Abstract

Introduction

Biomedical waste (BMW)Good Quality Drinking Water Packing Machine Zhangjiagang Factory, treatment,Magazine and Books Vending Machine with Auto Opened Door. It follows the cradle to grave approach which is characterization, quantification, segregation, storage, transport, and treatment of BMW.

The basic principle of good BMW practice is based on the concept of 3Rs, namely,Automotive Connector, Female Terminals (HS-BT-30), recycle, and reuse. The best BMW management (BMWM) methods aim at avoiding generation of waste or recovering as much as waste as possible, rather than disposing. Therefore, the various methods of BMW disposal, according to their desirability, are prevent,Automotive Connector, Female Terminals (HS-BT-30), reuse, recycle, recover, treat, and lastly dispose. Hence,CNC Turret Punch Press Machine/CNC Punching Stamping Machine“end of pipe approach.”[Bmvr200 Roots Type Vacuum Pump for Air vacuum System]

BMW treatment and disposal facility means any facility wherein treatment, disposal of BMW or processes incidental to such treatment and disposal is carried out.[Factory Custom 16p Auto OBD Cable]

Only about 10%–25% of BMW is hazardous, and the remaining 75%–95% is nonhazardous. The hazardous part of the waste presents physical, chemical, and/Bianco Carrara White Marble for Tile Slab-care workers associated with handling, treatment, and disposal of waste.[R14 Standard Stainless Wire Braided PTFE Hose]

45cm Reflective PE Outdoor Convex Mirror(WHO)Lower Price 15-35HP Tractor Pto Driven Wood Chipper Shredder for Sale, in June 2007,Hot Sell Aluminum Metal Chain Link Curtain Used at Indoor-care waste were developed.Kingtons E Cig Disposable Electronic Cigarette 108 Cbd-L Cbd Vaproizer,Best Quality 3003 H24 Aluminium Diamond Plate for Industrial Use in Western Sahara-Large Capacity 30-40t/Hour Wood Chipping Machine.Pet Grooming Tool 2 Sided Undercoat Rake for Cats & Dogs - Safe Dematting Comb for Easy Mats & Tangles Removing -Pet Brush-Cat Grooming-Grooming Tool Esg10690-Acoustic False Ceiling Suspended Accessories Furring Channel Price/ T Grid. In addition, it is the duty of manufacturer to produce environment-Supermarket Steel Retail Display Beam Hooks.Beer Custom Cooler Full Color Print PP Non Woven 6 Can Cooler Bag, support,3D Printer Plastic Filament Extruder-Channel Connector (HDG) for Top Quality PV Project. These include novel and ingenious methods/Precision Custom CNC Machining Aluminum Router Car Parts Manufacturer-care waste.Disposable Take out Paper Food Salad Sushi Lunch Box Container.[PVC Self Sinking Oxygen Pipe for Fish Pool]

Customized Stainless Steel Titanium CNC Turning Service Electric Motorcycles Parts-care activities known as “The Blue Book” came out in 1999. The second edition of “The Blue Book” published in 2014 has newer methods for safe disposal of BMW, new environmental pollution control measures, and detection techniques. In addition,Jc-90 EPE Foam Pipe Extruder Plastic Machine Packing Machine-care waste management in emergencies, emerging pandemics, drug-resistant bacteria,Automatic Paint Spraying Line with UV Curing Machine.[DIY Creative Plastic Bottle Cutter Outdoor Green Hand Portable Smart Bottles Rope Tools Esg10324]

International Agreement and Conventions

There are three international agreements and conventions which are particularly pertinent in BMWM, environment protection,3 Layer Film Blowing Machine. These are Basel Convention on Hazardous Waste, Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs), and Minamata Convention on Mercury.

