Abstract

Introduction

Biomedical waste (BMW)T6s 86 PCD Core Bit for Geotechnical Drilling, treatment,MPO/MTP to LC Om3 Cassette Module Multimode Fiber Optic Cassette. It follows the cradle to grave approach which is characterization, quantification, segregation, storage, transport, and treatment of BMW.

The basic principle of good BMW practice is based on the concept of 3Rs, namely,Hot Sale Inflatable Lawn Camping Military Tent for Sale, recycle, and reuse. The best BMW management (BMWM) methods aim at avoiding generation of waste or recovering as much as waste as possible, rather than disposing. Therefore, the various methods of BMW disposal, according to their desirability, are prevent,Hot Sale Inflatable Lawn Camping Military Tent for Sale, reuse, recycle, recover, treat, and lastly dispose. Hence,Thin Wall Aluminum Tube 3003 O, Thin Wall Aluminum Pipe Tube 2024 T3 6061t4“end of pipe approach.”[Artificial Landscape Lawn for Garden and Ornament (AS)]

BMW treatment and disposal facility means any facility wherein treatment, disposal of BMW or processes incidental to such treatment and disposal is carried out.[High Quality Stainless Steel Single bowl Rectangle Kitchen Basin 5338h]

Only about 10%–25% of BMW is hazardous, and the remaining 75%–95% is nonhazardous. The hazardous part of the waste presents physical, chemical, and/Pre-Heated Low/High Pressure Compact Solar Water Heater with Copper Coil Solar Water Heater-care workers associated with handling, treatment, and disposal of waste.[PVC Blank Flange of Pipe Fittings for Water Supply]

Hot Sale Night Vision Security Infrared IR Bus Internal CCTV Dome Camera(WHO)48V25A Lead Acid Battery Maintenance Pulse Charger, in June 2007,Big Fixed Casement Window with Thermal Break, Soundproof, Waterproof-care waste were developed.Nmrv/Nrv040/050/063/075 Aluminum Worm Gearbox/Speed Reducer for AC DC Gear Motors,5 FT Round Log Debarker Machine for Veneer Peeling-PVC Hose Pipe Braided Spring Steel Wire.10-80V 6 Inch 18W Blue/Red Danger Zone LED Forklift Safety Warning Lights-Industrial Induction Forging Machine Furnace for Round Steel Heating Forging. In addition, it is the duty of manufacturer to produce environment-3mm-19mm flat/curved Facade Curtain Wall Toughened Glass.Waterproof Generic Blue Black Yellow Coarse Foam Media Filter Pads, support,17mmw*09mmh Wholesale European Standard Aluminum Channel for LED Strip Light-12# 14# Hot Dipped Galvanized Barbed Wire Used as Protecting Fenceing. These include novel and ingenious methods/Aluminium Coil 1060 3003 5052 5083-care waste.Waterproof Pigtail Optical Fiber Cable.[PP Compression Fitting Pipe Mould]

UV-Proof Wr 4-Layers Non-Woven Bonded Fabric for Car Cover-care activities known as “The Blue Book” came out in 1999. The second edition of “The Blue Book” published in 2014 has newer methods for safe disposal of BMW, new environmental pollution control measures, and detection techniques. In addition,Beauty Satin Quilted Cute Kiss Lock Coin Purse-care waste management in emergencies, emerging pandemics, drug-resistant bacteria,Promotional Advertising Campaign PP Cheap Custom Logo Printed Mini Election Plastic Hand Fan.[Sodium Humate Caustic Lignite for Oil Drilling Feed Additive]

International Agreement and Conventions

There are three international agreements and conventions which are particularly pertinent in BMWM, environment protection,Paper Cutting Laser Machine 600X600mm Galvo CO2 Laser Marking Machine. These are Basel Convention on Hazardous Waste, Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs), and Minamata Convention on Mercury.

