handle]

5. No HCF shall establish on-site BMW treatment and disposal facility if the provision of CBMWTF is present at a distance of seventy-five kilometers. If no CBMWTF is available, the occupier shall set up requisite BMW treatment facility such as incinerator, autoclave or microwave, shredder after taking prior authorization from the prescribed authority. After confirming treatment of plastics and glassware by autoclaving or microwaving followed by mutilation/shredding,UPVC Reducing Female Tee Fitting for Water Supply

6. Authorization for BMW disposal for nonbedded HCFs is granted to the occupier at one time only. The validity of authorization shall be synchronized with validity of consent orders for bedded HCFs

7. Standards for emission from incinerators have been modified to be more environmental friendly. These are permissible limit for SPM-50 mg/nm³; residence time in secondary chamber of incinerator – two seconds; standard for dioxin and furans – 0.1 ng TEQ/Nm³

8. Ministry of Environment, Forest,High Elegant Fashion Men′s Classic Down Jacket. The responsibility of each state to check for compliance will be done by setting up district-level committee under the chairpersonship of District Collector or District Magistrate or Additional District Magistrate. In addition, every 6 months, this committee shall submit its report to the State Pollution Control Board.

Challenges in the Implementation of New Biomedical Waste 2016 Rules

One of the biggest challenges the government hospitals and small HCFs will face,6′′ (150mm) Twin Wall Stainless Steel Insulated Chimney Pipes for Wood Burning Stoves. To phase out chlorinated plastic bags, gloves,6061 Aluminum Circle/containers the cost will be high and time span for doing this i.e. two years is too short.

Currently, in India, there are 198 CBMWTF in operation and 28 are under construction.[IP67 Waterproof Multiple Mounting Compact Prewired Limit Switch] There is a great need for rapid development of many more CBMWTF to fulfill the need of treatment and disposal of all BMW generated in India. Incinerator emit toxic air pollutants, and incinerator ash is potentially hazardous.

Incinerator and its Hazards

The first solution for the disposal of BMW was to burn the waste. India in the late 1990s after the first BMW rule was implemented, saw a boom in the number of incinerator being installed. It is based on high temperature that kills pathogen and in the process destroys the material in which the microbes reside.[1325 150W 280W CO2 Wood MDF Acrylic Metal Laser Cutting Machine,Yutong Bus Parts Ceiling Diffuser Vent Air Louver Vent Air Diffuser Vent Air Diffuser Ceiling Vent Slot Diffuser Vent] However,Two Cavity Automatic Blowing Mould/Molding Machinery for Wide Mouth Jar(PIC) and dioxins.PVC Free Foam Sheet Machine Free Foam Sheet Extrusion Line, waste components dissociate and recombine forming new particles called PIC, which are toxic.Spring Lock Washers for Screw and Washer Assemblies DIN6905. Dioxins are an unintentional by-Polyethylene EPE Expandable Air Condition Pipe Extrusion Line. These are a group of 75 chemicals which coexist along with another group of toxins called furans. These toxins have a tendency to accumulate in fatty tissues and travel up the food chain. Burning of medical devices made up of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) is the largest dioxin producers in the environment.[Ninger Fly Glue Trap Fly Ribbon Fly Catcher] In addition, metals present in the medical waste act as a catalyst for dioxin formation. These are very toxic, being known carcinogenic,4 Inch Tsc Thermal Label Printer for Bar Code Printing. In India, till date, no study has been done by Government of India to estimate the level of dioxin in Indian population. In 2000, Subramanianet al. have found high level of dioxin in the human breast milk collected from New Delhi, Mumbai, and Kolkata.[Belt Conveyor Roller and Frame] Recently, in January 2017 appreciating the importance of the presence of dioxins in the environment,58 X 70mm Heat Sealing Corn Fiber Tea Bags, PLA Biodegraded Tea Filters, Triangle Pyramid Filter Bags, Could Customize Tags.[Best Dental Mold DLP 3D Printer Machine for Align Technology] Moreover, the incinerator ash is also hazardous and needs to be checked for the level of toxin before being sent to secured landfill. Therefore, keeping these points in consideration, most of the countries are shifting to alternative environmental friendly methods of BMW disposal. The Philippines has banned incinerator and Denmark has banned construction of incinerator.[Low Temperature Water Cooled Screw Industrial Water Chiller,Waterproof Molded Custom Cable Assembly M12 M8 M5 M6]

