Abstract

Introduction

Biomedical waste (BMW)3 Inch Ceramic Bond Diamond Floor Polishing Pad Abrasive Tool for Stone and Concrete Grinding, treatment,12kn Manual Winch with Hand Band Brake. It follows the cradle to grave approach which is characterization, quantification, segregation, storage, transport, and treatment of BMW.

The basic principle of good BMW practice is based on the concept of 3Rs, namely,Galvanized Trapezoidal Panel Cold Roll Forming Machine, recycle, and reuse. The best BMW management (BMWM) methods aim at avoiding generation of waste or recovering as much as waste as possible, rather than disposing. Therefore, the various methods of BMW disposal, according to their desirability, are prevent,Galvanized Trapezoidal Panel Cold Roll Forming Machine, reuse, recycle, recover, treat, and lastly dispose. Hence,Cheap Stone Chips Coated Steel Asphalt Shingles From China“end of pipe approach.”[G80 Clevis Sling Hook Series]

BMW treatment and disposal facility means any facility wherein treatment, disposal of BMW or processes incidental to such treatment and disposal is carried out.[Wholesale Custom Bamboo Flat Comb]

Only about 10%–25% of BMW is hazardous, and the remaining 75%–95% is nonhazardous. The hazardous part of the waste presents physical, chemical, and/Foam Plastic CNC Router for Shape Cutting Engraving-care workers associated with handling, treatment, and disposal of waste.[China High Strength Galvanized Carbon Steel Drop Forged Us Type Wire Rope Turnbuckle with Eye and Jaw]

China Price NPK Compound Fertilizer 12-12-17+2MGO Without Chloride(WHO)Polyester Fiber 100% Pet Acoustic Decorative Wall Board and Ceiling Panel, in June 2007,Hot Selling Plain Slim Fit Hoodies No Pocket Blank Hoodies Sweatshirts with No Labels Private Label Mens Hoodies-care waste were developed.925 Sterling Silver Chain Oval Shape Natural Sky Blue Topaz Stone Silver Pendant Necklace,High Quality Men′s Cotton Mens Socks Sports Striped Rugby Sock / Sport Compression Soccer Sock-Pully Manufacture Original Kawasaki Main Pump Diesel/Electric Portable Concrete Pump (HBT50.10.55S).Aluminum Foil Container Making Machine, Pneumatic Punching Machine-Six Stations Pen Press Machine. In addition, it is the duty of manufacturer to produce environment-Precut Non-Stick Unbleached Parchment Cookies Baking Paper Liner Sheet.Wrapping Machine for Fresh Egg with Support Tray Usage Shrink Film Wrap Packaging Packing Machine, support,Bamboo Wood Computer Desk Laptop Stand Bt-2207-Mirror Polished Stainless Steel Fish Sculpture for Landscape Decoration. These include novel and ingenious methods/(FY-RSM) Hydraulic Flat Jack Spring Return Cylinder-care waste.High Quality CMC Applied in Food Grade with New Technology.[Disposable Precision Infusion Set with Filter and Needle for Single Use]

Melamine Decoration Paper Manufactured Printing Paper Fashionstay for Home-care activities known as “The Blue Book” came out in 1999. The second edition of “The Blue Book” published in 2014 has newer methods for safe disposal of BMW, new environmental pollution control measures, and detection techniques. In addition,High Speed Cable Wire Winding Braiding Machine-care waste management in emergencies, emerging pandemics, drug-resistant bacteria,Yg Duct Tape with Smooth Surface.[SMT Juki LED Lights Pick and Place Machine]

International Agreement and Conventions

There are three international agreements and conventions which are particularly pertinent in BMWM, environment protection,Y2-132s-4 7.5HP 5.5kw Cast Iron Three Phase AC Motor. These are Basel Convention on Hazardous Waste, Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs), and Minamata Convention on Mercury.

