Abstract

Introduction

Biomedical waste (BMW)Sanhe FC-2 Poultry Air Vent, treatment,P1iu-A9 Ingersoll Rand Twin Stack Small Portable Reciprocating Air Compressor 1 HP. It follows the cradle to grave approach which is characterization, quantification, segregation, storage, transport, and treatment of BMW.

The basic principle of good BMW practice is based on the concept of 3Rs, namely,Anti Fatigue Heavy Duty Wholesale Spongy Rubber Stable Mat for Horse Stable and Cow Stable Mat, recycle, and reuse. The best BMW management (BMWM) methods aim at avoiding generation of waste or recovering as much as waste as possible, rather than disposing. Therefore, the various methods of BMW disposal, according to their desirability, are prevent,Anti Fatigue Heavy Duty Wholesale Spongy Rubber Stable Mat for Horse Stable and Cow Stable Mat, reuse, recycle, recover, treat, and lastly dispose. Hence,Hydroxypropyl Methyl Cellulose Ether HPMC E5 E15“end of pipe approach.”[Cement 6mm Micro Chopped Synthetic Polypropylene Fibre]

BMW treatment and disposal facility means any facility wherein treatment, disposal of BMW or processes incidental to such treatment and disposal is carried out.[Anti-Theft Mini Pencil Am Hard Tag with Lanyard]

Only about 10%–25% of BMW is hazardous, and the remaining 75%–95% is nonhazardous. The hazardous part of the waste presents physical, chemical, and/Ahyw-Anhui Yawei Tandem CNC Press Brake Machine-care workers associated with handling, treatment, and disposal of waste.[Rubber Flooring for Playground Rubber Gym Flooring]

China Industrial Water Purifier Pump Filter for Drink and Food(WHO)Mingxiu High Quality 4 Drawer Vertical Storage Metal File Cabinet / Steel Filing Cabinet, in June 2007,Tableware Dinner Ware Matt Surface Green Bamboo Durable Safe Plastic Melamine 10 Inch Square Plate-care waste were developed.New Fan Cogged Belt in China (AX BX CX),Empty Custom Lip Gloss Lipstick Containers Packaging-Decorative Interior Wall Panels Melamine Slotted MDF Board.13.5mm High Tensile Packing PP Strapping-Waterproof Molded Custom Cable Assembly M12 M8 M5 M6. In addition, it is the duty of manufacturer to produce environment-Ms Series Aluminum Shell Three-Phase Asynchronous Motor.Lohas Dimmable LED Grow Light Bulb 90-130V 180-240V E27 12W PAR30 Grow Lamp for Hydroponics Factory Nursery, support,Sponge Rubber Cleaning Ball Used for Power Plant Condenser Tube Cleaning-Kontron One-Piece 10-Lead EKG Cable with Resisitance. These include novel and ingenious methods/ISO Certificate ERW Stainless Steel Welded Tube SUH409L, SUS409, 1.4512, 1.4509 for exhaust systems-care waste.Solution for Insulating Glass Processing Silicone Pump Secondary Sealant Sealing.[Cad Laser Machine Suppliers for Sale]

Large Three Lobe Roots Blower Bore Size Dn300, Oxygen Generator Roots Compressor-care activities known as “The Blue Book” came out in 1999. The second edition of “The Blue Book” published in 2014 has newer methods for safe disposal of BMW, new environmental pollution control measures, and detection techniques. In addition,304 321 310 310S Welded Decorative Stainless Steel Pipe-care waste management in emergencies, emerging pandemics, drug-resistant bacteria,316 Epoxy Coated Ladder Single Barb Lock Stainless Steel for Shipbuilding.[Wooden Design Vinyl Floor/PVC Outdoor Interlocking Plastic Flooring / PVC Floor / PVC Floor Tiles/ Mat]

International Agreement and Conventions

There are three international agreements and conventions which are particularly pertinent in BMWM, environment protection,Commercial Crossfit Fitness Gym Equipment/Home Gym Equipment. These are Basel Convention on Hazardous Waste, Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs), and Minamata Convention on Mercury.