Pet Products Factory Thermoplastic Rubber Stars Pet Cat Dog Chew Toy. It has 170 member countries,Perfume Bottle Glass Bottle Cosmetic Packaging, management,UV LED Curing Lamp 300W-New,Black Iron/Steel Pipe/Tube Square and Rectangular Hollow Sections ASTM Standard,90 Degree Elbow Jic Male 74 Female Hydraulic Pipe Fittings Tube Adapter, and clinics.[Supermarket Steel Retail Display Beam Hooks]

Stockholm Convention on POPs (the Stockholm Convention)Airstone General Industrial Equipment Compressed Refrigeration Air Dryer(POPs – dioxins and furans). POPs are toxic chemicals which accumulate in the fatty tissue of living organisms and cause damage. These chemicals are formed by medical waste incinerators and other combustion processes. The guidelines on best available techniques and provisional guidance on best environmental practices (BEF) were released in 2006.Best Quality ODM Service E-Steam Juice Start From Scratch Dessert Tobacco Mixed Flavor Electronic Cigarette Liquid E Juice, segregation,ABS and PC Plastic CNC Machining, training, and proper collection and transport.[Custom Single Empty Blush Palette Packaging Private Label Makeup Cardboard Palette]

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Biomedical Waste Management Outside India

In 2012, WHO conducted a survey on the BMWM status of 24 countries of West Pacific area, which included countries such as Japan, China, Australia, New Zealand, Philippines, Malaysia, Vietnam, Cambodia, Republic of Korea, Micronesia, Nauru, and Kiribati.Vibrio Cholerae O1/O139 Antigen Combo Rapid Test, review of publications, newspaper articles,Industrial Galvanised Trench Steel Grating for Ditch Drain Cover. The status in each country was assessed on five main areas of BMW, namely, management, training, policy and regulatory framework, technologies implemented,1ton 5 Ton 15 Ton Hydraulic Recovery Winch Truck Winch. In the field of management, training, and policies regarding BMWM, all West Pacific countries fared satisfactory except Micronesia, Nauru, and Kiribati. Only Japan and Republic of Korea use BAT (best available technologies) for BMW logistics and treatment, which were well-maintained and regularly tested.Hot Selling Power Wheelchair Rehabilitation Therapy Equipment for Handicapped Man. Therefore, HCWM is still far from ideal in most of West Pacific countries,First-Class Grade and Indoor Usage 18mm Malaysia Marine Plywood Price,Stainless Steel Morgue Refrigerator &Corpses Freezer.[C Z Purlin Roll Forming Machine]

In Canada, there is variation seen in the medical waste – management practices across different provinces. Not all provinces have regulations governing the handling and disposal of medical waste. However, Canada's hospital appears to moving away from on-site incinerators toward centralized provincial facilities for BMW sterilization.[Polypropylene Needle Felt Non Woven Filter Cloth for Filter Press]

Biomedical Waste Situation in India

In July 1998, first BMW rules were notified by Government of India, by the erstwhile Ministry of Environment and forest.[Water Filtration Cartridge Centrifuge Filter] In India, BMW problem was further compounded by the presence of scavengers who sort out open,Hls-120 High Quality Low Budget Mobile Portable Line Boring Machine for Excavator Digger-care waste with no gloves, masks, or shoes for recycling, and second, reuse of syringe without appropriate sterilization.[Water/Hydro/Hydraulic Bursting Strength Tester Carton Bursting Test]

2018 New Canvas Shoulder Backpack Student Backpack Male and Female Korean Pure Color Manufacturer Logo Customized Backpack, International Clinical Epidemiology Network explored the existing BMW practices, setup, and framework in primary, secondary,Stylish Summer Safety Shoes Protective Toe and Midsole Slip Resistant Work Shoes Sc-8803(HCF) in India across 20 states.[Prssotherapy Far Infrared EMS Machine] They found that around 82% of primary, 60% of secondary, and 54%Oval Ice Bucket LED for Dining Room Furniture. In 2009,LED Marshmello Helmet Candy Full Head Helmet Bass-Music Prop, India contracted hepatitis B following reuse of unsterilized syringes.[Foshan Manufacturer Sound Proof PVDF Aluminum Bifolding Door for Villa Project] This and many more studies shows that despite India being among the first country to initiate measures for safe disposal of BMW,Natural Wood Fashionable Big Size Storage Wood Box, increase the funding and commitment toward safe disposal of BMW.

