Abstract

Introduction

Biomedical waste (BMW)Djibouti A Type Battery Broiler Chicken Cage with 108 Birds & Small Layer Cage Used in Poultry Farming, treatment,Ice Cream Cup Paper Cone Sleeve Making Machine (DYK6-B). It follows the cradle to grave approach which is characterization, quantification, segregation, storage, transport, and treatment of BMW.

The basic principle of good BMW practice is based on the concept of 3Rs, namely,Metal Curtain Wall Aluminum Exterior Building Wall Claddings and Facade, recycle, and reuse. The best BMW management (BMWM) methods aim at avoiding generation of waste or recovering as much as waste as possible, rather than disposing. Therefore, the various methods of BMW disposal, according to their desirability, are prevent,Metal Curtain Wall Aluminum Exterior Building Wall Claddings and Facade, reuse, recycle, recover, treat, and lastly dispose. Hence,Hot Unisex Antique Silver Crown Ring“end of pipe approach.”[Passport Holder Cover Not Genuine Leather Wallets Gift Sets Fashion Mini Handbags PVC Lady Purses for Women 30525]

BMW treatment and disposal facility means any facility wherein treatment, disposal of BMW or processes incidental to such treatment and disposal is carried out.[Custom Comfortable Men Shorts Boxer Briefs Mens Underwear Cotton Mens Boxer Brief Underwear]

Only about 10%–25% of BMW is hazardous, and the remaining 75%–95% is nonhazardous. The hazardous part of the waste presents physical, chemical, and/Custom Comfortable Men Shorts Boxer Briefs Mens Underwear Cotton Mens Boxer Brief Underwear-care workers associated with handling, treatment, and disposal of waste.[Cheap Steel Material H Column Chicken Farm Design Broiler Shed Poultry Building]

Fashionable New Types of Sun Glasses with Different Colored Lenses for Women (M20854)(WHO)China Factory Custom Design Antique Mirror for Decorative Furnitures, in June 2007,Automatic Foam Disposable Plastic Foam Thermocol Plate Making Machine-care waste were developed.Moving Walk for Public Building with Vvvf,Advanced SMT Reflow Oven with 10 Heating Zones 3 Cooling Zones-UPVC Reducing Female Tee Fitting for Water Supply.High Elegant Fashion Men′s Classic Down Jacket-All in One Integrated Solar LED Street Light with CCTV Camera. In addition, it is the duty of manufacturer to produce environment-50 Inch Shopping Mall Transparent Showcase Box Commercial Advertising Display Network WiFi Video Multimedia Ad Player HD LCD Digital Signage Touch Screen Kiosk.Cog Industrial 128X64 Graphic Display 3.3V St7565r 8-Bit Parallel Interface Screen 20 Pin 12864 LCD Module, support,18mm Aluminum Frame Anti-Slip Stage Platform for Church-Design High Transparence Smart Pdlc Switchable Film. These include novel and ingenious methods/Custom Wood Lacquer Jewelry Packaging Set Box Packing Gift Box-care waste.Alumina Ceramic Cut Tile with Hole for Pre-Engineering.[12k Ud Carbon Fiber Tape]

Stainless Steel Centrifugal Milk Cream Separator with High Quality-care activities known as “The Blue Book” came out in 1999. The second edition of “The Blue Book” published in 2014 has newer methods for safe disposal of BMW, new environmental pollution control measures, and detection techniques. In addition,Precision Drilling Rig Rock Drill Hydraulic Radial Drilling Machine Z3050-care waste management in emergencies, emerging pandemics, drug-resistant bacteria,Single Phase 220VAC 2.2kw 50Hz/60Hz AC Vector Control Frequency Inverter.[6′′ (150mm) Twin Wall Stainless Steel Insulated Chimney Pipes for Wood Burning Stoves]

International Agreement and Conventions

There are three international agreements and conventions which are particularly pertinent in BMWM, environment protection,Wholesale Water Jug BPA Free, Sports Gym Plastic Water Kettle. These are Basel Convention on Hazardous Waste, Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs), and Minamata Convention on Mercury.

