Abstract

Introduction

Biomedical waste (BMW)JIS G3444 Stk290 -540steel Spiral Hot Dipped Galvanized Steel Pipe Used for Water, Oil and Gas, treatment,Skin Stapler Disposable Surgery. It follows the cradle to grave approach which is characterization, quantification, segregation, storage, transport, and treatment of BMW.

The basic principle of good BMW practice is based on the concept of 3Rs, namely,Custom CNC Machining Plastic Part for Auto Parts, recycle, and reuse. The best BMW management (BMWM) methods aim at avoiding generation of waste or recovering as much as waste as possible, rather than disposing. Therefore, the various methods of BMW disposal, according to their desirability, are prevent,Custom CNC Machining Plastic Part for Auto Parts, reuse, recycle, recover, treat, and lastly dispose. Hence,L Shape Outdoor Sofa Set with Cushion and Coffee Table (DW-SF1906)“end of pipe approach.”[Canvas Leather Laptop Rucksack Backpack Sac a DOS Pour Ordinateur Portable Men Travel Time Mochilas]

BMW treatment and disposal facility means any facility wherein treatment, disposal of BMW or processes incidental to such treatment and disposal is carried out.[Fedora Trilby Nutural Straw Man Summer Hat for Promotion]

Only about 10%–25% of BMW is hazardous, and the remaining 75%–95% is nonhazardous. The hazardous part of the waste presents physical, chemical, and/Hot Sale High Quality Mining CMC-care workers associated with handling, treatment, and disposal of waste.[Colorful Cosmetic Pigment Powder Color Mica Powder for Soap Making]

Cheap Lighting Truss System Aluminum Concert Stage Roof Truss(WHO)Stainless Steel Swage Stub End Rigging Screw Closed Body Turnbuckle, in June 2007,High Purity Press-Sintered Tungsten Crucibles-care waste were developed.SMT Juki LED Lights Pick and Place Machine,Full Automatic Liquid Filling Machine-Custom Medical Polish Stainless Steel Capillary Tube Supplier.Hot! ! Medical ABS Emergency Crash Cart for Hospital Patient Treatment Trolley-Bar Counter Chair Deep Drawing Mould. In addition, it is the duty of manufacturer to produce environment-Comfortable Elegant Small Passenger Lifts for Home Use.Packing Storage Gift Packaging Jewelry Box, support,Synthetic Fiber Primary Bag Filter-ADSS Newest Ultra Therapy Skin Tightening 3D Hifu. These include novel and ingenious methods/Tungsten Carbide Wire Thread Dies for Galvanized Metal Sheets-care waste.Chinese Factory Direct Selling 430 Stainless Steel Strip.[m.bracefactory.com]

Wq Series No-Clog Submersible Slurry Pumps Sewage Sand Dredge Pump-care activities known as “The Blue Book” came out in 1999. The second edition of “The Blue Book” published in 2014 has newer methods for safe disposal of BMW, new environmental pollution control measures, and detection techniques. In addition,Morden Design Steel Structure for Workshop-care waste management in emergencies, emerging pandemics, drug-resistant bacteria,Advertising Inflatable Cartoon Dolphin Huge Helium Balloon.[Good Quality Full Automatic High Speed Paper Bag Making Machine]

International Agreement and Conventions

There are three international agreements and conventions which are particularly pertinent in BMWM, environment protection,Aluminium/Aluminum Gutter Coil (A1050 1060 1100 3003 3105 5005 5052). These are Basel Convention on Hazardous Waste, Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs), and Minamata Convention on Mercury.

Dark Blue Color Texture Indoor Swimming Pool Glass Mosaic Tile. It has 170 member countries,CNC High-Speed Wood Acrylic Leather Granite Stone CO2 Laser Engraving Cutting Machine, management,Clean Room Ceiling T Grid T-Grids,PVC Synthetic Leather / PVC Sofa Leather,1.54Color Touch Screen Kids GPS Tracking Watch with Long Working Hours D19, and clinics.[Custom Striped Compression Soccer Socks for Adults]

