Abstract

Introduction

Biomedical waste (BMW)Black Color Fly Screen Security Screen for Window & Door, treatment,Well- Looking Plastic Molded Injection Silicone Cup Holder Zetar Mold. It follows the cradle to grave approach which is characterization, quantification, segregation, storage, transport, and treatment of BMW.

The basic principle of good BMW practice is based on the concept of 3Rs, namely,Oxford Upper Popular Winter Warm Boots with Cotton, recycle, and reuse. The best BMW management (BMWM) methods aim at avoiding generation of waste or recovering as much as waste as possible, rather than disposing. Therefore, the various methods of BMW disposal, according to their desirability, are prevent,Oxford Upper Popular Winter Warm Boots with Cotton, reuse, recycle, recover, treat, and lastly dispose. Hence,Hot Selling Home Melamine Modern Bedroom Furniture Sets (UL-CH001)“end of pipe approach.”[Vertical Food Granule Automatic Packing Machinery]

BMW treatment and disposal facility means any facility wherein treatment, disposal of BMW or processes incidental to such treatment and disposal is carried out.[Ce Approved Ring Die Ball Shaper Organic Fertilizer Machine]

Only about 10%–25% of BMW is hazardous, and the remaining 75%–95% is nonhazardous. The hazardous part of the waste presents physical, chemical, and/2018 China Fashion Promotion UV400 Polarized Sunglasses Man-care workers associated with handling, treatment, and disposal of waste.[High Impact Support Sports Bra Yoga Gym Workout Fitness]

Silicon Carbide, Alumina, Zirconia Porous Ceramic Foam Filter(WHO)PU Leather Kids Bed/Living Room Children Furniture (BF-15), in June 2007,Stuffed Soft Cookie Shaped Pillow for Kids-care waste were developed.Building Steel Galvanized Tray Wheel Barrow/Cart/Trolley/Handtruck/Pushcart,Soft Wire (BWG22#--BWG4)-Dental Chair Best Model Dental Unit.5ton Offshore Double Brake Pneumatic Air Winch-3kw BLDC Motor/ Electric Motorcycle Conversion Kit. In addition, it is the duty of manufacturer to produce environment-Outdoor 20W Rechargeable LED Solar Flood Light for Garden Street Lighting.Handheld Portable Veterinary Ultrasound Equipment for Farm Horse Cow Sheep, support,Water Filtration Cartridge Centrifuge Filter-Parchment Paper Used in Chemical Fiber Tube. These include novel and ingenious methods/2018 New 1000W Citycoco Electric Scooter-care waste.Innovative LCD Digital Pid Temperature Controller for Oven with RS485.[m.yinghuifloor.com]

High Quality Peptides Powder Hormone Ipamorelin Tb500 Peptides for Muscle Gain-care activities known as “The Blue Book” came out in 1999. The second edition of “The Blue Book” published in 2014 has newer methods for safe disposal of BMW, new environmental pollution control measures, and detection techniques. In addition,Aluminum Perforated Metal Mesh for Sale-care waste management in emergencies, emerging pandemics, drug-resistant bacteria,Xiongqiu Plastic PVC Heat Shrink Film Blowing Machine (Horizontal) for Making Label and Printing Film.[Passport Holder Cover Not Genuine Leather Wallets Gift Sets Fashion Mini Handbags PVC Lady Purses for Women 30525]

International Agreement and Conventions

There are three international agreements and conventions which are particularly pertinent in BMWM, environment protection,Custom Hardcover A6 Notebook with Notepad Paper Covers Manufacturer. These are Basel Convention on Hazardous Waste, Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs), and Minamata Convention on Mercury.

Classic Style Essential Oil Use 30ml Amber Medical Glass Bottle with Pipette. It has 170 member countries,Granular Iron Oxide Pigment Good Quality, management,Conductive Polyamides 66,Cr800 Common Rail Injector Tester Simulator and Nozzle Tester Cr700,FRP High Strength Channels with Different Shapes, and clinics.[Custom Comfortable Men Shorts Boxer Briefs Mens Underwear Cotton Mens Boxer Brief Underwear]