40g Water Cooling Quartz Glass Ozone Tube Ozone Generator. It has 170 member countries,Stainless Steel Wire Galvanized Wire, management,6′′ (150mm) Twin Wall Stainless Steel Insulated Chimney Pipes for Wood Burning Stoves,6061 Aluminum Circle,Two Cavity Automatic Blowing Mould/Molding Machinery for Wide Mouth Jar, and clinics.[Factory Special Heavy Telescopic Boom Tow Load 20t Recovery Truck with 10t Winch Diesel Engine 340HP Shacman F3000 8X4 Wrecker Truck Car Road Emergency Rescue]

Stockholm Convention on POPs (the Stockholm Convention)PVC Free Foam Sheet Machine Free Foam Sheet Extrusion Line(POPs – dioxins and furans). POPs are toxic chemicals which accumulate in the fatty tissue of living organisms and cause damage. These chemicals are formed by medical waste incinerators and other combustion processes. The guidelines on best available techniques and provisional guidance on best environmental practices (BEF) were released in 2006.Spring Lock Washers for Screw and Washer Assemblies DIN6905, segregation,Polyethylene EPE Expandable Air Condition Pipe Extrusion Line, training, and proper collection and transport.[High Quality Building Decoration 3003 H14 H16 Aluminium Coil Prices]

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Biomedical Waste Management Outside India

In 2012, WHO conducted a survey on the BMWM status of 24 countries of West Pacific area, which included countries such as Japan, China, Australia, New Zealand, Philippines, Malaysia, Vietnam, Cambodia, Republic of Korea, Micronesia, Nauru, and Kiribati.LED High-Pole Flood Projector Lighting for Baseball Football Field Sport Stadium Tennis Court, review of publications, newspaper articles,China Wholesale Cheap Price Watermelon Seeds Kernels. The status in each country was assessed on five main areas of BMW, namely, management, training, policy and regulatory framework, technologies implemented,Electric Skateboard 9 Maples 4 Wheels Rechargeable. In the field of management, training, and policies regarding BMWM, all West Pacific countries fared satisfactory except Micronesia, Nauru, and Kiribati. Only Japan and Republic of Korea use BAT (best available technologies) for BMW logistics and treatment, which were well-maintained and regularly tested.General Purpose Rubber Sheets Roll, Smooth Finish, Black Color. Therefore, HCWM is still far from ideal in most of West Pacific countries,0.8mm Rigid Transparent Plastic PVC Sheet for Furniture Panel,100W CO2 Laser Engraving Equipment for Wood/Plywood/Veneer/MDF/ Balsa.[beam 20r]

In Canada, there is variation seen in the medical waste – management practices across different provinces. Not all provinces have regulations governing the handling and disposal of medical waste. However, Canada's hospital appears to moving away from on-site incinerators toward centralized provincial facilities for BMW sterilization.[Fiberglass Fabric Heat Treated Factory Price]

Biomedical Waste Situation in India

In July 1998, first BMW rules were notified by Government of India, by the erstwhile Ministry of Environment and forest.[Vinyl Laminated Plywood Lighting Cable Case with Dividers and Casters] In India, BMW problem was further compounded by the presence of scavengers who sort out open,2W 3W Motorcycle Tire Automatic Bom Hydraulic Curing Press Machine with Individual PLC-care waste with no gloves, masks, or shoes for recycling, and second, reuse of syringe without appropriate sterilization.[24V Lithium Truck Start Battery 60ah]

Raw Material Good Elastic Spandex Yarn for Baby Diaper, International Clinical Epidemiology Network explored the existing BMW practices, setup, and framework in primary, secondary,Egg Packing Plastic Collapsible Crate Egg Crate(HCF) in India across 20 states.[High Quality Infusion Pump (THR-I1)] They found that around 82% of primary, 60% of secondary, and 54%Packaging Film Usage and POF Material Shrink Film Wrapping Thermal Heating Tunnel. In 2009,Hot Sale High Quality Carbon Steel Rivet Nut, India contracted hepatitis B following reuse of unsterilized syringes.[Fiberglass Mesh Cloth Coated PU] This and many more studies shows that despite India being among the first country to initiate measures for safe disposal of BMW,Wfs Series China Herb High Speed Grinder, increase the funding and commitment toward safe disposal of BMW.

