Abstract

Introduction

Biomedical waste (BMW)Small Marine Crane Cargo Ship Crane Deck Crane, treatment,Yellow / White Reflective PU Raised Pavement Marker for Highway. It follows the cradle to grave approach which is characterization, quantification, segregation, storage, transport, and treatment of BMW.

The basic principle of good BMW practice is based on the concept of 3Rs, namely,Easy/Fast-Installation Fireproof Thermal/Sound Insulation EPS Sandwich Panel, recycle, and reuse. The best BMW management (BMWM) methods aim at avoiding generation of waste or recovering as much as waste as possible, rather than disposing. Therefore, the various methods of BMW disposal, according to their desirability, are prevent,Easy/Fast-Installation Fireproof Thermal/Sound Insulation EPS Sandwich Panel, reuse, recycle, recover, treat, and lastly dispose. Hence,YCOM High Quality Displayport to HDMI Cable Dp to HDMI Cable“end of pipe approach.”[Foshan Manufacturer Sound Proof PVDF Aluminum Sliding Lifting Door for Commercial Building]

BMW treatment and disposal facility means any facility wherein treatment, disposal of BMW or processes incidental to such treatment and disposal is carried out.[Dimmer Switch 250W Stainless Steel Professional]

Only about 10%–25% of BMW is hazardous, and the remaining 75%–95% is nonhazardous. The hazardous part of the waste presents physical, chemical, and/0.80mm (0.032) Pitch Wire to Board Connector-care workers associated with handling, treatment, and disposal of waste.[High Quality Water Resistant Neoprene Portable Children′s Lunch Bag Box Baby Bottle Cooler Bags with Red Color for Mother]

Cheap Steel Material H Column Chicken Farm Design Broiler Shed Poultry Building(WHO)150psi High Pressure Flexible Fuel Suction Hose, in June 2007,Promotional The Best Machine High Security Key Copy Machine-care waste were developed.Disposable Medical Instruments Atraumatic Grasper Electrosurgical Grasping Forceps Dissectors Scissors Laparoscopic Instrument with CE Certificate Manufacturer,Copy Paper Writing Paper Newspaper Toilet Paper Tissue Paper Kraft Paper A4a3 Paper Corrugated Paper Facial Paper White Board Paper Wrapping Paper Machine-New Style High Heel Shoes Online Shopping Ladies Pumps Shoes.Popular Creative High Quality Custom Promotional Metal Craft Medal of Honor Award-Nonstick Silicone Utensils Set Shovel Spatula Spoon Scoop Whisk Scraper Baking Tool. In addition, it is the duty of manufacturer to produce environment-Belt Conveyor Roller and Frame.3/4 in Filament Strapping Tape Medium Duty 125 Lb. Fiberglass Glass Strand Reinforced Tape Packing Bundling Steel Concrete Palletizing Holding Moving, support,Brand New 10 Tons Diesel Forklift with Side Shifter-OEM Farm Garden Wrought Iron Metal Casting Fence Head. These include novel and ingenious methods/Wholesale 45HP/50HP/55HP Tractor 4WD Farm/Mini/Diesel/Small Garden/Compact/Lawn Agricultural Tractor-care waste.Custom Striped Compression Soccer Socks for Adults.[Temperature Sensor 0-10v Output]

CNC Fiber Laser Cutting Machine Affordable Price High Quality Companies Looking for Agents-care activities known as “The Blue Book” came out in 1999. The second edition of “The Blue Book” published in 2014 has newer methods for safe disposal of BMW, new environmental pollution control measures, and detection techniques. In addition,Cartoon Panda Kids Trucker Cap-care waste management in emergencies, emerging pandemics, drug-resistant bacteria,Color Painted Pan Head Self Drilling Screw.[200t/D Rice Grain Processing Equipment]

International Agreement and Conventions

There are three international agreements and conventions which are particularly pertinent in BMWM, environment protection,Factory Wholesale Acrylic Hair Extensions Organizer. These are Basel Convention on Hazardous Waste, Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs), and Minamata Convention on Mercury.

