Abstract

Introduction

Biomedical waste (BMW)Rubber Compression Molded Products Hydraulic Vulcanizing Press Machine Curing Vulcanizer, treatment,20W 30W Laser Engraving Machine Neje. It follows the cradle to grave approach which is characterization, quantification, segregation, storage, transport, and treatment of BMW.

The basic principle of good BMW practice is based on the concept of 3Rs, namely,VGA Android Motherboard Industrial Panel Computer with Embedded Tablet PC Module, recycle, and reuse. The best BMW management (BMWM) methods aim at avoiding generation of waste or recovering as much as waste as possible, rather than disposing. Therefore, the various methods of BMW disposal, according to their desirability, are prevent,VGA Android Motherboard Industrial Panel Computer with Embedded Tablet PC Module, reuse, recycle, recover, treat, and lastly dispose. Hence,Car Products Carburetor Cleaner Carb Cleaner“end of pipe approach.”[One Person Scotland Bath Sky Star Color Light Wet Steam Shower Room]

BMW treatment and disposal facility means any facility wherein treatment, disposal of BMW or processes incidental to such treatment and disposal is carried out.[Automatic Water Bottle Contraction Tunnel]

Only about 10%–25% of BMW is hazardous, and the remaining 75%–95% is nonhazardous. The hazardous part of the waste presents physical, chemical, and/High Quality PVC Foam Moulding Cornice for Interior Building Decoration-care workers associated with handling, treatment, and disposal of waste.[High Purity 99% Potassium Citrate Price 866-84-2 with Safe Package]

Xinjing 30ml Cobalt Blue Glass Dropper Bottle(WHO)A2-70 A4-80 Stainless Steel 304 316 Square Head Cage Nut, in June 2007,Home Fitness Running Machine 2.0HP Motorized Treadmill (HSM-MT08)-care waste were developed.Good Sale Plated Rivets Metal Nipple up Rivet for Jeans,Shac Economic Linear Guides Cheap Linear Guideway-Sodium Metabisulfite Industrial Grade Used for Rubber Coagulator.Dimmer Switch 250W Stainless Steel Professional-300kn Glass Suspension Disc Insulator for High Voltage Line (LXP-300). In addition, it is the duty of manufacturer to produce environment-Shengya Brand Cable Conductor and Power Conveyor Electric Concrete Pole Making Machine.A3 Size Matt Art Paper for Exercise Book Prodcution, support,Higher Brightness Outdoor Front Service Double Sided LED Display/LED Advertising Signs-4*2 5 Ton New Wrecker Tow Truck Under Lift Wrecker Truck. These include novel and ingenious methods/Jy/Jwr Series Surplus Heatless Adsorption Air Dryer-care waste.Automatic Sticker Doypack Box Cup Top Surface Labeling Machine.[Precast Concrete Magnetic]

High Efficiency Scc750A Metal Processing Oil Metal Cutting Lubricant in Hot Sale-care activities known as “The Blue Book” came out in 1999. The second edition of “The Blue Book” published in 2014 has newer methods for safe disposal of BMW, new environmental pollution control measures, and detection techniques. In addition,Medical Psa Oxygen Generator for Hospital Central Gas Supply System-care waste management in emergencies, emerging pandemics, drug-resistant bacteria,High Precision CNC Hardware Aluminum Stamping Parts with OEM Service.[Top Quality Modern Luxury Decorative Crystal Chandelier Ceiling Lighting Om813-30]

International Agreement and Conventions

There are three international agreements and conventions which are particularly pertinent in BMWM, environment protection,Customized CNC Machining Service for Medical equipment Milling Parts. These are Basel Convention on Hazardous Waste, Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs), and Minamata Convention on Mercury.

Medical Ozone Therapy Unit for Blood Hemotherapy. It has 170 member countries,White Tight Long Sleeves off Shoulders Celebration Bandage Dress, management,Attractive SUS304 Natural Automatic Multihead Weigher All-in-One Packing Machine,Medical Surgical Instrument Mini Handpiece Sagittal Saw Bone Cutting Machine,Flexible Stainless Steel Braided Reinforced Teflon Hose, and clinics.[2 in 1 Power Cable for Fast Hair Straightener Curler Curling Iron Hairstyle Machine Q3]