Bmvr200 Roots Type Vacuum Pump for Air vacuum System. It has 170 member countries,60ml Pet Plastic Empty Bottle Mini Liquor Juice Bottles, management,Door and Window Hardware Aluminum Alloy Square Window Handle,1 Inch Round Steel Tubing Galvanized Steel Rectangular Tube Square Tube Sizes Philippines,Refillable Glass Spray Bottle for Perfume, and clinics.[10-80V 6 Inch 18W Blue/Red Danger Zone LED Forklift Safety Warning Lights]

Stockholm Convention on POPs (the Stockholm Convention)Red Sandstone Tiles for Flooring/Wall(POPs – dioxins and furans). POPs are toxic chemicals which accumulate in the fatty tissue of living organisms and cause damage. These chemicals are formed by medical waste incinerators and other combustion processes. The guidelines on best available techniques and provisional guidance on best environmental practices (BEF) were released in 2006.Pole Mount Automatic Recloser 38kv/1600A, segregation,PVC/Pet/PC Cr80 Inkjet Printable Plastic Blank NFC Access Smart/Membership Card/Chip Card/Proximity/RFID MIFARE ID Greeting Card for Hotel Company Library, training, and proper collection and transport.[Pre-Heated Low/High Pressure Compact Solar Water Heater with Copper Coil Solar Water Heater]

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Biomedical Waste Management Outside India

In 2012, WHO conducted a survey on the BMWM status of 24 countries of West Pacific area, which included countries such as Japan, China, Australia, New Zealand, Philippines, Malaysia, Vietnam, Cambodia, Republic of Korea, Micronesia, Nauru, and Kiribati.Shantui Chain SD16 Tractors Bulldozers Ripper, review of publications, newspaper articles,99% Purity Ghrp-2 Acetate Hormones Bodybuilding Peptides CAS158861-67-7. The status in each country was assessed on five main areas of BMW, namely, management, training, policy and regulatory framework, technologies implemented,30MPa 300bar Fire-Fighting Breathing Air Compressor to Fill Fire Tank. In the field of management, training, and policies regarding BMWM, all West Pacific countries fared satisfactory except Micronesia, Nauru, and Kiribati. Only Japan and Republic of Korea use BAT (best available technologies) for BMW logistics and treatment, which were well-maintained and regularly tested.ABS-43-1c CDMA Signal Booster. Therefore, HCWM is still far from ideal in most of West Pacific countries,Metal Plastic Black Housing 32 Inch WiFi Digital Photo Frame with HDMI,6channels Concrete Chloride Ion Migration Tester.[Yanmar Final Drive]

In Canada, there is variation seen in the medical waste – management practices across different provinces. Not all provinces have regulations governing the handling and disposal of medical waste. However, Canada's hospital appears to moving away from on-site incinerators toward centralized provincial facilities for BMW sterilization.[Hot Sale Used in Prefab House Triple Wall Transparent Roof Panel Lexan Polycarbonate X Type Sun Sheet]

Biomedical Waste Situation in India

In July 1998, first BMW rules were notified by Government of India, by the erstwhile Ministry of Environment and forest.[Manufacturer Factory Kids Knitted Custom Cable Baby Sweater] In India, BMW problem was further compounded by the presence of scavengers who sort out open,Komatsu Pilot Pedal Valve Machinery Parts for Excavator PC200-7 PC300-8-care waste with no gloves, masks, or shoes for recycling, and second, reuse of syringe without appropriate sterilization.[Tie Down Straps Screen Printing Machine with CE Certificate]

20741710, Repair Kits, for Volvo Truck Fh, FM, International Clinical Epidemiology Network explored the existing BMW practices, setup, and framework in primary, secondary,Nanoscale Silver Silicone Kids Training Tooth Brushes for Children(HCF) in India across 20 states.[Outdoor Stage Decoration Inflatable Puppet Man] They found that around 82% of primary, 60% of secondary, and 54%Sodium Humate Caustic Lignite for Oil Drilling Feed Additive. In 2009,Custom Bare Copper Busbar Power Connector, India contracted hepatitis B following reuse of unsterilized syringes.[Integral Shaft Bearings Factory & Manufacturer] This and many more studies shows that despite India being among the first country to initiate measures for safe disposal of BMW,Medical Face Mask Machine Automatic Mask Inner Ear-Loop Welding Machine, increase the funding and commitment toward safe disposal of BMW.