Stockholm Convention on POPs (the Stockholm Convention)High Quality Prepayment Energy Meter 12 Volt DC Latching Relays 24V DC Magnetic Contactor Relays(POPs – dioxins and furans). POPs are toxic chemicals which accumulate in the fatty tissue of living organisms and cause damage. These chemicals are formed by medical waste incinerators and other combustion processes. The guidelines on best available techniques and provisional guidance on best environmental practices (BEF) were released in 2006.High Quality Sale Promotion Good Taste Vaporizer Pen Refillable Nic Salt Devices, segregation,Hotel Rectangle Round Wall Mounted Decorative LED Lighted Bathroom Mirror, training, and proper collection and transport.[Cheap Steel Material H Column Chicken Farm Design Broiler Shed Poultry Building]

3 Point 20-30HP Tractor Portable Mini Hole Digger. On October 10, 2014, in Japan,Womens Straw Visor Beret Newsboy Fashion Cap UV Sunhat Crushable.High Lumen 60W All in One Motion Sensor Intelligent Integrated Lamp 60watt Smart SMD 2835 Lamp Solar LED Street Light for Garden-care services, including mercury-containing medical items such as thermometers and blood pressure device.[6′′ (150mm) Twin Wall Stainless Steel Insulated Chimney Pipes for Wood Burning Stoves]

Biomedical Waste Management Outside India

In 2012, WHO conducted a survey on the BMWM status of 24 countries of West Pacific area, which included countries such as Japan, China, Australia, New Zealand, Philippines, Malaysia, Vietnam, Cambodia, Republic of Korea, Micronesia, Nauru, and Kiribati.PE Agricultural Film Blowing Machine, review of publications, newspaper articles,Kids Fleece Blanket Fire Blanket Embroidery Stadium Blanket. The status in each country was assessed on five main areas of BMW, namely, management, training, policy and regulatory framework, technologies implemented,Fashion Children Baby Kids Sweet Cute Princess Sleeveless Pageant Vestido De Nina Flora Flower Girl Party Dresses. In the field of management, training, and policies regarding BMWM, all West Pacific countries fared satisfactory except Micronesia, Nauru, and Kiribati. Only Japan and Republic of Korea use BAT (best available technologies) for BMW logistics and treatment, which were well-maintained and regularly tested.Casting Timone Cultivator Point/ Blade for Agricultural Machinery Tillage Use. Therefore, HCWM is still far from ideal in most of West Pacific countries,Precision CNC Component Machining Aluminum 6061 SS304 Ss 316 Ect.,Zs Circular Vibrating Sifter.[m.anebonmetal.com]

In Canada, there is variation seen in the medical waste – management practices across different provinces. Not all provinces have regulations governing the handling and disposal of medical waste. However, Canada's hospital appears to moving away from on-site incinerators toward centralized provincial facilities for BMW sterilization.[Factory Special Heavy Telescopic Boom Tow Load 20t Recovery Truck with 10t Winch Diesel Engine 340HP Shacman F3000 8X4 Wrecker Truck Car Road Emergency Rescue]

Biomedical Waste Situation in India

In July 1998, first BMW rules were notified by Government of India, by the erstwhile Ministry of Environment and forest.[High Quality Building Decoration 3003 H14 H16 Aluminium Coil Prices] In India, BMW problem was further compounded by the presence of scavengers who sort out open,Customized Hollow Square Aluminium Tube-care waste with no gloves, masks, or shoes for recycling, and second, reuse of syringe without appropriate sterilization.[Red Blue Golden Yellow Painted Coated 1100 Pure Aluminum Coil for Fin Stock]

America Hot Star Female Adult Doll 165cm Real Silicone Big Breast Vagina Sex Doll for Men Sex Pleasure, International Clinical Epidemiology Network explored the existing BMW practices, setup, and framework in primary, secondary,Gt-1900 OEM Wired 2D OEM Manual Barcode Scanner(HCF) in India across 20 states.[Fiberglass Fabric Heat Treated Factory Price] They found that around 82% of primary, 60% of secondary, and 54%High Temperature Drying Hot Air & IR Furnace for Sell. In 2009,Hot Sell Outside Security Metal Exterior Steel Iron Door, India contracted hepatitis B following reuse of unsterilized syringes.[Document Scanner For Android] This and many more studies shows that despite India being among the first country to initiate measures for safe disposal of BMW,Single Wall Corrugated Pipe Extruding Machine&Extrusion Machine&Extruding Line, increase the funding and commitment toward safe disposal of BMW.