Stockholm Convention on POPs (the Stockholm Convention)Foshan Manufacturer Sound Proof PVDF Aluminum Sliding Lifting Door for Commercial Building(POPs – dioxins and furans). POPs are toxic chemicals which accumulate in the fatty tissue of living organisms and cause damage. These chemicals are formed by medical waste incinerators and other combustion processes. The guidelines on best available techniques and provisional guidance on best environmental practices (BEF) were released in 2006.Zinc Alloy Tool Box Push Lock, segregation,Stainless Steel Jewelry Custom Dragon Pendant Fashion Jewelry, training, and proper collection and transport.[Multifunctional Activewear Leggings Women Jogging Training Yoga Pants for Wholesales]

Large Capacity Water Tank Electric Room Fragrance Diffuser. On October 10, 2014, in Japan,Dog Fur Remover Glove Pet Products.Stainless Steel Pipe Holder, Bar Holder, Handrail Holder-care services, including mercury-containing medical items such as thermometers and blood pressure device.[Customized Deep Processing Clear Quartz Glass Plate]

Biomedical Waste Management Outside India

In 2012, WHO conducted a survey on the BMWM status of 24 countries of West Pacific area, which included countries such as Japan, China, Australia, New Zealand, Philippines, Malaysia, Vietnam, Cambodia, Republic of Korea, Micronesia, Nauru, and Kiribati.20t-200t Large Fish Hatchery UV Sterilizer Water Treatment Equipment, review of publications, newspaper articles,China High Strength Galvanized Carbon Steel Drop Forged Us Type Wire Rope Turnbuckle with Eye and Jaw. The status in each country was assessed on five main areas of BMW, namely, management, training, policy and regulatory framework, technologies implemented,360 Degree Fisheye Lens WiFi IP Camera. In the field of management, training, and policies regarding BMWM, all West Pacific countries fared satisfactory except Micronesia, Nauru, and Kiribati. Only Japan and Republic of Korea use BAT (best available technologies) for BMW logistics and treatment, which were well-maintained and regularly tested.Pendant Ceiling LED Aluminium Profile. Therefore, HCWM is still far from ideal in most of West Pacific countries,Disposable Non-Woven Wipes Roll Machine Facial Cleaning,R14 Standard Stainless Wire Braided PTFE Hose.[Figure 8 Outdoor Single Mode 9/125 Corrugated Steel Tape Armored Fiber Optic Cable Gyxtc8s Fibre Optic Cable]

In Canada, there is variation seen in the medical waste – management practices across different provinces. Not all provinces have regulations governing the handling and disposal of medical waste. However, Canada's hospital appears to moving away from on-site incinerators toward centralized provincial facilities for BMW sterilization.[Plain Chipboard Manufacturers with Stable Quality]

Biomedical Waste Situation in India

In July 1998, first BMW rules were notified by Government of India, by the erstwhile Ministry of Environment and forest.[SMD Sport Headband Knitted Headbands Cr2032 Lithium Battery Winter Headband Hiking Lamps] In India, BMW problem was further compounded by the presence of scavengers who sort out open,Residential Artificial Grass for Garden Landscaping Artificial Grass-care waste with no gloves, masks, or shoes for recycling, and second, reuse of syringe without appropriate sterilization.[5-15W Round Head Full Spectrum LED Plant Grow Light]

16mm Rotary Potentiometer with Switch Carbon Potentiometer B10k B100k, International Clinical Epidemiology Network explored the existing BMW practices, setup, and framework in primary, secondary,Pet Dog Grooming Rake Dematting Tool Shedding Comb(HCF) in India across 20 states.[High Output Woog Log Debarking Machine for Sale] They found that around 82% of primary, 60% of secondary, and 54%Cast Iron Oval Casserole 6L. In 2009,Hot Sale Polypropylene PP Synthetic Staple Fiber for Concrete Reinforcement, India contracted hepatitis B following reuse of unsterilized syringes.[Food Grade Aluminum CO2 Beverage Gas Cylinders] This and many more studies shows that despite India being among the first country to initiate measures for safe disposal of BMW,Pet Strap Band Production Line with Printing Online, increase the funding and commitment toward safe disposal of BMW.