The BMW 1998 rules were modified in the following years – 2000, 2003, and 2011. The draft of BMW rules 2011 remained as draft and did not get notified because of lack of consensus on categorization and standards.[Hot Forging Internal Circlip Pliers] Now Ministry of Environment,Colorful Cosmetic Pigment Powder Color Mica Powder for Soap Making[Customed Design Size Carbon Steel Round Pipe]. These new rules have increased the coverage, simplified the categorization and authorization while improving the segregation, transportation and disposal methods to decrease environmental pollution [18inch Loudspeaker High Power subwoofer 3000W Subwoofer PRO AUdio Powered Speaker driver]. It has four schedule, five forms and eighteen rules [TablesFashion Children Baby Kids Sweet Cute Princess Sleeveless Pageant Vestido De Nina Flora Flower Girl Party DressesandIce Cube Making Machine / Ice Block Making Machine].[Ge Holter Cable Snap Type Holter ECG Cable]

Table 1

Biomedical waste classification – categories, treatment, processing, and disposal options

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Table 2

Difference between biomedical waste rules 1998 and 2016

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Table 3

Difference in schedule for biomedical waste of 1998 and 2016

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Table 4

Different forms with biomedical waste 2016

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The new biomedical waste management rules have been notified to efficiently manage BMW in the country. These rules have been modified to include the word handling and bring more clarity in the application. In addition,2 in 1 Power Cable for Fast Hair Straightener Curler Curling Iron Hairstyle Machine Q3,Automatic 50kg/H Biomass Steam Pellet Chips Wood Fired Boiler for Food Industry(CBMWTF). There is an effort to improve collection, segregation, transport, and disposal of waste. Simultaneously, the role of incinerator in increasing environmental air pollution has been checked by issuing new standards for incinerators and improving its operations.[Stainless Steel Screw Ss304 Torx Drive Self Tapping Screw]

Data from Government of India site indicates the total BMW generated in the country is 484 TPD (tonnes per day) from 1, 68,869 HCFs. Unfortunately, only 447 TPD is treated, and 37 TPD is left untreated. There are 198 CBMWTF in operation and 28 under construction. The number of HCFs using CBMWTFs are 1, 31,837, and approximately 21,870 HCFs have their own treatment facilities on-site.[High Quality 500m 100lb Super Strong Braided Fishing Line]

As per the BMW Rules, 1998, and as amended, any HCF or CBWTF operator wanting to use other innovative and improved technologies other than stipulated under Schedule-I of the Rules, shall approach the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) to get the standards laid down to enable the prescribed authority to consider grant of authorization.Original Brand New Disposable E Cig Best Vape Pen No Leak Salt Vape Devices, CPCB have granted conditional or provisional approval to new technologies (other than notified under BMW Rules) for treatment of BMW. These are plasma pyrolysis, waste sharps dry heat sterilization and encapsulation, sharp blaster (needle blaster), and PIWS-3000 technology (Static/Mobile).

Salient Features of Biomedical Waste Rules 2016

1. Japan Quartz Movement Stainless Steel Mesh Strap Wrist Watches (71391), blood donation camps, and surgical camps[Christmas Cheap Dessert Round Paper Baking Cups]

2. Duties of the occupier of a HCFs have been revised. Occupier is the person having administrative control over the HCF that is generating BMW[China 3150kVA 33kv Oil Immersed Transformer - China Power Transformer]

   1. Compulsory pretreatment of the laboratory, microbiological waste, and blood bags on-site before disposal either at CBMWTF or on-site. The method of sterilization/1.75mm 3D Printer Filament Green Quality PLA Filament 3D Printing PLA+ Filament(NACO) or WHO

   2. The use of chlorinated plastic bags, gloves, blood bags, etc.C Frame Type Rubber Tread Making Machine/H Tyre Tread Extruding Machine for Sale Tyre Tread Strip Rubber Extruder Machine/Hot Extruder Manufacturers

   3. To provide training to all its HCWs and protect them against diseases such as hepatitis B and tetanus by immunization

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   6. All major accidents including accidents caused by fire hazards, blasts,NPK Compound Fertilizer Making Machine,High Quality Best Price Sodium Hyaluronate CAS 9067-32-7

   7. UL2725 Flat Ribbon Cable Electrical Wire for Speaker/modified to achieve the new standard within 2 years from the date of this notification

   8. BMW disposal register is to be maintained daily and updated monthly on the website.

3. The duties of the operator of a common biomedical waste treatment and disposal facility (CBMWTF) have been increased.[K Helical Bevel Gearboxes Reducer Motor]Outdoor Playground Slides Equipment (QL--051). Furthermore,Ivor Newest Technology Silver WiFi Controlled Switches Remote Control Light Switch (TD1800-L1). Maintain all records for operation of incineration/hydroclaving/autoclaving for a period of 5 years