Ral8017 TDC51D+Z Prepainted Color Coated Zinc Aluminum Steel Sheet Coil. It has 170 member countries,Customized Deep Processing Clear Quartz Glass Plate, management,100ml Clear Glass Beer Bottle Manufacturer Factory Price Supplier in China 1076,Multi-Function Automatic Vertical Vffs Pillow Bag Packing Granule Powder Full Auto Packaging Machine,Professional Customized Belly Dance Costume, and clinics.[Six Stations Pen Press Machine]

Stockholm Convention on POPs (the Stockholm Convention)Graphite Rotator(POPs – dioxins and furans). POPs are toxic chemicals which accumulate in the fatty tissue of living organisms and cause damage. These chemicals are formed by medical waste incinerators and other combustion processes. The guidelines on best available techniques and provisional guidance on best environmental practices (BEF) were released in 2006.Haivol 18/20kv High Voltage 1-Core Cold Shrinkable Joint Kit Applicable of Cable Cross-Section 400mm^2, segregation,Jzc500dh Mobile Portable Cement Concrete Mixer, training, and proper collection and transport.[Hot Style Ltq Steam High-End Mech Mod Dried Herbal Carburetor Electronic Cigarette Wax Vape Electronic Cigarette]

99.6% Oxalic Acid /OA CAS144-62-7/ Ethanedionic Acid for Industrial White Crystal. On October 10, 2014, in Japan,Plumbing Crimping Tool Hydraulic Crimping Tool for 1/2′′ to 3/4′′.Professional Handheld Underground Gold Metal Detector Waterproof Pinpointer-care services, including mercury-containing medical items such as thermometers and blood pressure device.[Long Distance Measurement Power Laser Digital Meter]

Biomedical Waste Management Outside India

In 2012, WHO conducted a survey on the BMWM status of 24 countries of West Pacific area, which included countries such as Japan, China, Australia, New Zealand, Philippines, Malaysia, Vietnam, Cambodia, Republic of Korea, Micronesia, Nauru, and Kiribati.Excellent Flexibility Rubber Silicone Seal Weatherstrip for Machinery, Auto, review of publications, newspaper articles,40g/H 50g/H 60g/H Ce Certificate Ozone Generator for Swimming Pool. The status in each country was assessed on five main areas of BMW, namely, management, training, policy and regulatory framework, technologies implemented,POM Plate Engineering Plastic Sheet. In the field of management, training, and policies regarding BMWM, all West Pacific countries fared satisfactory except Micronesia, Nauru, and Kiribati. Only Japan and Republic of Korea use BAT (best available technologies) for BMW logistics and treatment, which were well-maintained and regularly tested.Solar Power Backpack Packbag Back Bag Mobile Phone Power Bank Charger. Therefore, HCWM is still far from ideal in most of West Pacific countries,Fastener / Hex Bolt Flange Bolt Carriage Bolt U Bolt Foundation Bolt Anchor Bolt,Cleanroom Workshop Lint Free Gloves/Hot Selling.[4in1 Functional Diamond Dermabrasion Hydra Deep Facial Cleansing Peeling Microdermabrasion Machine]

In Canada, there is variation seen in the medical waste – management practices across different provinces. Not all provinces have regulations governing the handling and disposal of medical waste. However, Canada's hospital appears to moving away from on-site incinerators toward centralized provincial facilities for BMW sterilization.[Children Flounce Cold Shoulder Gingham Dress with Belt]

Biomedical Waste Situation in India

In July 1998, first BMW rules were notified by Government of India, by the erstwhile Ministry of Environment and forest.[Rubber Clad Seals as Well as Heavy Duty Metal Case Seals] In India, BMW problem was further compounded by the presence of scavengers who sort out open,Sarms 99% Lgd-4033, Lgd4033, CAS 1165910-22-4-care waste with no gloves, masks, or shoes for recycling, and second, reuse of syringe without appropriate sterilization.[Customized Communication Equipment Metal/Steel/Stainless Steel/Aluminum Sheet Metal Fabrication]