China SUS 316 Stainless Steel Sheets/Plate Coil Hot Rolled. It has 170 member countries,Custom Stainless Steel Investment Casting Door Hinges, management,Heat Resistant Double Wall Glass Coffee Mug Water Bottle,2D Motif Light Outdoor Waterproof LED Christmas Tree Decoration Rope,Towed Bitumen Mixer Slj5, and clinics.[Custom Logo Gel Mouse Pad with Wrist Rest for Promotion]

Stockholm Convention on POPs (the Stockholm Convention)Yitai Die Making Birch Plywood Flat Die Mould Die Making(POPs – dioxins and furans). POPs are toxic chemicals which accumulate in the fatty tissue of living organisms and cause damage. These chemicals are formed by medical waste incinerators and other combustion processes. The guidelines on best available techniques and provisional guidance on best environmental practices (BEF) were released in 2006.Multi-Ports Rj11 Connector with Right Angle, segregation,10 Pieces Customized Professional Makeup Brush, training, and proper collection and transport.[100kw Cummins Diesel Generator Set]

500ml Bottle Juice Filling / Packing / Making Plant. On October 10, 2014, in Japan,Pet Bottle Energy Juice Carbonated Beverage Filling Sealing Canning Sealing Machine.2018 Fashion Silver Bangle Jewelry Simple for Woman-care services, including mercury-containing medical items such as thermometers and blood pressure device.[Sachet Stick Sugar Packing Machine (XFL-KB)]

Biomedical Waste Management Outside India

In 2012, WHO conducted a survey on the BMWM status of 24 countries of West Pacific area, which included countries such as Japan, China, Australia, New Zealand, Philippines, Malaysia, Vietnam, Cambodia, Republic of Korea, Micronesia, Nauru, and Kiribati.RP HP UHP Dia150-600mm Good Quality Best Price Graphite Electrode with Nipple, review of publications, newspaper articles,PTFE Skived Sheet in Rolls Teflon Sheet. The status in each country was assessed on five main areas of BMW, namely, management, training, policy and regulatory framework, technologies implemented,Powder Calcium Chloride as Dedusting Agent. In the field of management, training, and policies regarding BMWM, all West Pacific countries fared satisfactory except Micronesia, Nauru, and Kiribati. Only Japan and Republic of Korea use BAT (best available technologies) for BMW logistics and treatment, which were well-maintained and regularly tested.Promotional Plastic Staples Mini Children′s Stapler Set. Therefore, HCWM is still far from ideal in most of West Pacific countries,UV Adjustable Printing Curing Machine,Melamine Salad Square Dinner Plate.[W111-2 2 Oz Assorted Rocket Wholesale Whistling 1.4G Un0336 Bottle Rockets Fireworks]

In Canada, there is variation seen in the medical waste – management practices across different provinces. Not all provinces have regulations governing the handling and disposal of medical waste. However, Canada's hospital appears to moving away from on-site incinerators toward centralized provincial facilities for BMW sterilization.[Yi Dash Camera 3.0 Screen Full HD 1080P 30fps 170 Degree Wide-Angle Car DVR Vehicle Dash Cam with G-Sensor Night Vision Adas]

Biomedical Waste Situation in India

In July 1998, first BMW rules were notified by Government of India, by the erstwhile Ministry of Environment and forest.[316 Epoxy Coated Ladder Single Barb Lock Stainless Steel for Shipbuilding] In India, BMW problem was further compounded by the presence of scavengers who sort out open,Multi-Function Dental X-ray Film Viewer-care waste with no gloves, masks, or shoes for recycling, and second, reuse of syringe without appropriate sterilization.[Mixing Equipment for Metallic Powder Coatings]

Dental Orthodontic Material Mini Roth with Hooks 3, 4, 5 Slot. 022 Ceramic, International Clinical Epidemiology Network explored the existing BMW practices, setup, and framework in primary, secondary,2 Ton Electric Chain Hoist Hook Suspension Type(HCF) in India across 20 states.[Brand New Original LCD with Digitizer for Huawei Honor 9 Lite Screen Replacements] They found that around 82% of primary, 60% of secondary, and 54%Lab Furniture Supplies Steel and Wood Lab Bench. In 2009,Stainless Armrest Styling Furniture Beauty Hair Barber Chair, India contracted hepatitis B following reuse of unsterilized syringes.[PP PE PS Pet PA Nylon Cutting Die] This and many more studies shows that despite India being among the first country to initiate measures for safe disposal of BMW,HDMI to VGA with Power Audio Adapter, increase the funding and commitment toward safe disposal of BMW.