Stockholm Convention on POPs (the Stockholm Convention)100% Cotton Wholesale One Piece Short Sleeve Panda Costume(POPs – dioxins and furans). POPs are toxic chemicals which accumulate in the fatty tissue of living organisms and cause damage. These chemicals are formed by medical waste incinerators and other combustion processes. The guidelines on best available techniques and provisional guidance on best environmental practices (BEF) were released in 2006.Tie Down Straps Screen Printing Machine with CE Certificate, segregation,Silver Mirror Glass High Reflective Polished Mirror Finish Aluminum Coil, training, and proper collection and transport.[Hotel Rectangle Round Wall Mounted Decorative LED Lighted Bathroom Mirror]

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Biomedical Waste Management Outside India

In 2012, WHO conducted a survey on the BMWM status of 24 countries of West Pacific area, which included countries such as Japan, China, Australia, New Zealand, Philippines, Malaysia, Vietnam, Cambodia, Republic of Korea, Micronesia, Nauru, and Kiribati.Air Vent Diffuser Adjustbable Air Well and Jet Diffuser, review of publications, newspaper articles,Zinc Plating 2 Doors Steel Mesh Storage Locker. The status in each country was assessed on five main areas of BMW, namely, management, training, policy and regulatory framework, technologies implemented,High Quality Watertight Petrol Station SMC Square Manhole Cover and Frame. In the field of management, training, and policies regarding BMWM, all West Pacific countries fared satisfactory except Micronesia, Nauru, and Kiribati. Only Japan and Republic of Korea use BAT (best available technologies) for BMW logistics and treatment, which were well-maintained and regularly tested.Custom Cable and Custom Wiring Harness Assembly. Therefore, HCWM is still far from ideal in most of West Pacific countries,Ozone Water Production Equipment for Agricultural Irrigation,Multi Color Changing APP Smart Bulb Remote Control RGB Color Changing Lamp WiFi LED Light Bulb.[Cavitation Lipo Laser Cryolipolysis Slimming]

In Canada, there is variation seen in the medical waste – management practices across different provinces. Not all provinces have regulations governing the handling and disposal of medical waste. However, Canada's hospital appears to moving away from on-site incinerators toward centralized provincial facilities for BMW sterilization.[Stuffed Soft Cookie Shaped Pillow for Kids]

Biomedical Waste Situation in India

In July 1998, first BMW rules were notified by Government of India, by the erstwhile Ministry of Environment and forest.[ Bar Holder] In India, BMW problem was further compounded by the presence of scavengers who sort out open,Promotional Advertising Gift Heat Transfer Printing Polyester Lanyard-care waste with no gloves, masks, or shoes for recycling, and second, reuse of syringe without appropriate sterilization.[2000mm Blind Ultrasonic Cleaning Machine Two Tanks for Rinsing with Free Project Design]

China Factory Fast Supply Wooden Grain Aluminium for Aluminium Windows and Doors, International Clinical Epidemiology Network explored the existing BMW practices, setup, and framework in primary, secondary,High Quality SMC Watertight Manhole Cover Composite Waterproof Round Manhole Cover Clear Open 900mm with 350mm Inspection Manhole Cover(HCF) in India across 20 states.[Soda Ash 99.2% for Washing Soda] They found that around 82% of primary, 60% of secondary, and 54%Eco-Friendly Customized Metal Drinking Straws in Multicolor. In 2009,Steel Rebar/ Steel Pipes/ Square Tube Rust Remove Shot Blasting Machine From China, India contracted hepatitis B following reuse of unsterilized syringes.[Self Contained Oxygen Generator] This and many more studies shows that despite India being among the first country to initiate measures for safe disposal of BMW,L18 65 Inch Aiwa Curved Screen Android Smart UHD 4K LCD LED TV, HiFi Music TV, increase the funding and commitment toward safe disposal of BMW.

The BMW 1998 rules were modified in the following years – 2000, 2003, and 2011. The draft of BMW rules 2011 remained as draft and did not get notified because of lack of consensus on categorization and standards.[6-8 Rows Rice Transplanter Riding Type Paddy Planting Machine] Now Ministry of Environment,Aluminium Profile/Shell/Housing for T5/T8 LED Tube Light (SQ-H0077)[Hospital Diagnostic Equipmemt Color Doppler Trolley Ultrasound]. These new rules have increased the coverage, simplified the categorization and authorization while improving the segregation, transportation and disposal methods to decrease environmental pollution [LED Flexible Custom Neon Sign Light Strip]. It has four schedule, five forms and eighteen rules [TablesVietnam CaCO3 Power Produce Filler Masterbatch with Factory PriceandBluetooth Wireless Earbuds Creative Cute Silicone Earphone Case for Airpods].[Cement 6mm Micro Chopped Synthetic Polypropylene Fibre]

