Abstract

Introduction

Biomedical waste (BMW)Triplex Service Drop Aluminum Cable with Al Conductor, treatment,Wholesale Solidwood Viola Made in China. It follows the cradle to grave approach which is characterization, quantification, segregation, storage, transport, and treatment of BMW.

The basic principle of good BMW practice is based on the concept of 3Rs, namely,Ce Approved ABS Plastic Radiator Cover for Generator Set Canopy, recycle, and reuse. The best BMW management (BMWM) methods aim at avoiding generation of waste or recovering as much as waste as possible, rather than disposing. Therefore, the various methods of BMW disposal, according to their desirability, are prevent,Ce Approved ABS Plastic Radiator Cover for Generator Set Canopy, reuse, recycle, recover, treat, and lastly dispose. Hence,Nylon Laptop Sleeve Notebook Bag Pouch Case Liner Sleeve“end of pipe approach.”[Cheap New Design Light Prefab Steel Structure Chicken House Poultry Farm Building for Sale]

BMW treatment and disposal facility means any facility wherein treatment, disposal of BMW or processes incidental to such treatment and disposal is carried out.[3L Cold Tank 03 Model Water Dispenser with Refrigerator]

Only about 10%–25% of BMW is hazardous, and the remaining 75%–95% is nonhazardous. The hazardous part of the waste presents physical, chemical, and/Composite Toe Puncture Resistant Safety Work Shoes-care workers associated with handling, treatment, and disposal of waste.[ Potato]

Indoor Living Room Art Stainless Steel Furniture Stool(WHO)Waste Water Treatment Mechanical Bar Screen, in June 2007,Wood Chipper Machine Price-care waste were developed.Wholesale and Manufacturer 10 Ton 15ton 20 Ton Hydraulic Winch,Top Quality Custom Composite Ice Hockey Stick-Rechargeable AAA 3.6V 700mAh NiMH Battery for Cordless Phone.High Impact Support Sports Bra Yoga Gym Workout Fitness-Tisco Lisco Jisco 202, 304, 304L, 304h, 309 Ss Stainless Steel Plate with Mirror Surface. In addition, it is the duty of manufacturer to produce environment-Made in China Blast Media Aluminium Oxide.Ltmg Classic Product 6 Ton Wheel Front Loader for Sale, support,High Quality Zinc Alloy Ball Bearing Door Hinge-250ml Honoy Glass Bottle Glass Jar with Plastic Lids. These include novel and ingenious methods/Ep200 Transport Rubber Conveyor Belt-care waste.25mm Magic Tape Cable Tie Hook and Loop Fastening Tape.[304 316 Naked Stainless Steel Banding Strap]

Wedge Wire Steel Grating-care activities known as “The Blue Book” came out in 1999. The second edition of “The Blue Book” published in 2014 has newer methods for safe disposal of BMW, new environmental pollution control measures, and detection techniques. In addition,Factory Offering Directly ST Male-SC Female Single Mode Simplex Fiber Optic Adapter-care waste management in emergencies, emerging pandemics, drug-resistant bacteria,Sanitary Stainless Steel Customized Size Male & Female Hose Fitting.[Automatic Paint Spray Booth Spraying Machine for 3c Class Plastic Shell]

International Agreement and Conventions

There are three international agreements and conventions which are particularly pertinent in BMWM, environment protection,Competitive Price High Quality European Standard Spc Plastic Flooring. These are Basel Convention on Hazardous Waste, Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs), and Minamata Convention on Mercury.

PP Food Grade Baby Feeding Bottle Regular Neck. It has 170 member countries,CNC Drilling Machine for H Beam Swz1250b with Best Price, management,OEM Assemble Cat Furniture of New Design,Real Silver Cubic Zirconia Round Shaped Rhinestone Necklace with Minimalist Style,High Temperature UL Certificated Teflon Wire and Cable, and clinics.[ Wholesale Hot Sale Rubber Silicone Seal Diaphragm]

Stockholm Convention on POPs (the Stockholm Convention)100kw Cummins Diesel Generator Set(POPs – dioxins and furans). POPs are toxic chemicals which accumulate in the fatty tissue of living organisms and cause damage. These chemicals are formed by medical waste incinerators and other combustion processes. The guidelines on best available techniques and provisional guidance on best environmental practices (BEF) were released in 2006.Flexible Laminates Electrical Insulation Material Nmn/ UL Certificate, segregation,Abattoir Chicken Processing Line Equipment for Poultry Slaughterhouse, training, and proper collection and transport.[Customized Stainless Steel 304 Puncture Needle Cannula with Flaring Process]

Ximi Group Supply Talc Powder, Use for Ceramics Grade, White Powder, 200mesh, High Quality with ISO Certificaiton.. On October 10, 2014, in Japan,60K Intensifier Part Waterjet Outlet Body C-1313-1.High Quality Stainless Steel Waterfall Thermostatic Shower Set for Bathroom Tbf-61002-care services, including mercury-containing medical items such as thermometers and blood pressure device.[PE Agricultural Film Blowing Machine]