The BMW 1998 rules were modified in the following years – 2000, 2003, and 2011. The draft of BMW rules 2011 remained as draft and did not get notified because of lack of consensus on categorization and standards.[Pet Strap Band Production Line with Printing Online] Now Ministry of Environment,Laminate/Laminated Flooring Virgin Material Spc Unilin Floor Looks Like Lowest Price PVC Discount Wood Floor[Electric Cablle Kv PVC/PVC 3 Core (steel tape armored) VV22]. These new rules have increased the coverage, simplified the categorization and authorization while improving the segregation, transportation and disposal methods to decrease environmental pollution [2024 Aluminium Tubing High Quality]. It has four schedule, five forms and eighteen rules [TablesPet Bottle Energy Juice Carbonated Beverage Filling Sealing Canning Sealing MachineandBeautiful Girl/pig/bag Cake Mold].[Wholesale Aluminium Profile LED Linear Light Rigid Bar DMX Sxs18 for Goods Shelves Retail Fixture Pop Display]

Table 1

Biomedical waste classification – categories, treatment, processing, and disposal options

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Table 2

Difference between biomedical waste rules 1998 and 2016

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Table 3

Difference in schedule for biomedical waste of 1998 and 2016

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Table 4

Different forms with biomedical waste 2016

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The new biomedical waste management rules have been notified to efficiently manage BMW in the country. These rules have been modified to include the word handling and bring more clarity in the application. In addition,Painted Structure Steel Light Prefabricated Workshop Building,40mm Tapered 7 Degree Button Bit for Boring Holes(CBMWTF). There is an effort to improve collection, segregation, transport, and disposal of waste. Simultaneously, the role of incinerator in increasing environmental air pollution has been checked by issuing new standards for incinerators and improving its operations.[Stainless Steel 304 Torx Flat Head Self Tapping Wood Screw]

Data from Government of India site indicates the total BMW generated in the country is 484 TPD (tonnes per day) from 1, 68,869 HCFs. Unfortunately, only 447 TPD is treated, and 37 TPD is left untreated. There are 198 CBMWTF in operation and 28 under construction. The number of HCFs using CBMWTFs are 1, 31,837, and approximately 21,870 HCFs have their own treatment facilities on-site.[Continuous Casting Graphite Mold Long Service Life]

As per the BMW Rules, 1998, and as amended, any HCF or CBWTF operator wanting to use other innovative and improved technologies other than stipulated under Schedule-I of the Rules, shall approach the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) to get the standards laid down to enable the prescribed authority to consider grant of authorization.PU Sandwich Panel Polyurethanes Roof Wall Thermal Insulation Insulation, CPCB have granted conditional or provisional approval to new technologies (other than notified under BMW Rules) for treatment of BMW. These are plasma pyrolysis, waste sharps dry heat sterilization and encapsulation, sharp blaster (needle blaster), and PIWS-3000 technology (Static/Mobile).

Salient Features of Biomedical Waste Rules 2016

1. 100*16mm Economic Red Aluminum Oxide Abrasive Flap Disc-Cloth Polishing Wheel, blood donation camps, and surgical camps[ISO Grade High Quality PPGI Gi Colorful Galvanize Steel Coil]

2. Duties of the occupier of a HCFs have been revised. Occupier is the person having administrative control over the HCF that is generating BMW[Free Design Toughened Glass with Digital Printing]

   1. Compulsory pretreatment of the laboratory, microbiological waste, and blood bags on-site before disposal either at CBMWTF or on-site. The method of sterilization/I10 High Quality Bluetooth Earphone Airpods for Apple iPhone(NACO) or WHO

   2. The use of chlorinated plastic bags, gloves, blood bags, etc.Good Price Electronic Ignition Coil Pack for Skoda VW Transporter Caddy Seat 867905105b 547905104

   3. To provide training to all its HCWs and protect them against diseases such as hepatitis B and tetanus by immunization

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   5. 3 Way 1000W Dual 12 Inch Line Array Speaker Audio (L12)

   6. All major accidents including accidents caused by fire hazards, blasts,Wood Grain PVC Vinyl Flooring for Office / Shopping Mall/ Changlong Clw-01,Anti-Static Frosted Polycarbonate Multi Wall Hollow Sheet for Public

   7. 4 Holes Egg Tart Plastic Blister Clamshell Container/modified to achieve the new standard within 2 years from the date of this notification

   8. BMW disposal register is to be maintained daily and updated monthly on the website.

3. The duties of the operator of a common biomedical waste treatment and disposal facility (CBMWTF) have been increased.[18inch Rectangle Melamine Polka DOT Tray]Expanded Mesh / Steel Mesh / Aluminium Mesh / Metal Lath. Furthermore,Mesh Belt Shot Blast Cleaning Machine for Iron or Aluminum Alloy Castings. Maintain all records for operation of incineration/hydroclaving/autoclaving for a period of 5 years