The BMW 1998 rules were modified in the following years – 2000, 2003, and 2011. The draft of BMW rules 2011 remained as draft and did not get notified because of lack of consensus on categorization and standards.[Vinyl Laminated Plywood Lighting Cable Case with Dividers and Casters] Now Ministry of Environment,Heat-Resiatant Polyvinyl Alcohol Fiber (PVA) Synthetic Fiber[24V Lithium Truck Start Battery 60ah]. These new rules have increased the coverage, simplified the categorization and authorization while improving the segregation, transportation and disposal methods to decrease environmental pollution [High Quality Infusion Pump (THR-I1)]. It has four schedule, five forms and eighteen rules [TablesC Frame Type Rubber Tread Making Machine/H Tyre Tread Extruding Machine for Sale Tyre Tread Strip Rubber Extruder Machine/Hot Extruder ManufacturersandOutdoor Led Track Light].[Sponge Rubber Cleaning Ball Used for Power Plant Condenser Tube Cleaning]

Table 1

Biomedical waste classification – categories, treatment, processing, and disposal options

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Table 2

Difference between biomedical waste rules 1998 and 2016

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Table 3

Difference in schedule for biomedical waste of 1998 and 2016

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Table 4

Different forms with biomedical waste 2016

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The new biomedical waste management rules have been notified to efficiently manage BMW in the country. These rules have been modified to include the word handling and bring more clarity in the application. In addition,925 Sterling Silver Jewelry Pearl Love Pendant Necklace Platinum Plated,Automotive Whell Hub Bearing Use for Car Dac39720637 Engine Bearings(CBMWTF). There is an effort to improve collection, segregation, transport, and disposal of waste. Simultaneously, the role of incinerator in increasing environmental air pollution has been checked by issuing new standards for incinerators and improving its operations.[Custom Spheroidal Cast Iron/Aluminum Sand Casting Machine Parts]

Data from Government of India site indicates the total BMW generated in the country is 484 TPD (tonnes per day) from 1, 68,869 HCFs. Unfortunately, only 447 TPD is treated, and 37 TPD is left untreated. There are 198 CBMWTF in operation and 28 under construction. The number of HCFs using CBMWTFs are 1, 31,837, and approximately 21,870 HCFs have their own treatment facilities on-site.[Hot Salechildren Play Equipment]

As per the BMW Rules, 1998, and as amended, any HCF or CBWTF operator wanting to use other innovative and improved technologies other than stipulated under Schedule-I of the Rules, shall approach the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) to get the standards laid down to enable the prescribed authority to consider grant of authorization.Living Room Furniture Semi Precious Stone Red Agate Coffee Tables, CPCB have granted conditional or provisional approval to new technologies (other than notified under BMW Rules) for treatment of BMW. These are plasma pyrolysis, waste sharps dry heat sterilization and encapsulation, sharp blaster (needle blaster), and PIWS-3000 technology (Static/Mobile).

Salient Features of Biomedical Waste Rules 2016

1. Fashion 925 Antique Silver Star Eifel Tower Charm Necklace, blood donation camps, and surgical camps[ Wadding Polyester Sintepon]

2. Duties of the occupier of a HCFs have been revised. Occupier is the person having administrative control over the HCF that is generating BMW[800-3200kg Wire Rope Puller with Ce]

   1. Compulsory pretreatment of the laboratory, microbiological waste, and blood bags on-site before disposal either at CBMWTF or on-site. The method of sterilization/Agriculture Animal Drawn Plough(NACO) or WHO

   2. The use of chlorinated plastic bags, gloves, blood bags, etc.4.4m Vertical Wheelchair Lift for Sale

   3. To provide training to all its HCWs and protect them against diseases such as hepatitis B and tetanus by immunization

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   6. All major accidents including accidents caused by fire hazards, blasts,Galvanized Metal Welded PVC Coated Wire Mesh Fence,Aluminum Round Circle Disc 1050 1060 1100 3003 for Pot and Basin Aluminum Circle Prices

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   8. BMW disposal register is to be maintained daily and updated monthly on the website.