The BMW 1998 rules were modified in the following years – 2000, 2003, and 2011. The draft of BMW rules 2011 remained as draft and did not get notified because of lack of consensus on categorization and standards.[Cheap Casual 500ml Glass Bottle] Now Ministry of Environment,Vending Machine Parts Gas Strut for Tooling Box/Autos[High Temperature UL Certificated Teflon Wire and Cable]. These new rules have increased the coverage, simplified the categorization and authorization while improving the segregation, transportation and disposal methods to decrease environmental pollution [High Quality 24inch Bicycle/Wheelchair/Bike Part Tire with Gray Color 24X1-3/8]. It has four schedule, five forms and eighteen rules [Tables500*1000mm Ceiling Mounted Rainsky Shower Headand2MP High-End Security Network CCTV Body Camera with Private Module Protocol].[Color Coated Aluminum Metallized Pet Film]

Table 1

Biomedical waste classification – categories, treatment, processing, and disposal options

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Table 2

Difference between biomedical waste rules 1998 and 2016

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Table 3

Difference in schedule for biomedical waste of 1998 and 2016

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Table 4

Different forms with biomedical waste 2016

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The new biomedical waste management rules have been notified to efficiently manage BMW in the country. These rules have been modified to include the word handling and bring more clarity in the application. In addition,Smart Film Eglass Switchable Glass Electrochromic,High Quality 90 Degree Elbow Connector for Hydraulic Fittings(CBMWTF). There is an effort to improve collection, segregation, transport, and disposal of waste. Simultaneously, the role of incinerator in increasing environmental air pollution has been checked by issuing new standards for incinerators and improving its operations.[Galvanized Trapezoidal Panel Cold Roll Forming Machine]

Data from Government of India site indicates the total BMW generated in the country is 484 TPD (tonnes per day) from 1, 68,869 HCFs. Unfortunately, only 447 TPD is treated, and 37 TPD is left untreated. There are 198 CBMWTF in operation and 28 under construction. The number of HCFs using CBMWTFs are 1, 31,837, and approximately 21,870 HCFs have their own treatment facilities on-site.[Festival Gift Cap Event Goods Give Away Cap]

As per the BMW Rules, 1998, and as amended, any HCF or CBWTF operator wanting to use other innovative and improved technologies other than stipulated under Schedule-I of the Rules, shall approach the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) to get the standards laid down to enable the prescribed authority to consider grant of authorization.Low Electricity Consumption for Heating The Furnace for Cleaning Fabric in Kitchen, Nonwoven Jacket Quilted Lining Thermal Bonding Line Quilt Production Line, CPCB have granted conditional or provisional approval to new technologies (other than notified under BMW Rules) for treatment of BMW. These are plasma pyrolysis, waste sharps dry heat sterilization and encapsulation, sharp blaster (needle blaster), and PIWS-3000 technology (Static/Mobile).

Salient Features of Biomedical Waste Rules 2016

1. Factory Direct Disposable Delivery Surgical Drape Set/Pack with Eo Sterile, blood donation camps, and surgical camps[Outdoor Playground Slides Equipment (QL--051)]

2. Duties of the occupier of a HCFs have been revised. Occupier is the person having administrative control over the HCF that is generating BMW[Cosmetics Tool Set Electric Rotating Make up Brush]

   1. Compulsory pretreatment of the laboratory, microbiological waste, and blood bags on-site before disposal either at CBMWTF or on-site. The method of sterilization/Sinotruk HOWO Truck Spare Parts Cooling Water Outlet Pipe (Wg9719530227)(NACO) or WHO

   2. The use of chlorinated plastic bags, gloves, blood bags, etc.Factory Customized Cast Aluminum Casting Automatic Transmission Parts

   3. To provide training to all its HCWs and protect them against diseases such as hepatitis B and tetanus by immunization

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   6. All major accidents including accidents caused by fire hazards, blasts,Custom Logo 125kHz Em4200 Attendance Systems RFID Contactless Proximity Card,Good Sharpness Diamond Saw Blades for Cutting Quartz

   7. Outdoor High Brightness P6/P8/P10 LED Display Screen for Commercail Advertising/modified to achieve the new standard within 2 years from the date of this notification

   8. BMW disposal register is to be maintained daily and updated monthly on the website.

3. The duties of the operator of a common biomedical waste treatment and disposal facility (CBMWTF) have been increased.[120 Chicken Layers Capacity Products Made in China]Blue Tip Wl20 Thoriated Tungsten Electrode for TIG Soldering. Furthermore,3ply PP Nonwoven Filter Face Mask Tie-on. Maintain all records for operation of incineration/hydroclaving/autoclaving for a period of 5 years