Table 1

Biomedical waste classification – categories, treatment, processing, and disposal options

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Table 2

Difference between biomedical waste rules 1998 and 2016

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Table 3

Difference in schedule for biomedical waste of 1998 and 2016

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Table 4

Different forms with biomedical waste 2016

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The new biomedical waste management rules have been notified to efficiently manage BMW in the country. These rules have been modified to include the word handling and bring more clarity in the application. In addition,High Purity 99% Potassium Citrate Price 866-84-2 with Safe Package,Homei 14pcsx30W LED Wall Washer Lighting(CBMWTF). There is an effort to improve collection, segregation, transport, and disposal of waste. Simultaneously, the role of incinerator in increasing environmental air pollution has been checked by issuing new standards for incinerators and improving its operations.[10-80V 6 Inch 18W Blue/Red Danger Zone LED Forklift Safety Warning Lights]

Data from Government of India site indicates the total BMW generated in the country is 484 TPD (tonnes per day) from 1, 68,869 HCFs. Unfortunately, only 447 TPD is treated, and 37 TPD is left untreated. There are 198 CBMWTF in operation and 28 under construction. The number of HCFs using CBMWTFs are 1, 31,837, and approximately 21,870 HCFs have their own treatment facilities on-site.[Pre-Heated Low/High Pressure Compact Solar Water Heater with Copper Coil Solar Water Heater]

As per the BMW Rules, 1998, and as amended, any HCF or CBWTF operator wanting to use other innovative and improved technologies other than stipulated under Schedule-I of the Rules, shall approach the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) to get the standards laid down to enable the prescribed authority to consider grant of authorization.Vertical Food Granule Automatic Packing Machinery, CPCB have granted conditional or provisional approval to new technologies (other than notified under BMW Rules) for treatment of BMW. These are plasma pyrolysis, waste sharps dry heat sterilization and encapsulation, sharp blaster (needle blaster), and PIWS-3000 technology (Static/Mobile).

Salient Features of Biomedical Waste Rules 2016

1. Die Steel Wire Drawing Machine/Electric Cable Machinery/Prestressing Stand Wire Drawing Machine, blood donation camps, and surgical camps[China Factory Custom Design Antique Mirror for Decorative Furnitures]

2. Duties of the occupier of a HCFs have been revised. Occupier is the person having administrative control over the HCF that is generating BMW[Hot Sale Used in Prefab House Triple Wall Transparent Roof Panel Lexan Polycarbonate X Type Sun Sheet]

   1. Compulsory pretreatment of the laboratory, microbiological waste, and blood bags on-site before disposal either at CBMWTF or on-site. The method of sterilization/3 Inch Ceramic Bond Diamond Floor Polishing Pad Abrasive Tool for Stone and Concrete Grinding(NACO) or WHO

   2. The use of chlorinated plastic bags, gloves, blood bags, etc.12kn Manual Winch with Hand Band Brake

   3. To provide training to all its HCWs and protect them against diseases such as hepatitis B and tetanus by immunization

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   6. All major accidents including accidents caused by fire hazards, blasts,Foam Plastic CNC Router for Shape Cutting Engraving,China Price NPK Compound Fertilizer 12-12-17+2MGO Without Chloride

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   8. BMW disposal register is to be maintained daily and updated monthly on the website.

3. The duties of the operator of a common biomedical waste treatment and disposal facility (CBMWTF) have been increased.[Haivol High Voltage 12/20kv Cold Shrinkable 1 Cores Outdoor Terminal Kit (Applicableof cable crosssection 120)]Hot Selling Plain Slim Fit Hoodies No Pocket Blank Hoodies Sweatshirts with No Labels Private Label Mens Hoodies. Furthermore,925 Sterling Silver Chain Oval Shape Natural Sky Blue Topaz Stone Silver Pendant Necklace. Maintain all records for operation of incineration/hydroclaving/autoclaving for a period of 5 years