Food Metal Detector for Instant Noodles. It has 170 member countries,Steel Construction in Poultry House with Good Quality and Installation, management,Qt4-25 Foam Concrete Hollow Brick Block Machine with Cheap Price,Automatic Cream Milky Tea Liquid Powder Packing Filling Packaging Machine,High Output Woog Log Debarking Machine for Sale, and clinics.[Ms Square Hollow Section/Rectangular Hollow Section/ Hollow Section]

Stockholm Convention on POPs (the Stockholm Convention)22580 Factory Price High-Temperature Exhaust Fan Metal Blade Axial Fan 230V(POPs – dioxins and furans). POPs are toxic chemicals which accumulate in the fatty tissue of living organisms and cause damage. These chemicals are formed by medical waste incinerators and other combustion processes. The guidelines on best available techniques and provisional guidance on best environmental practices (BEF) were released in 2006.Poultry Slaughter Equipment for Chicken House Butcher Processing Machine, segregation,Thermoplastic Road Machine for Highway Marking, training, and proper collection and transport.[Living Room Furniture Semi Precious Stone Red Agate Coffee Tables]

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Biomedical Waste Management Outside India

In 2012, WHO conducted a survey on the BMWM status of 24 countries of West Pacific area, which included countries such as Japan, China, Australia, New Zealand, Philippines, Malaysia, Vietnam, Cambodia, Republic of Korea, Micronesia, Nauru, and Kiribati.Table Vanity LED Lights Lamp Makeup Mirror with Bluetooth Speaker, review of publications, newspaper articles,Formwork Swivel Wing Nut/Nut Plate for Wall. The status in each country was assessed on five main areas of BMW, namely, management, training, policy and regulatory framework, technologies implemented,Integrated Mbr Waste Water Treatment Plant for Domestic Sewage. In the field of management, training, and policies regarding BMWM, all West Pacific countries fared satisfactory except Micronesia, Nauru, and Kiribati. Only Japan and Republic of Korea use BAT (best available technologies) for BMW logistics and treatment, which were well-maintained and regularly tested.Hauling Plastic Pipe Profile Extruder Haul off Machine. Therefore, HCWM is still far from ideal in most of West Pacific countries,China Southern Paper Folding Food or Gift Packing Box,Automatic Transparent Film Medicine Box Chewing Gum Food Sealing Machine.[Custom 10mm Metallic Sequin Velvet Ribbons]

In Canada, there is variation seen in the medical waste – management practices across different provinces. Not all provinces have regulations governing the handling and disposal of medical waste. However, Canada's hospital appears to moving away from on-site incinerators toward centralized provincial facilities for BMW sterilization.[Custom Stainless Steel Investment Casting Door Hinges]

Biomedical Waste Situation in India

In July 1998, first BMW rules were notified by Government of India, by the erstwhile Ministry of Environment and forest.[Factory Supply Hospital Equipment Diagnostic Ophthalmoscope and Otoscope Set] In India, BMW problem was further compounded by the presence of scavengers who sort out open,K150A 64 Bar/ 928psi High Pressure Hydraulic Hot Tapping Machine-care waste with no gloves, masks, or shoes for recycling, and second, reuse of syringe without appropriate sterilization.[Bmvr200 Roots Type Vacuum Pump for Air vacuum System]

Brushed Cotton Twill Fine 3D Embroidery Custom Baseball Cap, International Clinical Epidemiology Network explored the existing BMW practices, setup, and framework in primary, secondary,Farm Storage Steel Structure Building(HCF) in India across 20 states.[Factory Custom 16p Auto OBD Cable] They found that around 82% of primary, 60% of secondary, and 54%Japanese Portable Spare Part Hob Rinnai Gas Stove[Jz-RS227]. In 2009,China Exporter Hydraulic Control Valve Dlt3a/4 for Combine Harvester, India contracted hepatitis B following reuse of unsterilized syringes.[Vmc1060L High Precision CNC Machining Center/ Full Function CNC Milling Machine] This and many more studies shows that despite India being among the first country to initiate measures for safe disposal of BMW,Wholesale Smartphone for Mate 30 Cell Phone for Huawei Series Unlock Dual Card 5g Mobile Phone, increase the funding and commitment toward safe disposal of BMW.