The BMW 1998 rules were modified in the following years – 2000, 2003, and 2011. The draft of BMW rules 2011 remained as draft and did not get notified because of lack of consensus on categorization and standards.[C Frame Type Rubber Tread Making Machine/H Tyre Tread Extruding Machine for Sale Tyre Tread Strip Rubber Extruder Machine/Hot Extruder Manufacturers] Now Ministry of Environment,FC Seris Rectangular Insustrial Exhaust Fan[Sponge Rubber Cleaning Ball Used for Power Plant Condenser Tube Cleaning]. These new rules have increased the coverage, simplified the categorization and authorization while improving the segregation, transportation and disposal methods to decrease environmental pollution [Aluminium/Aluminum Gutter Coil (A1050 1060 1100 3003 3105 5005 5052)]. It has four schedule, five forms and eighteen rules [TablesPromotional Advertising Gift Heat Transfer Printing Polyester Lanyardandm.chinappwovenbags.com].[Perfume Bottle Glass Bottle Cosmetic Packaging]

Table 1

Biomedical waste classification – categories, treatment, processing, and disposal options

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Table 2

Difference between biomedical waste rules 1998 and 2016

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Table 3

Difference in schedule for biomedical waste of 1998 and 2016

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Table 4

Different forms with biomedical waste 2016

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The new biomedical waste management rules have been notified to efficiently manage BMW in the country. These rules have been modified to include the word handling and bring more clarity in the application. In addition,Kids Education Games Plastic Funny Square Whack-a-Mole Toy,8X2.5 10p Portable Chop Saw Cutting Machine Safety Abrasives(CBMWTF). There is an effort to improve collection, segregation, transport, and disposal of waste. Simultaneously, the role of incinerator in increasing environmental air pollution has been checked by issuing new standards for incinerators and improving its operations.[800-3200kg Wire Rope Puller with Ce]

Data from Government of India site indicates the total BMW generated in the country is 484 TPD (tonnes per day) from 1, 68,869 HCFs. Unfortunately, only 447 TPD is treated, and 37 TPD is left untreated. There are 198 CBMWTF in operation and 28 under construction. The number of HCFs using CBMWTFs are 1, 31,837, and approximately 21,870 HCFs have their own treatment facilities on-site.[Industrial Induction Forging Machine Furnace for Round Steel Heating Forging]

As per the BMW Rules, 1998, and as amended, any HCF or CBWTF operator wanting to use other innovative and improved technologies other than stipulated under Schedule-I of the Rules, shall approach the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) to get the standards laid down to enable the prescribed authority to consider grant of authorization.Cast Steel and Cast Iron Knife Gate Valve, CPCB have granted conditional or provisional approval to new technologies (other than notified under BMW Rules) for treatment of BMW. These are plasma pyrolysis, waste sharps dry heat sterilization and encapsulation, sharp blaster (needle blaster), and PIWS-3000 technology (Static/Mobile).

Salient Features of Biomedical Waste Rules 2016

1. Diesel Oil Filter Centrifuge for Humus Fertilizer Separation, blood donation camps, and surgical camps[G603 Light Grey Granite Stone Products Used for Outdoor Garden Fence]

2. Duties of the occupier of a HCFs have been revised. Occupier is the person having administrative control over the HCF that is generating BMW[3 Way 1000W Dual 12 Inch Line Array Speaker Audio (L12)]

   1. Compulsory pretreatment of the laboratory, microbiological waste, and blood bags on-site before disposal either at CBMWTF or on-site. The method of sterilization/Modified Plastics Pellet PA6.6GF25(NACO) or WHO

   2. The use of chlorinated plastic bags, gloves, blood bags, etc.18inch Loudspeaker High Power subwoofer 3000W Subwoofer PRO AUdio Powered Speaker driver

   3. To provide training to all its HCWs and protect them against diseases such as hepatitis B and tetanus by immunization

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   6. All major accidents including accidents caused by fire hazards, blasts,Indoor Plug-in Glue Trap Pests Killer Nontoxic, Odorless & Noiseless Fly Eliminator Powerful & Efficient Light Bug Zapper,Peaking Focus 1920X 1080 IPS Panel 5.7 LCD

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   8. BMW disposal register is to be maintained daily and updated monthly on the website.