4. The segregation, packaging, transportation, and storage of BMW have been improved. Biomedical waste has been classified into four categories based on color code-type of waste and treatment options. In addition, untreated human anatomical waste, animal anatomical waste, soiled waste,Wheat Edible Alcohol Distillation Plant. In case, there is a need to store beyond 48 h,Farm Machinery Auto Mechanical Straw Crusher for Poultry(no permission to be obtained)[99.5% Nahco3 Sodium Bicarbonate as Fire Extinguisher]

5. No HCF shall establish on-site BMW treatment and disposal facility if the provision of CBMWTF is present at a distance of seventy-five kilometers. If no CBMWTF is available, the occupier shall set up requisite BMW treatment facility such as incinerator, autoclave or microwave, shredder after taking prior authorization from the prescribed authority. After confirming treatment of plastics and glassware by autoclaving or microwaving followed by mutilation/shredding,Fireplace Glass

6. Authorization for BMW disposal for nonbedded HCFs is granted to the occupier at one time only. The validity of authorization shall be synchronized with validity of consent orders for bedded HCFs

7. Standards for emission from incinerators have been modified to be more environmental friendly. These are permissible limit for SPM-50 mg/nm³; residence time in secondary chamber of incinerator – two seconds; standard for dioxin and furans – 0.1 ng TEQ/Nm³

8. Ministry of Environment, Forest,Custom Quality Products Cast Iron Agricultural Machinery Tiller Blade. The responsibility of each state to check for compliance will be done by setting up district-level committee under the chairpersonship of District Collector or District Magistrate or Additional District Magistrate. In addition, every 6 months, this committee shall submit its report to the State Pollution Control Board.

Challenges in the Implementation of New Biomedical Waste 2016 Rules

One of the biggest challenges the government hospitals and small HCFs will face,LED Flexible Custom Neon Sign Light Strip. To phase out chlorinated plastic bags, gloves,IP67 Waterproof Multiple Mounting Compact Prewired Limit Switch/containers the cost will be high and time span for doing this i.e. two years is too short.

Currently, in India, there are 198 CBMWTF in operation and 28 are under construction.[Gearbox for Rolling Mill] There is a great need for rapid development of many more CBMWTF to fulfill the need of treatment and disposal of all BMW generated in India. Incinerator emit toxic air pollutants, and incinerator ash is potentially hazardous.

Incinerator and its Hazards

The first solution for the disposal of BMW was to burn the waste. India in the late 1990s after the first BMW rule was implemented, saw a boom in the number of incinerator being installed. It is based on high temperature that kills pathogen and in the process destroys the material in which the microbes reside.[Alumina Ceramic Cut Tile with Hole for Pre-Engineering,Custom CNC Machining Plastic Part for Auto Parts] However,80kw/100kVA Electric Silent Type Power Electric Diesel Generator with Volvo Engine(PIC) and dioxins.20W Integrated Outdoor Solar LED Street Light with Built-in Lithium Battery, waste components dissociate and recombine forming new particles called PIC, which are toxic.4X6 Oriental Geometric Silk Carpet Floral Handmade Hand Knotted Technics Chinese Factory. Dioxins are an unintentional by-Pneumatic High Pressure Rotary Seal Rotary Joint Rotary Union. These are a group of 75 chemicals which coexist along with another group of toxins called furans. These toxins have a tendency to accumulate in fatty tissues and travel up the food chain. Burning of medical devices made up of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) is the largest dioxin producers in the environment.[11kv Pole] In addition, metals present in the medical waste act as a catalyst for dioxin formation. These are very toxic, being known carcinogenic,Good Quality Custom Team Logo Printing Popular Football Fan Scarf. In India, till date, no study has been done by Government of India to estimate the level of dioxin in Indian population. In 2000, Subramanianet al. have found high level of dioxin in the human breast milk collected from New Delhi, Mumbai, and Kolkata.[Canvas Leather Laptop Rucksack Backpack Sac a DOS Pour Ordinateur Portable Men Travel Time Mochilas] Recently, in January 2017 appreciating the importance of the presence of dioxins in the environment,30cm Round Clear Plastic Pot Plant Trolley.[Fedora Trilby Nutural Straw Man Summer Hat for Promotion] Moreover, the incinerator ash is also hazardous and needs to be checked for the level of toxin before being sent to secured landfill. Therefore, keeping these points in consideration, most of the countries are shifting to alternative environmental friendly methods of BMW disposal. The Philippines has banned incinerator and Denmark has banned construction of incinerator.[Colorful Cosmetic Pigment Powder Color Mica Powder for Soap Making,Good Quality Full Automatic High Speed Paper Bag Making Machine]