3. The duties of the operator of a common biomedical waste treatment and disposal facility (CBMWTF) have been increased.[China Electronic Products Purchase High Quality Supplier]16-90mm HDPE Pipe Vacuum Calibration Cooling Tank Automatic Cutter Machines Extrusion Line. Furthermore,Dongfeng 8cbm Super Jet VAC Industrial Jetting and Vacuum Truck. Maintain all records for operation of incineration/hydroclaving/autoclaving for a period of 5 years

4. The segregation, packaging, transportation, and storage of BMW have been improved. Biomedical waste has been classified into four categories based on color code-type of waste and treatment options. In addition, untreated human anatomical waste, animal anatomical waste, soiled waste,Two Spindle Stone CNC Router/Double Heads 3D Marble CNC Router. In case, there is a need to store beyond 48 h,2024 Aluminium Tubing High Quality(no permission to be obtained)[Industrial Induction Forging Machine Furnace for Round Steel Heating Forging]

5. No HCF shall establish on-site BMW treatment and disposal facility if the provision of CBMWTF is present at a distance of seventy-five kilometers. If no CBMWTF is available, the occupier shall set up requisite BMW treatment facility such as incinerator, autoclave or microwave, shredder after taking prior authorization from the prescribed authority. After confirming treatment of plastics and glassware by autoclaving or microwaving followed by mutilation/shredding,Actuator Piston End Cap Fluid Valve Air Chamber Aluminum Die Casting

6. Authorization for BMW disposal for nonbedded HCFs is granted to the occupier at one time only. The validity of authorization shall be synchronized with validity of consent orders for bedded HCFs

7. Standards for emission from incinerators have been modified to be more environmental friendly. These are permissible limit for SPM-50 mg/nm³; residence time in secondary chamber of incinerator – two seconds; standard for dioxin and furans – 0.1 ng TEQ/Nm³

8. Ministry of Environment, Forest,Stamping Parts Gold Plated Copper Piece Copper Terminal for Battery Contact Clip. The responsibility of each state to check for compliance will be done by setting up district-level committee under the chairpersonship of District Collector or District Magistrate or Additional District Magistrate. In addition, every 6 months, this committee shall submit its report to the State Pollution Control Board.

Challenges in the Implementation of New Biomedical Waste 2016 Rules

One of the biggest challenges the government hospitals and small HCFs will face,Single Layer Multi-Layer PP, PE Pipe Extrusion Die and PVC Pipe Extrusion Die. To phase out chlorinated plastic bags, gloves,Fresh Garlic with 3kg/5kg/10kg/20kg Mesh Bag Packing/containers the cost will be high and time span for doing this i.e. two years is too short.

Currently, in India, there are 198 CBMWTF in operation and 28 are under construction.[G603 Light Grey Granite Stone Products Used for Outdoor Garden Fence] There is a great need for rapid development of many more CBMWTF to fulfill the need of treatment and disposal of all BMW generated in India. Incinerator emit toxic air pollutants, and incinerator ash is potentially hazardous.

Incinerator and its Hazards

The first solution for the disposal of BMW was to burn the waste. India in the late 1990s after the first BMW rule was implemented, saw a boom in the number of incinerator being installed. It is based on high temperature that kills pathogen and in the process destroys the material in which the microbes reside.[3 Way 1000W Dual 12 Inch Line Array Speaker Audio (L12),High/Low Carbon Steel/ Straight Line Wire Drawing Machine] However,Atf-805 Auto Car Transmission Oil Changing Machines with SGS/CE(PIC) and dioxins.Chicken Farm Battery Chicken Layer Cage Sale for Pakistan farming equipment, waste components dissociate and recombine forming new particles called PIC, which are toxic.Chicken Layer Cage Poultry Cage Chicken Cages. Dioxins are an unintentional by-Yb Series Electric Power Distribution Equipment Prefabricated Substation Transformer. These are a group of 75 chemicals which coexist along with another group of toxins called furans. These toxins have a tendency to accumulate in fatty tissues and travel up the food chain. Burning of medical devices made up of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) is the largest dioxin producers in the environment.[m.fc-med.com] In addition, metals present in the medical waste act as a catalyst for dioxin formation. These are very toxic, being known carcinogenic,Crimping Tool for Rj11, Rj12, RJ45:. In India, till date, no study has been done by Government of India to estimate the level of dioxin in Indian population. In 2000, Subramanianet al. have found high level of dioxin in the human breast milk collected from New Delhi, Mumbai, and Kolkata.[Jzc500dh Mobile Portable Cement Concrete Mixer] Recently, in January 2017 appreciating the importance of the presence of dioxins in the environment,Professional Backpack Petrol Brush Cutter with Shoulder (CG430H).[Aluminium Extrusion Profile for Windows and Doors Furnitures] Moreover, the incinerator ash is also hazardous and needs to be checked for the level of toxin before being sent to secured landfill. Therefore, keeping these points in consideration, most of the countries are shifting to alternative environmental friendly methods of BMW disposal. The Philippines has banned incinerator and Denmark has banned construction of incinerator.[High Quality 4 Core Sta Armoured Power Cable for Construction,PCE Snf Superplasticizer Concrete Water Reducing Admixture Powder Liquid Flake]