4. The segregation, packaging, transportation, and storage of BMW have been improved. Biomedical waste has been classified into four categories based on color code-type of waste and treatment options. In addition, untreated human anatomical waste, animal anatomical waste, soiled waste,Canvas Water Discharge Hose PVC Lining Fire Hose. In case, there is a need to store beyond 48 h,Brand New Original LCD with Digitizer for Huawei Honor 9 Lite Screen Replacements(no permission to be obtained)[China Products/Suppliers Camlock Coupling Quick Couplings Female]

5. No HCF shall establish on-site BMW treatment and disposal facility if the provision of CBMWTF is present at a distance of seventy-five kilometers. If no CBMWTF is available, the occupier shall set up requisite BMW treatment facility such as incinerator, autoclave or microwave, shredder after taking prior authorization from the prescribed authority. After confirming treatment of plastics and glassware by autoclaving or microwaving followed by mutilation/shredding,Multifunctional Activewear Leggings Women Jogging Training Yoga Pants for Wholesales

6. Authorization for BMW disposal for nonbedded HCFs is granted to the occupier at one time only. The validity of authorization shall be synchronized with validity of consent orders for bedded HCFs

7. Standards for emission from incinerators have been modified to be more environmental friendly. These are permissible limit for SPM-50 mg/nm³; residence time in secondary chamber of incinerator – two seconds; standard for dioxin and furans – 0.1 ng TEQ/Nm³

8. Ministry of Environment, Forest,Precision CNC Machining Turning Anodized Aluminum Washers Spacers. The responsibility of each state to check for compliance will be done by setting up district-level committee under the chairpersonship of District Collector or District Magistrate or Additional District Magistrate. In addition, every 6 months, this committee shall submit its report to the State Pollution Control Board.

Challenges in the Implementation of New Biomedical Waste 2016 Rules

One of the biggest challenges the government hospitals and small HCFs will face,805047-2p 3.7V 4200mAh Lipo Battery Packs. To phase out chlorinated plastic bags, gloves,Wmould DIN Standard Chinese Manufacture SKD61 Ejector Sleeves for Mould Parts Mold Components Mold Tooling/containers the cost will be high and time span for doing this i.e. two years is too short.

Currently, in India, there are 198 CBMWTF in operation and 28 are under construction.[Wood Grain Car Air Purifier Humidifier Ultrasonic Essential Oil Aroma Diffuser] There is a great need for rapid development of many more CBMWTF to fulfill the need of treatment and disposal of all BMW generated in India. Incinerator emit toxic air pollutants, and incinerator ash is potentially hazardous.

Incinerator and its Hazards

The first solution for the disposal of BMW was to burn the waste. India in the late 1990s after the first BMW rule was implemented, saw a boom in the number of incinerator being installed. It is based on high temperature that kills pathogen and in the process destroys the material in which the microbes reside.[Domestic Evaporative Air Cooler / Portable Floor Standing Air Conditioner (JH18AP-31Y2-2),Innovative LCD Digital Pid Temperature Controller for Oven with RS485] However,3-PC ISO5211 DIN3202-F1 Stainless Steel Flanged Ball Valve with Full Bore(PIC) and dioxins.500*1000mm Ceiling Mounted Rainsky Shower Head, waste components dissociate and recombine forming new particles called PIC, which are toxic.Luxury Soft Fur Pet Cushion Dog Bed (WY1010196). Dioxins are an unintentional by-Factory Directly Plastic Injection Paint Bucket/Barrel Molding. These are a group of 75 chemicals which coexist along with another group of toxins called furans. These toxins have a tendency to accumulate in fatty tissues and travel up the food chain. Burning of medical devices made up of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) is the largest dioxin producers in the environment.[Inflatable Bumper Bubble Soccer Ball] In addition, metals present in the medical waste act as a catalyst for dioxin formation. These are very toxic, being known carcinogenic,High Quality Common Mode Choke for EV. In India, till date, no study has been done by Government of India to estimate the level of dioxin in Indian population. In 2000, Subramanianet al. have found high level of dioxin in the human breast milk collected from New Delhi, Mumbai, and Kolkata.[10 Pieces Customized Professional Makeup Brush] Recently, in January 2017 appreciating the importance of the presence of dioxins in the environment,Forest Wood Machinery Log Fork Grabber Harvester Small Camel Wheel Loaders with Log Grapple for Sale.[Wholesale and Manufacturer 10 Ton 15ton 20 Ton Hydraulic Winch] Moreover, the incinerator ash is also hazardous and needs to be checked for the level of toxin before being sent to secured landfill. Therefore, keeping these points in consideration, most of the countries are shifting to alternative environmental friendly methods of BMW disposal. The Philippines has banned incinerator and Denmark has banned construction of incinerator.[Professional Manufacturer Pure Wolfram Wire with High Purity 99.95%,Hot Sale of (KOH) Potassium Hydroxide Flakes 90% Min-Qingdao Hiseachem]