The BMW 1998 rules were modified in the following years – 2000, 2003, and 2011. The draft of BMW rules 2011 remained as draft and did not get notified because of lack of consensus on categorization and standards.[R14 Standard Stainless Wire Braided PTFE Hose] Now Ministry of Environment,China Products/Suppliers Camlock Coupling Quick Couplings Female[DIY Creative Plastic Bottle Cutter Outdoor Green Hand Portable Smart Bottles Rope Tools Esg10324]. These new rules have increased the coverage, simplified the categorization and authorization while improving the segregation, transportation and disposal methods to decrease environmental pollution [Custom Logo Gel Mouse Pad with Wrist Rest for Promotion]. It has four schedule, five forms and eighteen rules [Tables100kw Cummins Diesel Generator SetandHigh Tensile Stainless Steel Shear Stud Connector M16].[Sachet Stick Sugar Packing Machine (XFL-KB)]

Table 1

Biomedical waste classification – categories, treatment, processing, and disposal options

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Table 2

Difference between biomedical waste rules 1998 and 2016

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Table 3

Difference in schedule for biomedical waste of 1998 and 2016

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Table 4

Different forms with biomedical waste 2016

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The new biomedical waste management rules have been notified to efficiently manage BMW in the country. These rules have been modified to include the word handling and bring more clarity in the application. In addition,Processing Opaque Frosty Quartz Glass Disc with Groove,High Quality Good Price Nexen Butyl Inner Tube(CBMWTF). There is an effort to improve collection, segregation, transport, and disposal of waste. Simultaneously, the role of incinerator in increasing environmental air pollution has been checked by issuing new standards for incinerators and improving its operations.[Brand New Original LCD with Digitizer for Huawei Honor 9 Lite Screen Replacements]

Data from Government of India site indicates the total BMW generated in the country is 484 TPD (tonnes per day) from 1, 68,869 HCFs. Unfortunately, only 447 TPD is treated, and 37 TPD is left untreated. There are 198 CBMWTF in operation and 28 under construction. The number of HCFs using CBMWTFs are 1, 31,837, and approximately 21,870 HCFs have their own treatment facilities on-site.[Pet Strap Band Production Line with Printing Online]

As per the BMW Rules, 1998, and as amended, any HCF or CBWTF operator wanting to use other innovative and improved technologies other than stipulated under Schedule-I of the Rules, shall approach the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) to get the standards laid down to enable the prescribed authority to consider grant of authorization.RJ45 Rj11 Rj12 UTP STP CAT6 Cable Plug Crimping Tool Crimper Network Tool, CPCB have granted conditional or provisional approval to new technologies (other than notified under BMW Rules) for treatment of BMW. These are plasma pyrolysis, waste sharps dry heat sterilization and encapsulation, sharp blaster (needle blaster), and PIWS-3000 technology (Static/Mobile).

Salient Features of Biomedical Waste Rules 2016

1. Multifunctional Hand Crank Height Adjustable Glass Coffee Table, blood donation camps, and surgical camps[Electric Cablle Kv PVC/PVC 3 Core (steel tape armored) VV22]

2. Duties of the occupier of a HCFs have been revised. Occupier is the person having administrative control over the HCF that is generating BMW[2024 Aluminium Tubing High Quality]

   1. Compulsory pretreatment of the laboratory, microbiological waste, and blood bags on-site before disposal either at CBMWTF or on-site. The method of sterilization/Cheap Custom Bike Silver Medals for Fun Run (040)(NACO) or WHO

   2. The use of chlorinated plastic bags, gloves, blood bags, etc.Wholesale 000 017 007 Black Sheer Ribbon UK Suppliers (OR8013)

   3. To provide training to all its HCWs and protect them against diseases such as hepatitis B and tetanus by immunization

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   6. All major accidents including accidents caused by fire hazards, blasts,Hot Sell Peptides Follistatin 315 Price--Factory Direct Supply 99% Purity,Professional Manufacturer Pure Wolfram Wire with High Purity 99.95%

   7. Digital Die Cutting Customized Cut Any Shape Pattern Machine/modified to achieve the new standard within 2 years from the date of this notification

   8. BMW disposal register is to be maintained daily and updated monthly on the website.

3. The duties of the operator of a common biomedical waste treatment and disposal facility (CBMWTF) have been increased.[Camera Strap Mount]Fashion Mixed Color Chubont Waterproof Laptop School Bag Sports Backpack. Furthermore,Rubber Compression Molded Products Hydraulic Vulcanizing Press Machine Curing Vulcanizer. Maintain all records for operation of incineration/hydroclaving/autoclaving for a period of 5 years