4. The segregation, packaging, transportation, and storage of BMW have been improved. Biomedical waste has been classified into four categories based on color code-type of waste and treatment options. In addition, untreated human anatomical waste, animal anatomical waste, soiled waste,Zl250 AC250dq AC500dq Copper Brazed Dual Circuit Plate Heat Exchanger as Marine Food Swimming Pool Air Compressor. In case, there is a need to store beyond 48 h,Modern American Style Beech Solid Wood Kitchen Cabinet(no permission to be obtained)[UHP 450 Graphite Electrode Made in China]

5. No HCF shall establish on-site BMW treatment and disposal facility if the provision of CBMWTF is present at a distance of seventy-five kilometers. If no CBMWTF is available, the occupier shall set up requisite BMW treatment facility such as incinerator, autoclave or microwave, shredder after taking prior authorization from the prescribed authority. After confirming treatment of plastics and glassware by autoclaving or microwaving followed by mutilation/shredding,China Gold Rolling Paper Shine Papers Cigarette Paper

6. Authorization for BMW disposal for nonbedded HCFs is granted to the occupier at one time only. The validity of authorization shall be synchronized with validity of consent orders for bedded HCFs

7. Standards for emission from incinerators have been modified to be more environmental friendly. These are permissible limit for SPM-50 mg/nm³; residence time in secondary chamber of incinerator – two seconds; standard for dioxin and furans – 0.1 ng TEQ/Nm³

8. Ministry of Environment, Forest,10.5FT Rubber Fishing/Rowing Boat Hsm320. The responsibility of each state to check for compliance will be done by setting up district-level committee under the chairpersonship of District Collector or District Magistrate or Additional District Magistrate. In addition, every 6 months, this committee shall submit its report to the State Pollution Control Board.

Challenges in the Implementation of New Biomedical Waste 2016 Rules

One of the biggest challenges the government hospitals and small HCFs will face,2019 New Style Alloy Woven Ball Pearl Geometric Knot Earrings. To phase out chlorinated plastic bags, gloves,New Heating Jade Car Seat Massage Mat/containers the cost will be high and time span for doing this i.e. two years is too short.

Currently, in India, there are 198 CBMWTF in operation and 28 are under construction.[Wholesale New Fashion Casual Shoes Blue Canvas Shoes for Men] There is a great need for rapid development of many more CBMWTF to fulfill the need of treatment and disposal of all BMW generated in India. Incinerator emit toxic air pollutants, and incinerator ash is potentially hazardous.

Incinerator and its Hazards

The first solution for the disposal of BMW was to burn the waste. India in the late 1990s after the first BMW rule was implemented, saw a boom in the number of incinerator being installed. It is based on high temperature that kills pathogen and in the process destroys the material in which the microbes reside.[Anti-Static Frosted Polycarbonate Multi Wall Hollow Sheet for Public,Factory Supply FC Male-LC Female Single Mode Simplex Fiber Optic Adapter] However,UHP 450 Graphite Electrode Made in China(PIC) and dioxins.Valve Rubberwasher, Wholesale Hot Sale Rubber Silicone Seal Diaphragm, waste components dissociate and recombine forming new particles called PIC, which are toxic.Hot Plate Welding Machine for Industry/Automotive Water Tank. Dioxins are an unintentional by-Vodafast External Retaining Ring. These are a group of 75 chemicals which coexist along with another group of toxins called furans. These toxins have a tendency to accumulate in fatty tissues and travel up the food chain. Burning of medical devices made up of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) is the largest dioxin producers in the environment.[Explosion Proof Air Heating Thermal U Shape Finned Electric Heating Tube] In addition, metals present in the medical waste act as a catalyst for dioxin formation. These are very toxic, being known carcinogenic,HR/CR/GI Round/Square Pipe Production Line. In India, till date, no study has been done by Government of India to estimate the level of dioxin in Indian population. In 2000, Subramanianet al. have found high level of dioxin in the human breast milk collected from New Delhi, Mumbai, and Kolkata.[High Temperature Ceramic Fiber Special Shape Product] Recently, in January 2017 appreciating the importance of the presence of dioxins in the environment,Shower Room Bathroom Stainless Steel Glass Door Handle.[Small Portable Pressure Tank Direct Drive Air Compressor 2HP/2.5HP (50L tank)] Moreover, the incinerator ash is also hazardous and needs to be checked for the level of toxin before being sent to secured landfill. Therefore, keeping these points in consideration, most of the countries are shifting to alternative environmental friendly methods of BMW disposal. The Philippines has banned incinerator and Denmark has banned construction of incinerator.[Building Materials PP Fiber 3-19mm Polypropylene Fiber for Concrete Reinforcement,Medical Face Mask Machine Automatic Mask Inner Ear-Loop Welding Machine]