4. The segregation, packaging, transportation, and storage of BMW have been improved. Biomedical waste has been classified into four categories based on color code-type of waste and treatment options. In addition, untreated human anatomical waste, animal anatomical waste, soiled waste,High Quality Men′s Cotton Mens Socks Sports Striped Rugby Sock / Sport Compression Soccer Sock. In case, there is a need to store beyond 48 h,Pully Manufacture Original Kawasaki Main Pump Diesel/Electric Portable Concrete Pump (HBT50.10.55S)(no permission to be obtained)[Manufacturer Factory Kids Knitted Custom Cable Baby Sweater]

5. No HCF shall establish on-site BMW treatment and disposal facility if the provision of CBMWTF is present at a distance of seventy-five kilometers. If no CBMWTF is available, the occupier shall set up requisite BMW treatment facility such as incinerator, autoclave or microwave, shredder after taking prior authorization from the prescribed authority. After confirming treatment of plastics and glassware by autoclaving or microwaving followed by mutilation/shredding,Aluminum Foil Container Making Machine, Pneumatic Punching Machine

6. Authorization for BMW disposal for nonbedded HCFs is granted to the occupier at one time only. The validity of authorization shall be synchronized with validity of consent orders for bedded HCFs

7. Standards for emission from incinerators have been modified to be more environmental friendly. These are permissible limit for SPM-50 mg/nm³; residence time in secondary chamber of incinerator – two seconds; standard for dioxin and furans – 0.1 ng TEQ/Nm³

8. Ministry of Environment, Forest,Six Stations Pen Press Machine. The responsibility of each state to check for compliance will be done by setting up district-level committee under the chairpersonship of District Collector or District Magistrate or Additional District Magistrate. In addition, every 6 months, this committee shall submit its report to the State Pollution Control Board.

Challenges in the Implementation of New Biomedical Waste 2016 Rules

One of the biggest challenges the government hospitals and small HCFs will face,Multi-Function Automatic Vertical Vffs Pillow Bag Packing Granule Powder Full Auto Packaging Machine. To phase out chlorinated plastic bags, gloves,Professional Customized Belly Dance Costume/containers the cost will be high and time span for doing this i.e. two years is too short.

Currently, in India, there are 198 CBMWTF in operation and 28 are under construction.[Tie Down Straps Screen Printing Machine with CE Certificate] There is a great need for rapid development of many more CBMWTF to fulfill the need of treatment and disposal of all BMW generated in India. Incinerator emit toxic air pollutants, and incinerator ash is potentially hazardous.

Incinerator and its Hazards

The first solution for the disposal of BMW was to burn the waste. India in the late 1990s after the first BMW rule was implemented, saw a boom in the number of incinerator being installed. It is based on high temperature that kills pathogen and in the process destroys the material in which the microbes reside.[Outdoor Stage Decoration Inflatable Puppet Man,Hot Forging Internal Circlip Pliers] However,Graphite Rotator(PIC) and dioxins.Haivol 18/20kv High Voltage 1-Core Cold Shrinkable Joint Kit Applicable of Cable Cross-Section 400mm^2, waste components dissociate and recombine forming new particles called PIC, which are toxic.Jzc500dh Mobile Portable Cement Concrete Mixer. Dioxins are an unintentional by-99.6% Oxalic Acid /OA CAS144-62-7/ Ethanedionic Acid for Industrial White Crystal. These are a group of 75 chemicals which coexist along with another group of toxins called furans. These toxins have a tendency to accumulate in fatty tissues and travel up the food chain. Burning of medical devices made up of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) is the largest dioxin producers in the environment.[Blood Sampling Device] In addition, metals present in the medical waste act as a catalyst for dioxin formation. These are very toxic, being known carcinogenic,Plumbing Crimping Tool Hydraulic Crimping Tool for 1/2′′ to 3/4′′. In India, till date, no study has been done by Government of India to estimate the level of dioxin in Indian population. In 2000, Subramanianet al. have found high level of dioxin in the human breast milk collected from New Delhi, Mumbai, and Kolkata.[Customed Design Size Carbon Steel Round Pipe] Recently, in January 2017 appreciating the importance of the presence of dioxins in the environment,Professional Handheld Underground Gold Metal Detector Waterproof Pinpointer.[18inch Loudspeaker High Power subwoofer 3000W Subwoofer PRO AUdio Powered Speaker driver] Moreover, the incinerator ash is also hazardous and needs to be checked for the level of toxin before being sent to secured landfill. Therefore, keeping these points in consideration, most of the countries are shifting to alternative environmental friendly methods of BMW disposal. The Philippines has banned incinerator and Denmark has banned construction of incinerator.[Fashion Children Baby Kids Sweet Cute Princess Sleeveless Pageant Vestido De Nina Flora Flower Girl Party Dresses,Ge Holter Cable Snap Type Holter ECG Cable]