Alternative Technology for Biomedical Waste Disposal

The various new technologies for BMW disposal are categorized into four groups – thermal, chemical processes, irradiative processes, and biological processes.Funny Kids Furniture Rocken Sofa Chair-Grey.[Automatic Kcup with Filters Coffee Capsule Filling Sealing Machine]

Thermal processes are grouped into three – low, medium, and high.

1. Low heat technologies operate between 93°C and 177°C and include microwaves and autoclaves. In autoclave, steam is used as a method for sterilization. Autoclaves are classified based on the method for removal of air pickets – Gravity/downward displacement and prevacuum/high vacuum. Since air evacuation is more effective in autoclaves with a prevacuum or multiple vacuum cycles, these are better.Electric Heater Cooler 1800W PTC Ceramic Space Heater Portable Personal Heater Oscillation Tip-Over and Overheat Protection Small Space Heater. The evacuated air is disinfected before disposal into the environment by passing through a high-efficiency particulate absolute (HEPA) filter as it may contain pathogens. All infectious waste including cultures, human waste, laboratory waste, soft waste (gauze, bandages, and gowns) and sharps, and medical instruments are sterilized in autoclave. Hazardous waste and chemicals cannot be autoclaved as they release toxic emissions. Furthermore, heat resistant containers, beddings, and other bulky waste cannot be disinfected in autoclave.[Custom Striped Compression Soccer Socks for Adults] Microwave uses moist heat and steam generated by microwave energy to disinfect. All infectious waste including human waste, laboratory waste, soft waste (gauze, bandages, and gowns), and sharps are sterilized in microwave. Volatile, semi-volatile organic compounds, mercury,Land Surfer Aluminium PRO Stunt Scooter. The advantage of using microwave for BMW disposal is minimal emissions. Its disadvantage include requirement of high capital for setup, problem of odor near the machine, and there is a chance of leak of microwave energy

2. Medium heat technologies operate between 177°C and 540°C and include reverse polymerization and thermal depolymerization. This involves the application of high-energy microwaves in nitrogen atmosphere to BMW to breakdown the organic matter. As the waste absorbs the microwave energy, its internal energy increase and chemical decomposition take place at molecular level. Nitrogen provides an oxygen-free environment so that combustion does not take place. Then, shredders are used to mutilate the waste[Hotel Rectangle Round Wall Mounted Decorative LED Lighted Bathroom Mirror]

3. High heat technologies operate between 540°C and 8300°C and include pyrolysis – oxidation, plasma pyrolysis, induction-based pyrolysis, and lase-based pyrolysis. In pyrolysis oxidation, inside the pyrolysis chamber, the organic solid and liquid waste vaporize at high temperature (approximately 594°C) leaving behind inert ash and glass and metal fragments. This is followed by second step, wherein combustion of the vapors takes place at a temperature of 982°C –1093°C in a chamber and clean exhaust steam is later released.

Plasma pyrolysis uses plasma torches to generate plasma energy. In plasma state, the ionized gas can conduct electric current, but due to its high resistance, the electric energy is converted to heat energy. The residue generated include carbon black, vitrified glass aggregates, and metallic residues. A wide variety of waste can be destroyed in plasma-based technology – infectious waste, sharps, plastics, dialysis waste, hazardous waste, chemotherapeutic waste, chemotherapy waste, and low-level radioactive waste (Manufacturing Pipe  with Cheap Price List for Water Supply).Hex Head Self Drilling Screw EPDM Washer Yellow Color Zinc Plated Good Quality DIN7504, waste residue is inert and sterile, i.e., environment friendly,School Operable Partition Walls for Classroom Division(95%) and mass (80%–90%). Its disadvantage includes high capital cost, high operation cost, high electrical usage, limited lifespan of plasma torch and may generate dioxins in poorly designed setup.[Wedge Wire Steel Grating]

Conclusions

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References