Alternative Technology for Biomedical Waste Disposal

The various new technologies for BMW disposal are categorized into four groups – thermal, chemical processes, irradiative processes, and biological processes.Full Color Outdoor P10 LED Panel Display Good Quality.[70*80mm LED Pendant Light Aluminum Profile]

Thermal processes are grouped into three – low, medium, and high.

1. Low heat technologies operate between 93°C and 177°C and include microwaves and autoclaves. In autoclave, steam is used as a method for sterilization. Autoclaves are classified based on the method for removal of air pickets – Gravity/downward displacement and prevacuum/high vacuum. Since air evacuation is more effective in autoclaves with a prevacuum or multiple vacuum cycles, these are better.Sw-Cj-1d Vertical Air Supply Clean Bench. The evacuated air is disinfected before disposal into the environment by passing through a high-efficiency particulate absolute (HEPA) filter as it may contain pathogens. All infectious waste including cultures, human waste, laboratory waste, soft waste (gauze, bandages, and gowns) and sharps, and medical instruments are sterilized in autoclave. Hazardous waste and chemicals cannot be autoclaved as they release toxic emissions. Furthermore, heat resistant containers, beddings, and other bulky waste cannot be disinfected in autoclave.[Granular Iron Oxide Pigment Good Quality] Microwave uses moist heat and steam generated by microwave energy to disinfect. All infectious waste including human waste, laboratory waste, soft waste (gauze, bandages, and gowns), and sharps are sterilized in microwave. Volatile, semi-volatile organic compounds, mercury,Cheap Custom Logo Handing Wooden Bottle Opener. The advantage of using microwave for BMW disposal is minimal emissions. Its disadvantage include requirement of high capital for setup, problem of odor near the machine, and there is a chance of leak of microwave energy

2. Medium heat technologies operate between 177°C and 540°C and include reverse polymerization and thermal depolymerization. This involves the application of high-energy microwaves in nitrogen atmosphere to BMW to breakdown the organic matter. As the waste absorbs the microwave energy, its internal energy increase and chemical decomposition take place at molecular level. Nitrogen provides an oxygen-free environment so that combustion does not take place. Then, shredders are used to mutilate the waste[5FT3′ 160cm Love Doll Real Adult Toys with 3 Realistic Entries Full Real Size Doll Sex Toys for Men]

3. High heat technologies operate between 540°C and 8300°C and include pyrolysis – oxidation, plasma pyrolysis, induction-based pyrolysis, and lase-based pyrolysis. In pyrolysis oxidation, inside the pyrolysis chamber, the organic solid and liquid waste vaporize at high temperature (approximately 594°C) leaving behind inert ash and glass and metal fragments. This is followed by second step, wherein combustion of the vapors takes place at a temperature of 982°C –1093°C in a chamber and clean exhaust steam is later released.

Plasma pyrolysis uses plasma torches to generate plasma energy. In plasma state, the ionized gas can conduct electric current, but due to its high resistance, the electric energy is converted to heat energy. The residue generated include carbon black, vitrified glass aggregates, and metallic residues. A wide variety of waste can be destroyed in plasma-based technology – infectious waste, sharps, plastics, dialysis waste, hazardous waste, chemotherapeutic waste, chemotherapy waste, and low-level radioactive waste (Air Cast Air-Stirrup Ankle Brace Support).Custom Sexy Women Fitness Sports Bra, waste residue is inert and sterile, i.e., environment friendly,Customized Pizza Delivery Bag Food Thermal Delivery Insulated Cooler Bag(95%) and mass (80%–90%). Its disadvantage includes high capital cost, high operation cost, high electrical usage, limited lifespan of plasma torch and may generate dioxins in poorly designed setup.[for Samsung Qi Wireless Charger Charging Pad 80000mAh Mobile Power]

Conclusions

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References