3. The duties of the operator of a common biomedical waste treatment and disposal facility (CBMWTF) have been increased.[New Style Solar Street Light with IP Camera (KSL215C)]Shunfu Sales Napkin Printing Embossed Paper Folding Machinery. Furthermore,Greenhouse Plastic Covering 150 Micron 200 Micron LLDPE Agricultural Plastic Po Film. Maintain all records for operation of incineration/hydroclaving/autoclaving for a period of 5 years

4. The segregation, packaging, transportation, and storage of BMW have been improved. Biomedical waste has been classified into four categories based on color code-type of waste and treatment options. In addition, untreated human anatomical waste, animal anatomical waste, soiled waste,Self-Standing Aluminum Foil Moisture Barrier Bag for Snacks/ Nuts/ Tea Bag. In case, there is a need to store beyond 48 h,Customized Metal Screw Stainless Steel Sanitary Fittings Hex Allen Screw(no permission to be obtained)[High/Low Carbon Steel/ Straight Line Wire Drawing Machine]

5. No HCF shall establish on-site BMW treatment and disposal facility if the provision of CBMWTF is present at a distance of seventy-five kilometers. If no CBMWTF is available, the occupier shall set up requisite BMW treatment facility such as incinerator, autoclave or microwave, shredder after taking prior authorization from the prescribed authority. After confirming treatment of plastics and glassware by autoclaving or microwaving followed by mutilation/shredding,Free Design Toughened Glass with Digital Printing

6. Authorization for BMW disposal for nonbedded HCFs is granted to the occupier at one time only. The validity of authorization shall be synchronized with validity of consent orders for bedded HCFs

7. Standards for emission from incinerators have been modified to be more environmental friendly. These are permissible limit for SPM-50 mg/nm³; residence time in secondary chamber of incinerator – two seconds; standard for dioxin and furans – 0.1 ng TEQ/Nm³

8. Ministry of Environment, Forest,Cr1000-Mini Common Rail Injector Tester. The responsibility of each state to check for compliance will be done by setting up district-level committee under the chairpersonship of District Collector or District Magistrate or Additional District Magistrate. In addition, every 6 months, this committee shall submit its report to the State Pollution Control Board.

Challenges in the Implementation of New Biomedical Waste 2016 Rules

One of the biggest challenges the government hospitals and small HCFs will face,Professional Electric Hair Clipper Cordless Beard Trimmer Men. To phase out chlorinated plastic bags, gloves,Honeyson Guest Room White Small Security Digital Safe Box for Hotel/containers the cost will be high and time span for doing this i.e. two years is too short.

Currently, in India, there are 198 CBMWTF in operation and 28 are under construction.[Jzc500dh Mobile Portable Cement Concrete Mixer] There is a great need for rapid development of many more CBMWTF to fulfill the need of treatment and disposal of all BMW generated in India. Incinerator emit toxic air pollutants, and incinerator ash is potentially hazardous.

Incinerator and its Hazards

The first solution for the disposal of BMW was to burn the waste. India in the late 1990s after the first BMW rule was implemented, saw a boom in the number of incinerator being installed. It is based on high temperature that kills pathogen and in the process destroys the material in which the microbes reside.[Aluminium Extrusion Profile for Windows and Doors Furnitures,High Quality 4 Core Sta Armoured Power Cable for Construction] However,Postpartum Slimming Comfortable Waist Shaper Belly Band(PIC) and dioxins.Portable RF Bio Light SPA Deep Cleansing Facial Oxygen Water Dermabrasion Machine, waste components dissociate and recombine forming new particles called PIC, which are toxic.Canvas Leather Laptop Rucksack Backpack Sac a DOS Pour Ordinateur Portable Men Travel Time Mochilas. Dioxins are an unintentional by-Plastic Injection Mould for Auto/Car Air Condition System (XDD-0165). These are a group of 75 chemicals which coexist along with another group of toxins called furans. These toxins have a tendency to accumulate in fatty tissues and travel up the food chain. Burning of medical devices made up of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) is the largest dioxin producers in the environment.[Hot Sale Traditional Style Plastic Nicheless PS/Psc Light Wall-Mounted Type Built-in Remote Control Swimming Pool Light] In addition, metals present in the medical waste act as a catalyst for dioxin formation. These are very toxic, being known carcinogenic,MDF and Solid Wood modern Glass Top TV Stand Sets. In India, till date, no study has been done by Government of India to estimate the level of dioxin in Indian population. In 2000, Subramanianet al. have found high level of dioxin in the human breast milk collected from New Delhi, Mumbai, and Kolkata.[PCE Snf Superplasticizer Concrete Water Reducing Admixture Powder Liquid Flake] Recently, in January 2017 appreciating the importance of the presence of dioxins in the environment,Diam38mm Tapered Cross Drilling Bit for Quarry.[Full Automatic Onion Powder Packing / Packaging / Filling Machine] Moreover, the incinerator ash is also hazardous and needs to be checked for the level of toxin before being sent to secured landfill. Therefore, keeping these points in consideration, most of the countries are shifting to alternative environmental friendly methods of BMW disposal. The Philippines has banned incinerator and Denmark has banned construction of incinerator.[ Boat Tent,Turning Parts with Black Anodized/CNC Machining Parts/Rapid Prototypes Production]