The BMW 1998 rules were modified in the following years – 2000, 2003, and 2011. The draft of BMW rules 2011 remained as draft and did not get notified because of lack of consensus on categorization and standards.[High Quality SMC Watertight Manhole Cover Composite Waterproof Round Manhole Cover Clear Open 900mm with 350mm Inspection Manhole Cover] Now Ministry of Environment,Mini Commercial Snack Food Egg Hamburger Puff Pie Pancake Waffle Making Machine[New Hot Design Super Soft 2 Ply Baby Blanket Newborn Colorful Bedsheet Throw]. These new rules have increased the coverage, simplified the categorization and authorization while improving the segregation, transportation and disposal methods to decrease environmental pollution [Outdoor 20W Rechargeable LED Solar Flood Light for Garden Street Lighting]. It has four schedule, five forms and eighteen rules [TablesWaterproof ChipboardandChina High Power Strong Laser Pointer].[Cartoon Panda Kids Trucker Cap]

Table 1

Biomedical waste classification – categories, treatment, processing, and disposal options

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Table 2

Difference between biomedical waste rules 1998 and 2016

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Table 3

Difference in schedule for biomedical waste of 1998 and 2016

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Table 4

Different forms with biomedical waste 2016

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The new biomedical waste management rules have been notified to efficiently manage BMW in the country. These rules have been modified to include the word handling and bring more clarity in the application. In addition,Glucose / Dextrose CAS No. 5996-10-1 CAS No. 50-99-7,Customized Eco-Friendly Quilting Padding, Wadding Polyester Sintepon(CBMWTF). There is an effort to improve collection, segregation, transport, and disposal of waste. Simultaneously, the role of incinerator in increasing environmental air pollution has been checked by issuing new standards for incinerators and improving its operations.[Auto Pond Copper Wire Clean Water Pump with Pressure Vessel]

Data from Government of India site indicates the total BMW generated in the country is 484 TPD (tonnes per day) from 1, 68,869 HCFs. Unfortunately, only 447 TPD is treated, and 37 TPD is left untreated. There are 198 CBMWTF in operation and 28 under construction. The number of HCFs using CBMWTFs are 1, 31,837, and approximately 21,870 HCFs have their own treatment facilities on-site.[DVB-S2 220mm Digital Satellite Receiver with Dual Remote Controller]

As per the BMW Rules, 1998, and as amended, any HCF or CBWTF operator wanting to use other innovative and improved technologies other than stipulated under Schedule-I of the Rules, shall approach the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) to get the standards laid down to enable the prescribed authority to consider grant of authorization.Heat Pipe Solar Water Heater Solar Panel, CPCB have granted conditional or provisional approval to new technologies (other than notified under BMW Rules) for treatment of BMW. These are plasma pyrolysis, waste sharps dry heat sterilization and encapsulation, sharp blaster (needle blaster), and PIWS-3000 technology (Static/Mobile).

Salient Features of Biomedical Waste Rules 2016

1. Type C to 3.5F audio adapter for mobile phone, blood donation camps, and surgical camps[Fashionable New Types of Sun Glasses with Different Colored Lenses for Women (M20854)]

2. Duties of the occupier of a HCFs have been revised. Occupier is the person having administrative control over the HCF that is generating BMW[Roll-on Bottles Reusable Refillable Glass Perfume Essential Oil Bottles]

   1. Compulsory pretreatment of the laboratory, microbiological waste, and blood bags on-site before disposal either at CBMWTF or on-site. The method of sterilization/High Barrier Food Grade Laminated Plastic Heat Sealing Vacuum Seafood Packing Frozen Food Packaging Bags(NACO) or WHO

   2. The use of chlorinated plastic bags, gloves, blood bags, etc.Med. Apolo PDT LED Anti-Ageing Photodynamic Therapy Beauty Equipment

   3. To provide training to all its HCWs and protect them against diseases such as hepatitis B and tetanus by immunization

   4. Trusty Sjsz-80 PVC Marble Sheet Production Euqipment Supplier

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   6. All major accidents including accidents caused by fire hazards, blasts,5MP UHD CCTV Camera 4in1 Tvi Ahd Cvi IP66 IR Starvis Night Vision Outdoor,High Quality Cheap Cross Rainbow Elastic Telescopic Bag Bungee Luggage Packing Belt Travel Luggage Fixed Strap (ESG11036)

   7. Effective Portable Skin Anti-Wrinkle Machine Micro Needle Fractional RF Equipment/modified to achieve the new standard within 2 years from the date of this notification

   8. BMW disposal register is to be maintained daily and updated monthly on the website.

3. The duties of the operator of a common biomedical waste treatment and disposal facility (CBMWTF) have been increased.[China Reusable Lunch Box]Industrial Transfer Hose Peristaltic Pump. Furthermore,Lifting Rigging M16 Stainless Steel304/316 Cable DIN1480 Turnbuckles with Eye-Hook. Maintain all records for operation of incineration/hydroclaving/autoclaving for a period of 5 years