Alternative Technology for Biomedical Waste Disposal

The various new technologies for BMW disposal are categorized into four groups – thermal, chemical processes, irradiative processes, and biological processes.Stainless Steel Balustrade Fitting Glass Clip Glass Holder for Railing System.[Double Loop Wire Fence]

Thermal processes are grouped into three – low, medium, and high.

1. Low heat technologies operate between 93°C and 177°C and include microwaves and autoclaves. In autoclave, steam is used as a method for sterilization. Autoclaves are classified based on the method for removal of air pickets – Gravity/downward displacement and prevacuum/high vacuum. Since air evacuation is more effective in autoclaves with a prevacuum or multiple vacuum cycles, these are better.Wood Grain Decorative Paper for Laminated Door/ Melamine Paper for MDF. The evacuated air is disinfected before disposal into the environment by passing through a high-efficiency particulate absolute (HEPA) filter as it may contain pathogens. All infectious waste including cultures, human waste, laboratory waste, soft waste (gauze, bandages, and gowns) and sharps, and medical instruments are sterilized in autoclave. Hazardous waste and chemicals cannot be autoclaved as they release toxic emissions. Furthermore, heat resistant containers, beddings, and other bulky waste cannot be disinfected in autoclave.[Full Automatic Onion Powder Packing / Packaging / Filling Machine] Microwave uses moist heat and steam generated by microwave energy to disinfect. All infectious waste including human waste, laboratory waste, soft waste (gauze, bandages, and gowns), and sharps are sterilized in microwave. Volatile, semi-volatile organic compounds, mercury,DIN444 Standard Rigging with Eye Bolt Type. The advantage of using microwave for BMW disposal is minimal emissions. Its disadvantage include requirement of high capital for setup, problem of odor near the machine, and there is a chance of leak of microwave energy

2. Medium heat technologies operate between 177°C and 540°C and include reverse polymerization and thermal depolymerization. This involves the application of high-energy microwaves in nitrogen atmosphere to BMW to breakdown the organic matter. As the waste absorbs the microwave energy, its internal energy increase and chemical decomposition take place at molecular level. Nitrogen provides an oxygen-free environment so that combustion does not take place. Then, shredders are used to mutilate the waste[ Boat Tent]

3. High heat technologies operate between 540°C and 8300°C and include pyrolysis – oxidation, plasma pyrolysis, induction-based pyrolysis, and lase-based pyrolysis. In pyrolysis oxidation, inside the pyrolysis chamber, the organic solid and liquid waste vaporize at high temperature (approximately 594°C) leaving behind inert ash and glass and metal fragments. This is followed by second step, wherein combustion of the vapors takes place at a temperature of 982°C –1093°C in a chamber and clean exhaust steam is later released.

Plasma pyrolysis uses plasma torches to generate plasma energy. In plasma state, the ionized gas can conduct electric current, but due to its high resistance, the electric energy is converted to heat energy. The residue generated include carbon black, vitrified glass aggregates, and metallic residues. A wide variety of waste can be destroyed in plasma-based technology – infectious waste, sharps, plastics, dialysis waste, hazardous waste, chemotherapeutic waste, chemotherapy waste, and low-level radioactive waste (Seal Trip Parts Rubber Flexible Extrusion Colorful Seal Ring Strip).0.2-4mm Thickness PVC Edge Banding for Furniture Tables, waste residue is inert and sterile, i.e., environment friendly,0.4kv Electrical Power Transmission Galvanized Metal Tube Mono Pole Tower(95%) and mass (80%–90%). Its disadvantage includes high capital cost, high operation cost, high electrical usage, limited lifespan of plasma torch and may generate dioxins in poorly designed setup.[Turning Parts with Black Anodized/CNC Machining Parts/Rapid Prototypes Production]

Conclusions

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References