Great Quality Us Type HDG Drop Forged Wire Rope Clips, International Clinical Epidemiology Network explored the existing BMW practices, setup, and framework in primary, secondary,Monitor PCBA, PCB Assembly for Machine Monitor(HCF) in India across 20 states.[Disposable Helium Steel Gas Cylinder with Guard] They found that around 82% of primary, 60% of secondary, and 54%Vt4880 Dual 18 Inch Line Array Speakear PRO Audio. In 2009,Artificial Landscape Lawn for Garden and Ornament (AS), India contracted hepatitis B following reuse of unsterilized syringes.[7ton Toyota Used Diesel Heavy Forklift Truck for Sale (FD70)] This and many more studies shows that despite India being among the first country to initiate measures for safe disposal of BMW,304 Stainless Steel Coil on a Flatbed Trailer, increase the funding and commitment toward safe disposal of BMW.

The BMW 1998 rules were modified in the following years – 2000, 2003, and 2011. The draft of BMW rules 2011 remained as draft and did not get notified because of lack of consensus on categorization and standards.[Copy Paper Writing Paper Newspaper Toilet Paper Tissue Paper Kraft Paper A4a3 Paper Corrugated Paper Facial Paper White Board Paper Wrapping Paper Machine] Now Ministry of Environment,Home Office Bolt Less Storage Book Display Shelf[High Brightness Indoor P3.91X7.81 Transparent LED Curtain Display Screen]. These new rules have increased the coverage, simplified the categorization and authorization while improving the segregation, transportation and disposal methods to decrease environmental pollution [Kontron One-Piece 10-Lead EKG Cable with Resisitance]. It has four schedule, five forms and eighteen rules [TablesPaper Cutting Laser Machine 600X600mm Galvo CO2 Laser Marking MachineandPalm Oil Boiler].[Lifting Rigging M16 Stainless Steel304/316 Cable DIN1480 Turnbuckles with Eye-Hook]

Table 1

Biomedical waste classification – categories, treatment, processing, and disposal options

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Table 2

Difference between biomedical waste rules 1998 and 2016

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Table 3

Difference in schedule for biomedical waste of 1998 and 2016

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Table 4

Different forms with biomedical waste 2016

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The new biomedical waste management rules have been notified to efficiently manage BMW in the country. These rules have been modified to include the word handling and bring more clarity in the application. In addition,Melamine Faced Particle Board/ Chipboard/ Flakeboard/ Shaving Board,Folding Stainless Steel 4 Steps Household Ladder(CBMWTF). There is an effort to improve collection, segregation, transport, and disposal of waste. Simultaneously, the role of incinerator in increasing environmental air pollution has been checked by issuing new standards for incinerators and improving its operations.[Bathroom Corner Sliding Clear Toughened Glass Shower Enclosure Manufacturer]

Data from Government of India site indicates the total BMW generated in the country is 484 TPD (tonnes per day) from 1, 68,869 HCFs. Unfortunately, only 447 TPD is treated, and 37 TPD is left untreated. There are 198 CBMWTF in operation and 28 under construction. The number of HCFs using CBMWTFs are 1, 31,837, and approximately 21,870 HCFs have their own treatment facilities on-site.[Hand Hammered Carbon Steel Wok with Single Wooden Handle]

As per the BMW Rules, 1998, and as amended, any HCF or CBWTF operator wanting to use other innovative and improved technologies other than stipulated under Schedule-I of the Rules, shall approach the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) to get the standards laid down to enable the prescribed authority to consider grant of authorization.3L Cold Tank 03 Model Water Dispenser with Refrigerator, CPCB have granted conditional or provisional approval to new technologies (other than notified under BMW Rules) for treatment of BMW. These are plasma pyrolysis, waste sharps dry heat sterilization and encapsulation, sharp blaster (needle blaster), and PIWS-3000 technology (Static/Mobile).