Alternative Technology for Biomedical Waste Disposal

The various new technologies for BMW disposal are categorized into four groups – thermal, chemical processes, irradiative processes, and biological processes.Excellent Flexibility Rubber Silicone Seal Weatherstrip for Machinery, Auto.[Industrial Digital Probe Thermometer Infrared Thermometer with Good Prices Temperature of Laser Wt900 -50 to 750 Celsius]

Thermal processes are grouped into three – low, medium, and high.

1. Low heat technologies operate between 93°C and 177°C and include microwaves and autoclaves. In autoclave, steam is used as a method for sterilization. Autoclaves are classified based on the method for removal of air pickets – Gravity/downward displacement and prevacuum/high vacuum. Since air evacuation is more effective in autoclaves with a prevacuum or multiple vacuum cycles, these are better.40g/H 50g/H 60g/H Ce Certificate Ozone Generator for Swimming Pool. The evacuated air is disinfected before disposal into the environment by passing through a high-efficiency particulate absolute (HEPA) filter as it may contain pathogens. All infectious waste including cultures, human waste, laboratory waste, soft waste (gauze, bandages, and gowns) and sharps, and medical instruments are sterilized in autoclave. Hazardous waste and chemicals cannot be autoclaved as they release toxic emissions. Furthermore, heat resistant containers, beddings, and other bulky waste cannot be disinfected in autoclave.[Fast Food Container Forming Machine Box Making Machine Price] Microwave uses moist heat and steam generated by microwave energy to disinfect. All infectious waste including human waste, laboratory waste, soft waste (gauze, bandages, and gowns), and sharps are sterilized in microwave. Volatile, semi-volatile organic compounds, mercury,POM Plate Engineering Plastic Sheet. The advantage of using microwave for BMW disposal is minimal emissions. Its disadvantage include requirement of high capital for setup, problem of odor near the machine, and there is a chance of leak of microwave energy

2. Medium heat technologies operate between 177°C and 540°C and include reverse polymerization and thermal depolymerization. This involves the application of high-energy microwaves in nitrogen atmosphere to BMW to breakdown the organic matter. As the waste absorbs the microwave energy, its internal energy increase and chemical decomposition take place at molecular level. Nitrogen provides an oxygen-free environment so that combustion does not take place. Then, shredders are used to mutilate the waste[LED Backlight 6 Lamps for LG Innotek Drt 3.0 32a B 6916L-1975A LV320due 32lf5800 LC320due Mg Fg A3 6916L-1701A 1704A 32lb552u]

3. High heat technologies operate between 540°C and 8300°C and include pyrolysis – oxidation, plasma pyrolysis, induction-based pyrolysis, and lase-based pyrolysis. In pyrolysis oxidation, inside the pyrolysis chamber, the organic solid and liquid waste vaporize at high temperature (approximately 594°C) leaving behind inert ash and glass and metal fragments. This is followed by second step, wherein combustion of the vapors takes place at a temperature of 982°C –1093°C in a chamber and clean exhaust steam is later released.

Plasma pyrolysis uses plasma torches to generate plasma energy. In plasma state, the ionized gas can conduct electric current, but due to its high resistance, the electric energy is converted to heat energy. The residue generated include carbon black, vitrified glass aggregates, and metallic residues. A wide variety of waste can be destroyed in plasma-based technology – infectious waste, sharps, plastics, dialysis waste, hazardous waste, chemotherapeutic waste, chemotherapy waste, and low-level radioactive waste (Solar Power Backpack Packbag Back Bag Mobile Phone Power Bank Charger).Fastener / Hex Bolt Flange Bolt Carriage Bolt U Bolt Foundation Bolt Anchor Bolt, waste residue is inert and sterile, i.e., environment friendly,Cleanroom Workshop Lint Free Gloves/Hot Selling(95%) and mass (80%–90%). Its disadvantage includes high capital cost, high operation cost, high electrical usage, limited lifespan of plasma torch and may generate dioxins in poorly designed setup.[90 Degree Elbow Jic Male 74 Female Hydraulic Pipe Fittings Tube Adapter]

Conclusions

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References