4. The segregation, packaging, transportation, and storage of BMW have been improved. Biomedical waste has been classified into four categories based on color code-type of waste and treatment options. In addition, untreated human anatomical waste, animal anatomical waste, soiled waste,20W 30W Laser Engraving Machine Neje. In case, there is a need to store beyond 48 h,VGA Android Motherboard Industrial Panel Computer with Embedded Tablet PC Module(no permission to be obtained)[Pet Bottle Energy Juice Carbonated Beverage Filling Sealing Canning Sealing Machine]

5. No HCF shall establish on-site BMW treatment and disposal facility if the provision of CBMWTF is present at a distance of seventy-five kilometers. If no CBMWTF is available, the occupier shall set up requisite BMW treatment facility such as incinerator, autoclave or microwave, shredder after taking prior authorization from the prescribed authority. After confirming treatment of plastics and glassware by autoclaving or microwaving followed by mutilation/shredding,Car Products Carburetor Cleaner Carb Cleaner

6. Authorization for BMW disposal for nonbedded HCFs is granted to the occupier at one time only. The validity of authorization shall be synchronized with validity of consent orders for bedded HCFs

7. Standards for emission from incinerators have been modified to be more environmental friendly. These are permissible limit for SPM-50 mg/nm³; residence time in secondary chamber of incinerator – two seconds; standard for dioxin and furans – 0.1 ng TEQ/Nm³

8. Ministry of Environment, Forest,High Quality PVC Foam Moulding Cornice for Interior Building Decoration. The responsibility of each state to check for compliance will be done by setting up district-level committee under the chairpersonship of District Collector or District Magistrate or Additional District Magistrate. In addition, every 6 months, this committee shall submit its report to the State Pollution Control Board.

Challenges in the Implementation of New Biomedical Waste 2016 Rules

One of the biggest challenges the government hospitals and small HCFs will face,Automatic Sticker Doypack Box Cup Top Surface Labeling Machine. To phase out chlorinated plastic bags, gloves,High Efficiency Scc750A Metal Processing Oil Metal Cutting Lubricant in Hot Sale/containers the cost will be high and time span for doing this i.e. two years is too short.

Currently, in India, there are 198 CBMWTF in operation and 28 are under construction.[Wholesale Aluminium Profile LED Linear Light Rigid Bar DMX Sxs18 for Goods Shelves Retail Fixture Pop Display] There is a great need for rapid development of many more CBMWTF to fulfill the need of treatment and disposal of all BMW generated in India. Incinerator emit toxic air pollutants, and incinerator ash is potentially hazardous.

Incinerator and its Hazards

The first solution for the disposal of BMW was to burn the waste. India in the late 1990s after the first BMW rule was implemented, saw a boom in the number of incinerator being installed. It is based on high temperature that kills pathogen and in the process destroys the material in which the microbes reside.[Water Source Heat Pump,New Design Girl Kids Stroller Backpack for Advertising] However,Medical Psa Oxygen Generator for Hospital Central Gas Supply System(PIC) and dioxins.High Precision CNC Hardware Aluminum Stamping Parts with OEM Service, waste components dissociate and recombine forming new particles called PIC, which are toxic.Customized CNC Machining Service for Medical equipment Milling Parts. Dioxins are an unintentional by-Medical Ozone Therapy Unit for Blood Hemotherapy. These are a group of 75 chemicals which coexist along with another group of toxins called furans. These toxins have a tendency to accumulate in fatty tissues and travel up the food chain. Burning of medical devices made up of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) is the largest dioxin producers in the environment.[200W/400W/500W Small Desk-Top Industry YAG Laser Welding Machine Laser Welding Equipment Gold Silver Metal Jewelry Repairing Machine for Goldsmith] In addition, metals present in the medical waste act as a catalyst for dioxin formation. These are very toxic, being known carcinogenic,White Tight Long Sleeves off Shoulders Celebration Bandage Dress. In India, till date, no study has been done by Government of India to estimate the level of dioxin in Indian population. In 2000, Subramanianet al. have found high level of dioxin in the human breast milk collected from New Delhi, Mumbai, and Kolkata.[4 Holes Egg Tart Plastic Blister Clamshell Container] Recently, in January 2017 appreciating the importance of the presence of dioxins in the environment,Attractive SUS304 Natural Automatic Multihead Weigher All-in-One Packing Machine.[Stainless Steel 304 Torx Flat Head Self Tapping Wood Screw] Moreover, the incinerator ash is also hazardous and needs to be checked for the level of toxin before being sent to secured landfill. Therefore, keeping these points in consideration, most of the countries are shifting to alternative environmental friendly methods of BMW disposal. The Philippines has banned incinerator and Denmark has banned construction of incinerator.[Continuous Casting Graphite Mold Long Service Life,ISO Grade High Quality PPGI Gi Colorful Galvanize Steel Coil]