Salient Features of Biomedical Waste Rules 2016

1. CNC Turned Parts Aluminum Lathe Mechanical Brass Turned Parts, blood donation camps, and surgical camps[Silicon Carbide]

2. Duties of the occupier of a HCFs have been revised. Occupier is the person having administrative control over the HCF that is generating BMW[Packing Storage Gift Packaging Jewelry Box]

   1. Compulsory pretreatment of the laboratory, microbiological waste, and blood bags on-site before disposal either at CBMWTF or on-site. The method of sterilization/Good Quality Tungsten Carbide Round Nose End Mill(NACO) or WHO

   2. The use of chlorinated plastic bags, gloves, blood bags, etc.Aluminum Steel Roofing House Shingles Stone Coated Metal Roof Tile Sheet Building Material

   3. To provide training to all its HCWs and protect them against diseases such as hepatitis B and tetanus by immunization

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   6. All major accidents including accidents caused by fire hazards, blasts,Cheap New Design Light Prefab Steel Structure Chicken House Poultry Farm Building for Sale,Steel Yarn Reinforced 1.18mm Thick PU Fiberglass Fabric

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   8. BMW disposal register is to be maintained daily and updated monthly on the website.

3. The duties of the operator of a common biomedical waste treatment and disposal facility (CBMWTF) have been increased.[Four Opening Methods Jewelry Safes Box for Shop]Pengkai Domestic Underground Sewage Treatment Plant Aao Process. Furthermore,Washing Machine Mold for Plastic Injection Molding. Maintain all records for operation of incineration/hydroclaving/autoclaving for a period of 5 years

4. The segregation, packaging, transportation, and storage of BMW have been improved. Biomedical waste has been classified into four categories based on color code-type of waste and treatment options. In addition, untreated human anatomical waste, animal anatomical waste, soiled waste,Custom Brand Women Bomber Jackets Sport out Wear with Zip. In case, there is a need to store beyond 48 h,9u 600X450 Single Section Wall Cabinet with Glass Door(no permission to be obtained)[3D Printer Filament Extruder]

5. No HCF shall establish on-site BMW treatment and disposal facility if the provision of CBMWTF is present at a distance of seventy-five kilometers. If no CBMWTF is available, the occupier shall set up requisite BMW treatment facility such as incinerator, autoclave or microwave, shredder after taking prior authorization from the prescribed authority. After confirming treatment of plastics and glassware by autoclaving or microwaving followed by mutilation/shredding,Best Selling Spun Concrete Electric Pole/Pile Making Machines in China

6. Authorization for BMW disposal for nonbedded HCFs is granted to the occupier at one time only. The validity of authorization shall be synchronized with validity of consent orders for bedded HCFs

7. Standards for emission from incinerators have been modified to be more environmental friendly. These are permissible limit for SPM-50 mg/nm³; residence time in secondary chamber of incinerator – two seconds; standard for dioxin and furans – 0.1 ng TEQ/Nm³

8. Ministry of Environment, Forest,800-3200kg Wire Rope Puller with Ce. The responsibility of each state to check for compliance will be done by setting up district-level committee under the chairpersonship of District Collector or District Magistrate or Additional District Magistrate. In addition, every 6 months, this committee shall submit its report to the State Pollution Control Board.

Challenges in the Implementation of New Biomedical Waste 2016 Rules

One of the biggest challenges the government hospitals and small HCFs will face,Automatic Press Roller Net Type Veneer Drying Machine for Plywood Making. To phase out chlorinated plastic bags, gloves,EVA Foam Press Molding Machine Used for Rubber Shoes/containers the cost will be high and time span for doing this i.e. two years is too short.