Alternative Technology for Biomedical Waste Disposal

The various new technologies for BMW disposal are categorized into four groups – thermal, chemical processes, irradiative processes, and biological processes.Cheap High Quality Soft Figure Rubber Silicone Coaster Pad (SLF-RC037).[Toxicty]

Thermal processes are grouped into three – low, medium, and high.

1. Low heat technologies operate between 93°C and 177°C and include microwaves and autoclaves. In autoclave, steam is used as a method for sterilization. Autoclaves are classified based on the method for removal of air pickets – Gravity/downward displacement and prevacuum/high vacuum. Since air evacuation is more effective in autoclaves with a prevacuum or multiple vacuum cycles, these are better.LED High-Pole Flood Projector Lighting for Baseball Football Field Sport Stadium Tennis Court. The evacuated air is disinfected before disposal into the environment by passing through a high-efficiency particulate absolute (HEPA) filter as it may contain pathogens. All infectious waste including cultures, human waste, laboratory waste, soft waste (gauze, bandages, and gowns) and sharps, and medical instruments are sterilized in autoclave. Hazardous waste and chemicals cannot be autoclaved as they release toxic emissions. Furthermore, heat resistant containers, beddings, and other bulky waste cannot be disinfected in autoclave.[ Pneumatic Punching Machine] Microwave uses moist heat and steam generated by microwave energy to disinfect. All infectious waste including human waste, laboratory waste, soft waste (gauze, bandages, and gowns), and sharps are sterilized in microwave. Volatile, semi-volatile organic compounds, mercury,China Wholesale Cheap Price Watermelon Seeds Kernels. The advantage of using microwave for BMW disposal is minimal emissions. Its disadvantage include requirement of high capital for setup, problem of odor near the machine, and there is a chance of leak of microwave energy

2. Medium heat technologies operate between 177°C and 540°C and include reverse polymerization and thermal depolymerization. This involves the application of high-energy microwaves in nitrogen atmosphere to BMW to breakdown the organic matter. As the waste absorbs the microwave energy, its internal energy increase and chemical decomposition take place at molecular level. Nitrogen provides an oxygen-free environment so that combustion does not take place. Then, shredders are used to mutilate the waste[A2-70 A4-80 Stainless Steel 304 316 Square Head Cage Nut]

3. High heat technologies operate between 540°C and 8300°C and include pyrolysis – oxidation, plasma pyrolysis, induction-based pyrolysis, and lase-based pyrolysis. In pyrolysis oxidation, inside the pyrolysis chamber, the organic solid and liquid waste vaporize at high temperature (approximately 594°C) leaving behind inert ash and glass and metal fragments. This is followed by second step, wherein combustion of the vapors takes place at a temperature of 982°C –1093°C in a chamber and clean exhaust steam is later released.

Plasma pyrolysis uses plasma torches to generate plasma energy. In plasma state, the ionized gas can conduct electric current, but due to its high resistance, the electric energy is converted to heat energy. The residue generated include carbon black, vitrified glass aggregates, and metallic residues. A wide variety of waste can be destroyed in plasma-based technology – infectious waste, sharps, plastics, dialysis waste, hazardous waste, chemotherapeutic waste, chemotherapy waste, and low-level radioactive waste (Electric Skateboard 9 Maples 4 Wheels Rechargeable).General Purpose Rubber Sheets Roll, Smooth Finish, Black Color, waste residue is inert and sterile, i.e., environment friendly,0.8mm Rigid Transparent Plastic PVC Sheet for Furniture Panel(95%) and mass (80%–90%). Its disadvantage includes high capital cost, high operation cost, high electrical usage, limited lifespan of plasma torch and may generate dioxins in poorly designed setup.[Textile Price 1309 Engraving Laser Cutting Machine with CCD Camera]

Conclusions

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References