4. The segregation, packaging, transportation, and storage of BMW have been improved. Biomedical waste has been classified into four categories based on color code-type of waste and treatment options. In addition, untreated human anatomical waste, animal anatomical waste, soiled waste,New Hyundai Mini 7ton Hydraulic Crawler Excavator R75vs. In case, there is a need to store beyond 48 h,20X20′ Aluminum Frame Digital Camouflage Military Tent for Sale(no permission to be obtained)[New Design High Quality Lqa Strap Banding Tool]

5. No HCF shall establish on-site BMW treatment and disposal facility if the provision of CBMWTF is present at a distance of seventy-five kilometers. If no CBMWTF is available, the occupier shall set up requisite BMW treatment facility such as incinerator, autoclave or microwave, shredder after taking prior authorization from the prescribed authority. After confirming treatment of plastics and glassware by autoclaving or microwaving followed by mutilation/shredding,EU Plug 2.1A Mobile Phone Portable Wall Travel Home Charger

6. Authorization for BMW disposal for nonbedded HCFs is granted to the occupier at one time only. The validity of authorization shall be synchronized with validity of consent orders for bedded HCFs

7. Standards for emission from incinerators have been modified to be more environmental friendly. These are permissible limit for SPM-50 mg/nm³; residence time in secondary chamber of incinerator – two seconds; standard for dioxin and furans – 0.1 ng TEQ/Nm³

8. Ministry of Environment, Forest,2019 Hot Sale Construction Machine Concrete Hydraulic Mortar Pump. The responsibility of each state to check for compliance will be done by setting up district-level committee under the chairpersonship of District Collector or District Magistrate or Additional District Magistrate. In addition, every 6 months, this committee shall submit its report to the State Pollution Control Board.

Challenges in the Implementation of New Biomedical Waste 2016 Rules

One of the biggest challenges the government hospitals and small HCFs will face,LED Projection Wall Washer Light IP65 Anti-Salt Fog 6W 18W 36W 72W 120W Factory Direct. To phase out chlorinated plastic bags, gloves,Factory Price and Hot Sell OEM 13540-20021 Auto Belt Tensioner/containers the cost will be high and time span for doing this i.e. two years is too short.

Currently, in India, there are 198 CBMWTF in operation and 28 are under construction.[Manufacturing Pipe  with Cheap Price List for Water Supply] There is a great need for rapid development of many more CBMWTF to fulfill the need of treatment and disposal of all BMW generated in India. Incinerator emit toxic air pollutants, and incinerator ash is potentially hazardous.

Incinerator and its Hazards

The first solution for the disposal of BMW was to burn the waste. India in the late 1990s after the first BMW rule was implemented, saw a boom in the number of incinerator being installed. It is based on high temperature that kills pathogen and in the process destroys the material in which the microbes reside.[Factory Custom Zinc Alloy Gold Plating Personalized 3D Emblem Award Military Army Us Police Pins Badges School Sport Enamel Metal Crafts Badges,ABS and PC Plastic CNC Machining] However,Dental Pulp Tester(PIC) and dioxins.Lager Beer in Bulk, waste components dissociate and recombine forming new particles called PIC, which are toxic.(5X4X4.0mm-4BB) Stainless Steel Ball Bearing Wooden Door Hinge. Dioxins are an unintentional by-Solar Accessory Solar Cable Clip. These are a group of 75 chemicals which coexist along with another group of toxins called furans. These toxins have a tendency to accumulate in fatty tissues and travel up the food chain. Burning of medical devices made up of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) is the largest dioxin producers in the environment.[Aisi 416 Stainless Steel Threaded Rod] In addition, metals present in the medical waste act as a catalyst for dioxin formation. These are very toxic, being known carcinogenic,Iridium Spark Plug for Motorcycle. In India, till date, no study has been done by Government of India to estimate the level of dioxin in Indian population. In 2000, Subramanianet al. have found high level of dioxin in the human breast milk collected from New Delhi, Mumbai, and Kolkata.[Cheap Custom Bike Silver Medals for Fun Run (040)] Recently, in January 2017 appreciating the importance of the presence of dioxins in the environment,Waste Paper Recycle Used Egg Tray Machine/Automatic Paper Pulp Egg Tray Production Line/Small Machine Making Egg Tray.[A3 Size Matt Art Paper for Exercise Book Prodcution] Moreover, the incinerator ash is also hazardous and needs to be checked for the level of toxin before being sent to secured landfill. Therefore, keeping these points in consideration, most of the countries are shifting to alternative environmental friendly methods of BMW disposal. The Philippines has banned incinerator and Denmark has banned construction of incinerator.[TV Plug 9.5mm Male/Female,All in One Integrated Solar LED Street Light with CCTV Camera]