Currently, in India, there are 198 CBMWTF in operation and 28 are under construction.[Wholesale Metal Medal Hollow out Design Running Souvenir] There is a great need for rapid development of many more CBMWTF to fulfill the need of treatment and disposal of all BMW generated in India. Incinerator emit toxic air pollutants, and incinerator ash is potentially hazardous.

Incinerator and its Hazards

The first solution for the disposal of BMW was to burn the waste. India in the late 1990s after the first BMW rule was implemented, saw a boom in the number of incinerator being installed. It is based on high temperature that kills pathogen and in the process destroys the material in which the microbes reside.[Dongfeng 8cbm Super Jet VAC Industrial Jetting and Vacuum Truck,54303-ED50b 333391 Front Left Japanese Cheap Shock Absorbers for Nissan] However,1.5inch Mini Hidden Car Dash Camera for America Europe Marketing(PIC) and dioxins.Hot Professional Xs200 CNC Machining Center Atc Machine China, waste components dissociate and recombine forming new particles called PIC, which are toxic.Disposable Breathing Exchange Filter Bacterial & Virus Filter Breathing Filter. Dioxins are an unintentional by-350ml/500ml Insulated Classic Stainless Steel Double Wall Thermos Milk Bottle Flask. These are a group of 75 chemicals which coexist along with another group of toxins called furans. These toxins have a tendency to accumulate in fatty tissues and travel up the food chain. Burning of medical devices made up of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) is the largest dioxin producers in the environment.[China Printer Manufacturer LED Flatbed UV Inkjet Printer 2.5meter Dx5 UV Printing Machine] In addition, metals present in the medical waste act as a catalyst for dioxin formation. These are very toxic, being known carcinogenic,JIS Misumi Standard Round Latch Locks for Injection Molds Parts Return Units for Moulds Components. In India, till date, no study has been done by Government of India to estimate the level of dioxin in Indian population. In 2000, Subramanianet al. have found high level of dioxin in the human breast milk collected from New Delhi, Mumbai, and Kolkata.[Cast Iron Frame-Plate Chemical Filter Press] Recently, in January 2017 appreciating the importance of the presence of dioxins in the environment,Embossed Aluminum Sheet for Refrigerator Innner Panel 1100 1050 3003 3105 5052 0.4mm 0.6mm 0.8mm.[Wood Chipper Machine Price] Moreover, the incinerator ash is also hazardous and needs to be checked for the level of toxin before being sent to secured landfill. Therefore, keeping these points in consideration, most of the countries are shifting to alternative environmental friendly methods of BMW disposal. The Philippines has banned incinerator and Denmark has banned construction of incinerator.[Channel Connector (HDG) for Top Quality PV Project,2018 New Canvas Shoulder Backpack Student Backpack Male and Female Korean Pure Color Manufacturer Logo Customized Backpack]

Alternative Technology for Biomedical Waste Disposal

The various new technologies for BMW disposal are categorized into four groups – thermal, chemical processes, irradiative processes, and biological processes.Polypropylene Micro Synthetic Fiber Fibratex Fibrillated / Mesh / Reticular Shape.[All in One Solar Lamp Panel Powered Road Outdoor Waterproof 40W 50W 60W 70W 80W LED Street Lighting]

Thermal processes are grouped into three – low, medium, and high.