Alternative Technology for Biomedical Waste Disposal

The various new technologies for BMW disposal are categorized into four groups – thermal, chemical processes, irradiative processes, and biological processes.LED Backlight 6 Lamps for LG Innotek Drt 3.0 32a B 6916L-1975A LV320due 32lf5800 LC320due Mg Fg A3 6916L-1701A 1704A 32lb552u.[High Strength Welding Square/ Hex Nuts From China]

Thermal processes are grouped into three – low, medium, and high.

1. Low heat technologies operate between 93°C and 177°C and include microwaves and autoclaves. In autoclave, steam is used as a method for sterilization. Autoclaves are classified based on the method for removal of air pickets – Gravity/downward displacement and prevacuum/high vacuum. Since air evacuation is more effective in autoclaves with a prevacuum or multiple vacuum cycles, these are better.New Design High Quality Lqa Strap Banding Tool. The evacuated air is disinfected before disposal into the environment by passing through a high-efficiency particulate absolute (HEPA) filter as it may contain pathogens. All infectious waste including cultures, human waste, laboratory waste, soft waste (gauze, bandages, and gowns) and sharps, and medical instruments are sterilized in autoclave. Hazardous waste and chemicals cannot be autoclaved as they release toxic emissions. Furthermore, heat resistant containers, beddings, and other bulky waste cannot be disinfected in autoclave.[High Precision CNC Hardware Aluminum Stamping Parts with OEM Service] Microwave uses moist heat and steam generated by microwave energy to disinfect. All infectious waste including human waste, laboratory waste, soft waste (gauze, bandages, and gowns), and sharps are sterilized in microwave. Volatile, semi-volatile organic compounds, mercury,Concrete Cutter Diamond Saw Blade Porcelain Tile. The advantage of using microwave for BMW disposal is minimal emissions. Its disadvantage include requirement of high capital for setup, problem of odor near the machine, and there is a chance of leak of microwave energy

2. Medium heat technologies operate between 177°C and 540°C and include reverse polymerization and thermal depolymerization. This involves the application of high-energy microwaves in nitrogen atmosphere to BMW to breakdown the organic matter. As the waste absorbs the microwave energy, its internal energy increase and chemical decomposition take place at molecular level. Nitrogen provides an oxygen-free environment so that combustion does not take place. Then, shredders are used to mutilate the waste[Reusable Plastic Concrete Formwork Making Machinery]

3. High heat technologies operate between 540°C and 8300°C and include pyrolysis – oxidation, plasma pyrolysis, induction-based pyrolysis, and lase-based pyrolysis. In pyrolysis oxidation, inside the pyrolysis chamber, the organic solid and liquid waste vaporize at high temperature (approximately 594°C) leaving behind inert ash and glass and metal fragments. This is followed by second step, wherein combustion of the vapors takes place at a temperature of 982°C –1093°C in a chamber and clean exhaust steam is later released.

Plasma pyrolysis uses plasma torches to generate plasma energy. In plasma state, the ionized gas can conduct electric current, but due to its high resistance, the electric energy is converted to heat energy. The residue generated include carbon black, vitrified glass aggregates, and metallic residues. A wide variety of waste can be destroyed in plasma-based technology – infectious waste, sharps, plastics, dialysis waste, hazardous waste, chemotherapeutic waste, chemotherapy waste, and low-level radioactive waste (Stainless Steel 2 Ball Bearing Crank Door Hinge).5-15W Round Head Full Spectrum LED Plant Grow Light, waste residue is inert and sterile, i.e., environment friendly,Cheap Wedding Card Laser Cut Wedding Invitation Card(95%) and mass (80%–90%). Its disadvantage includes high capital cost, high operation cost, high electrical usage, limited lifespan of plasma torch and may generate dioxins in poorly designed setup.[Sinotruk HOWO Truck Spare Parts Cooling Water Outlet Pipe (Wg9719530227)]

Conclusions

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References