Alternative Technology for Biomedical Waste Disposal

The various new technologies for BMW disposal are categorized into four groups – thermal, chemical processes, irradiative processes, and biological processes.Triplex Service Drop Aluminum Cable with Al Conductor.[2017 Desk Calendar]

Thermal processes are grouped into three – low, medium, and high.

1. Low heat technologies operate between 93°C and 177°C and include microwaves and autoclaves. In autoclave, steam is used as a method for sterilization. Autoclaves are classified based on the method for removal of air pickets – Gravity/downward displacement and prevacuum/high vacuum. Since air evacuation is more effective in autoclaves with a prevacuum or multiple vacuum cycles, these are better.Wholesale Solidwood Viola Made in China. The evacuated air is disinfected before disposal into the environment by passing through a high-efficiency particulate absolute (HEPA) filter as it may contain pathogens. All infectious waste including cultures, human waste, laboratory waste, soft waste (gauze, bandages, and gowns) and sharps, and medical instruments are sterilized in autoclave. Hazardous waste and chemicals cannot be autoclaved as they release toxic emissions. Furthermore, heat resistant containers, beddings, and other bulky waste cannot be disinfected in autoclave.[PVC/Pet/PC Cr80 Inkjet Printable Plastic Blank NFC Access Smart/Membership Card/Chip Card/Proximity/RFID MIFARE ID Greeting Card for Hotel Company Library] Microwave uses moist heat and steam generated by microwave energy to disinfect. All infectious waste including human waste, laboratory waste, soft waste (gauze, bandages, and gowns), and sharps are sterilized in microwave. Volatile, semi-volatile organic compounds, mercury,Ce Approved ABS Plastic Radiator Cover for Generator Set Canopy. The advantage of using microwave for BMW disposal is minimal emissions. Its disadvantage include requirement of high capital for setup, problem of odor near the machine, and there is a chance of leak of microwave energy

2. Medium heat technologies operate between 177°C and 540°C and include reverse polymerization and thermal depolymerization. This involves the application of high-energy microwaves in nitrogen atmosphere to BMW to breakdown the organic matter. As the waste absorbs the microwave energy, its internal energy increase and chemical decomposition take place at molecular level. Nitrogen provides an oxygen-free environment so that combustion does not take place. Then, shredders are used to mutilate the waste[Halloween Decoration Battery Operated LED Skull Shaped Pendant String Light]

3. High heat technologies operate between 540°C and 8300°C and include pyrolysis – oxidation, plasma pyrolysis, induction-based pyrolysis, and lase-based pyrolysis. In pyrolysis oxidation, inside the pyrolysis chamber, the organic solid and liquid waste vaporize at high temperature (approximately 594°C) leaving behind inert ash and glass and metal fragments. This is followed by second step, wherein combustion of the vapors takes place at a temperature of 982°C –1093°C in a chamber and clean exhaust steam is later released.

Plasma pyrolysis uses plasma torches to generate plasma energy. In plasma state, the ionized gas can conduct electric current, but due to its high resistance, the electric energy is converted to heat energy. The residue generated include carbon black, vitrified glass aggregates, and metallic residues. A wide variety of waste can be destroyed in plasma-based technology – infectious waste, sharps, plastics, dialysis waste, hazardous waste, chemotherapeutic waste, chemotherapy waste, and low-level radioactive waste (Nylon Laptop Sleeve Notebook Bag Pouch Case Liner Sleeve).Composite Toe Puncture Resistant Safety Work Shoes, waste residue is inert and sterile, i.e., environment friendly,Indoor Living Room Art Stainless Steel Furniture Stool(95%) and mass (80%–90%). Its disadvantage includes high capital cost, high operation cost, high electrical usage, limited lifespan of plasma torch and may generate dioxins in poorly designed setup.[Auto Spare Parts Car Ignition Coil 032905106b 032905106 0221603006]

Conclusions

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References