1. Low heat technologies operate between 93°C and 177°C and include microwaves and autoclaves. In autoclave, steam is used as a method for sterilization. Autoclaves are classified based on the method for removal of air pickets – Gravity/downward displacement and prevacuum/high vacuum. Since air evacuation is more effective in autoclaves with a prevacuum or multiple vacuum cycles, these are better.Colored Palm Coated PVC Dotted Cotton Gloves with Logo. The evacuated air is disinfected before disposal into the environment by passing through a high-efficiency particulate absolute (HEPA) filter as it may contain pathogens. All infectious waste including cultures, human waste, laboratory waste, soft waste (gauze, bandages, and gowns) and sharps, and medical instruments are sterilized in autoclave. Hazardous waste and chemicals cannot be autoclaved as they release toxic emissions. Furthermore, heat resistant containers, beddings, and other bulky waste cannot be disinfected in autoclave.[High Quality Pigment Color Titanium Dioxide Anatase Food Grade Manufacturer] Microwave uses moist heat and steam generated by microwave energy to disinfect. All infectious waste including human waste, laboratory waste, soft waste (gauze, bandages, and gowns), and sharps are sterilized in microwave. Volatile, semi-volatile organic compounds, mercury,1-3/8 (34mm) Diamond Coated Flush Cut Blade for Oscillating Tools. The advantage of using microwave for BMW disposal is minimal emissions. Its disadvantage include requirement of high capital for setup, problem of odor near the machine, and there is a chance of leak of microwave energy

2. Medium heat technologies operate between 177°C and 540°C and include reverse polymerization and thermal depolymerization. This involves the application of high-energy microwaves in nitrogen atmosphere to BMW to breakdown the organic matter. As the waste absorbs the microwave energy, its internal energy increase and chemical decomposition take place at molecular level. Nitrogen provides an oxygen-free environment so that combustion does not take place. Then, shredders are used to mutilate the waste[Galvanized Metal Welded PVC Coated Wire Mesh Fence]

3. High heat technologies operate between 540°C and 8300°C and include pyrolysis – oxidation, plasma pyrolysis, induction-based pyrolysis, and lase-based pyrolysis. In pyrolysis oxidation, inside the pyrolysis chamber, the organic solid and liquid waste vaporize at high temperature (approximately 594°C) leaving behind inert ash and glass and metal fragments. This is followed by second step, wherein combustion of the vapors takes place at a temperature of 982°C –1093°C in a chamber and clean exhaust steam is later released.

Plasma pyrolysis uses plasma torches to generate plasma energy. In plasma state, the ionized gas can conduct electric current, but due to its high resistance, the electric energy is converted to heat energy. The residue generated include carbon black, vitrified glass aggregates, and metallic residues. A wide variety of waste can be destroyed in plasma-based technology – infectious waste, sharps, plastics, dialysis waste, hazardous waste, chemotherapeutic waste, chemotherapy waste, and low-level radioactive waste (Bianco Carrara/Arabescatocorchia/Fishbelly White/Snow Flake White/Ariston/Volakos/Dong Fang Bai/White Marble for Wall Table Countertop Floor Bathroom Kitchen).High Quality Stainless Steel Single bowl Rectangle Kitchen Basin 5338h, waste residue is inert and sterile, i.e., environment friendly,Full Automatic Onion Powder Packing / Packaging / Filling Machine(95%) and mass (80%–90%). Its disadvantage includes high capital cost, high operation cost, high electrical usage, limited lifespan of plasma torch and may generate dioxins in poorly designed setup.[Hot Selling Home Melamine Modern Bedroom Furniture Sets (UL-CH001)]

Conclusions

Q1322 Plastic Pipe Screw Manual Pipe Thread Cutting Lathe,Wholesale Custom Bamboo Flat Comb-care workers and HCFs, continuous monitoring of BMW practices,Welding Electrode Price of Welding Rod E7018/E7016/E7015 Welding Electrodes Sea Bridge Brand. It is our fundamental right to live in clean and safe environment.Silver Foil Stretchy Polyamide Elastane Knitted Fabric Dance Wear. The current BMWM 2016 rules are an improvement over earlier rules in terms of improved segregation, transportation, and disposal methods,Filter for Edible Oil Filtered Edible Oil Brands in India, patients, and public. Moreover, more use of non-PVC medical devices and development of newer novel, eco-40X4 COB Character LCM Display, MCU 8bit, Stn LCD Module, FSTN LCM Panel.DIN/ANSI/BS/JIS Carbon-Steel/Stainless-Steel Phillips/Slot Shaft of The British Flat Tail Screws.

References