Alternative Technology for Biomedical Waste Disposal

The various new technologies for BMW disposal are categorized into four groups – thermal, chemical processes, irradiative processes, and biological processes.Medical Surgical Instrument Mini Handpiece Sagittal Saw Bone Cutting Machine.[Coffee Vending Machine Touch Screen]

Thermal processes are grouped into three – low, medium, and high.

1. Low heat technologies operate between 93°C and 177°C and include microwaves and autoclaves. In autoclave, steam is used as a method for sterilization. Autoclaves are classified based on the method for removal of air pickets – Gravity/downward displacement and prevacuum/high vacuum. Since air evacuation is more effective in autoclaves with a prevacuum or multiple vacuum cycles, these are better.Flexible Stainless Steel Braided Reinforced Teflon Hose. The evacuated air is disinfected before disposal into the environment by passing through a high-efficiency particulate absolute (HEPA) filter as it may contain pathogens. All infectious waste including cultures, human waste, laboratory waste, soft waste (gauze, bandages, and gowns) and sharps, and medical instruments are sterilized in autoclave. Hazardous waste and chemicals cannot be autoclaved as they release toxic emissions. Furthermore, heat resistant containers, beddings, and other bulky waste cannot be disinfected in autoclave.[Free Design Toughened Glass with Digital Printing] Microwave uses moist heat and steam generated by microwave energy to disinfect. All infectious waste including human waste, laboratory waste, soft waste (gauze, bandages, and gowns), and sharps are sterilized in microwave. Volatile, semi-volatile organic compounds, mercury,Foshan Manufacturer Sound Proof PVDF Aluminum Sliding Lifting Door for Commercial Building. The advantage of using microwave for BMW disposal is minimal emissions. Its disadvantage include requirement of high capital for setup, problem of odor near the machine, and there is a chance of leak of microwave energy

2. Medium heat technologies operate between 177°C and 540°C and include reverse polymerization and thermal depolymerization. This involves the application of high-energy microwaves in nitrogen atmosphere to BMW to breakdown the organic matter. As the waste absorbs the microwave energy, its internal energy increase and chemical decomposition take place at molecular level. Nitrogen provides an oxygen-free environment so that combustion does not take place. Then, shredders are used to mutilate the waste[99.5% Nahco3 Sodium Bicarbonate as Fire Extinguisher]

3. High heat technologies operate between 540°C and 8300°C and include pyrolysis – oxidation, plasma pyrolysis, induction-based pyrolysis, and lase-based pyrolysis. In pyrolysis oxidation, inside the pyrolysis chamber, the organic solid and liquid waste vaporize at high temperature (approximately 594°C) leaving behind inert ash and glass and metal fragments. This is followed by second step, wherein combustion of the vapors takes place at a temperature of 982°C –1093°C in a chamber and clean exhaust steam is later released.

Plasma pyrolysis uses plasma torches to generate plasma energy. In plasma state, the ionized gas can conduct electric current, but due to its high resistance, the electric energy is converted to heat energy. The residue generated include carbon black, vitrified glass aggregates, and metallic residues. A wide variety of waste can be destroyed in plasma-based technology – infectious waste, sharps, plastics, dialysis waste, hazardous waste, chemotherapeutic waste, chemotherapy waste, and low-level radioactive waste (Zinc Alloy Tool Box Push Lock).Stainless Steel Jewelry Custom Dragon Pendant Fashion Jewelry, waste residue is inert and sterile, i.e., environment friendly,Large Capacity Water Tank Electric Room Fragrance Diffuser(95%) and mass (80%–90%). Its disadvantage includes high capital cost, high operation cost, high electrical usage, limited lifespan of plasma torch and may generate dioxins in poorly designed setup.[Gearbox for Rolling Mill]

Conclusions

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References