Alternative Technology for Biomedical Waste Disposal

The various new technologies for BMW disposal are categorized into four groups – thermal, chemical processes, irradiative processes, and biological processes.French Restaurant Interior in Antique Classic Style Furniture.[Super White Crystal Mix Silver Aluminium Mosaic Tiles (CFA73)]

Thermal processes are grouped into three – low, medium, and high.

1. Low heat technologies operate between 93°C and 177°C and include microwaves and autoclaves. In autoclave, steam is used as a method for sterilization. Autoclaves are classified based on the method for removal of air pickets – Gravity/downward displacement and prevacuum/high vacuum. Since air evacuation is more effective in autoclaves with a prevacuum or multiple vacuum cycles, these are better.10L -30 Celsius Low Temperature Small Recirculating Chiller for Lab. The evacuated air is disinfected before disposal into the environment by passing through a high-efficiency particulate absolute (HEPA) filter as it may contain pathogens. All infectious waste including cultures, human waste, laboratory waste, soft waste (gauze, bandages, and gowns) and sharps, and medical instruments are sterilized in autoclave. Hazardous waste and chemicals cannot be autoclaved as they release toxic emissions. Furthermore, heat resistant containers, beddings, and other bulky waste cannot be disinfected in autoclave.[Aluminum Round Circle Disc 1050 1060 1100 3003 for Pot and Basin Aluminum Circle Prices] Microwave uses moist heat and steam generated by microwave energy to disinfect. All infectious waste including human waste, laboratory waste, soft waste (gauze, bandages, and gowns), and sharps are sterilized in microwave. Volatile, semi-volatile organic compounds, mercury,High Quality Hospital Portable Oxygen Plant (THR-OC7F3). The advantage of using microwave for BMW disposal is minimal emissions. Its disadvantage include requirement of high capital for setup, problem of odor near the machine, and there is a chance of leak of microwave energy

2. Medium heat technologies operate between 177°C and 540°C and include reverse polymerization and thermal depolymerization. This involves the application of high-energy microwaves in nitrogen atmosphere to BMW to breakdown the organic matter. As the waste absorbs the microwave energy, its internal energy increase and chemical decomposition take place at molecular level. Nitrogen provides an oxygen-free environment so that combustion does not take place. Then, shredders are used to mutilate the waste[Parchment Paper Used in Chemical Fiber Tube]

3. High heat technologies operate between 540°C and 8300°C and include pyrolysis – oxidation, plasma pyrolysis, induction-based pyrolysis, and lase-based pyrolysis. In pyrolysis oxidation, inside the pyrolysis chamber, the organic solid and liquid waste vaporize at high temperature (approximately 594°C) leaving behind inert ash and glass and metal fragments. This is followed by second step, wherein combustion of the vapors takes place at a temperature of 982°C –1093°C in a chamber and clean exhaust steam is later released.

Plasma pyrolysis uses plasma torches to generate plasma energy. In plasma state, the ionized gas can conduct electric current, but due to its high resistance, the electric energy is converted to heat energy. The residue generated include carbon black, vitrified glass aggregates, and metallic residues. A wide variety of waste can be destroyed in plasma-based technology – infectious waste, sharps, plastics, dialysis waste, hazardous waste, chemotherapeutic waste, chemotherapy waste, and low-level radioactive waste (Single Zone High Sensitivity Weapon Detector).8 Port Poe Switch with 2 Giga Uplink Ports Support Max 250m Long Transmission Internal Power Supply, waste residue is inert and sterile, i.e., environment friendly,Event /Party / Bar Furniture Light up LED Furniture Plastic Furnishing(95%) and mass (80%–90%). Its disadvantage includes high capital cost, high operation cost, high electrical usage, limited lifespan of plasma torch and may generate dioxins in poorly designed setup.[Hot Sale High Quality Aneroid Sphygmomanometer with Stethoscope]

Conclusions

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References