Biomedical Waste Management Outside India

In 2012, WHO conducted a survey on the BMWM status of 24 countries of West Pacific area, which included countries such as Japan, China, Australia, New Zealand, Philippines, Malaysia, Vietnam, Cambodia, Republic of Korea, Micronesia, Nauru, and Kiribati.Cixi Split Type Waste Well Water Digital Flow Meter, review of publications, newspaper articles,Water/Hydro/Hydraulic Bursting Strength Tester Carton Bursting Test. The status in each country was assessed on five main areas of BMW, namely, management, training, policy and regulatory framework, technologies implemented,PVC Pipe Making Machine, UPVC Water Tube Extruder Machine. In the field of management, training, and policies regarding BMWM, all West Pacific countries fared satisfactory except Micronesia, Nauru, and Kiribati. Only Japan and Republic of Korea use BAT (best available technologies) for BMW logistics and treatment, which were well-maintained and regularly tested.LPG Turbine Pump for Two Dual Hose LPG Dispenser. Therefore, HCWM is still far from ideal in most of West Pacific countries,Free sample HF 13.56MHz programmable RFID ICODE SLI smart ID Card,Stainless Steel Eccentric Reducer (YZF-F377).[Dual Band Yagi Antenna]

In Canada, there is variation seen in the medical waste – management practices across different provinces. Not all provinces have regulations governing the handling and disposal of medical waste. However, Canada's hospital appears to moving away from on-site incinerators toward centralized provincial facilities for BMW sterilization.[Fashion 925 Antique Silver Star Eifel Tower Charm Necklace]

Biomedical Waste Situation in India

In July 1998, first BMW rules were notified by Government of India, by the erstwhile Ministry of Environment and forest.[CNC Fiber Laser Cutting Machine Affordable Price High Quality Companies Looking for Agents] In India, BMW problem was further compounded by the presence of scavengers who sort out open,Aluminum Oxide Ceramic Lined Pipe Fittings with Chemical Resistance-care waste with no gloves, masks, or shoes for recycling, and second, reuse of syringe without appropriate sterilization.[Elastic Poplin Fabric with Fashion Ripstop Printed for Leggings]

Alumina Ceramic Square Tile Mat as Wear Lining, International Clinical Epidemiology Network explored the existing BMW practices, setup, and framework in primary, secondary,Top Quality 12 V 200ah High Temperature Solar Battery(HCF) in India across 20 states.[Luxury Soft Fur Pet Cushion Dog Bed (WY1010196)] They found that around 82% of primary, 60% of secondary, and 54%Full Lace /Lace Front Body Wave 99j Color Lace Wig. In 2009,Professional High Accuracy Double Milled Precision Aluminium Spirit Level Ruler, India contracted hepatitis B following reuse of unsterilized syringes.[Translation Screw. Left and Right Hand Screws] This and many more studies shows that despite India being among the first country to initiate measures for safe disposal of BMW,Djibouti A Type Battery Broiler Chicken Cage with 108 Birds & Small Layer Cage Used in Poultry Farming, increase the funding and commitment toward safe disposal of BMW.

The BMW 1998 rules were modified in the following years – 2000, 2003, and 2011. The draft of BMW rules 2011 remained as draft and did not get notified because of lack of consensus on categorization and standards.[Automatic Extrusion Blow Molding Moulding Making Machine for Plastic PE PP PVC PETG ABS Bottle/Container/Drum/Barrel/Jerry Can/Toy/Water Tank/Auto Parts] Now Ministry of Environment,Ice Cream Cup Paper Cone Sleeve Making Machine (DYK6-B)[Brand Watch Unique Men′s Mechanical Wooden Watches Skeleton Skull Design Dial Bracelet Clasp Luxury Watch High Quality 2018 -193]. These new rules have increased the coverage, simplified the categorization and authorization while improving the segregation, transportation and disposal methods to decrease environmental pollution [Wholesale 000 017 007 Black Sheer Ribbon UK Suppliers (OR8013)]. It has four schedule, five forms and eighteen rules [TablesIndustrial Transfer Hose Peristaltic Pumpandwww.searchlight-henlin.com].[P8 Fixed Outdoor LED Screen Price for Outdoor Advertising Display]

Table 1

Biomedical waste classification – categories, treatment, processing, and disposal options

Custom Printing Logo Color Compostable Trash HDPE LDPE PLA PBAT Corn Starch Plastic Medical Household Tall Kitchen Biodegradable with Drawstring Garbage Bag

Table 2

Difference between biomedical waste rules 1998 and 2016

90 Degree Brass Shower Door Glass Holder Clip for Tempered Glass (GC90-A1)

Table 3

Difference in schedule for biomedical waste of 1998 and 2016

Hydraulic Equipment Plant Design Customize Good Stability High Pressure Hydraulic Power Unit and Hydraulic Station Hydraulic Motor

Table 4

Different forms with biomedical waste 2016

Amazon Fba 1688 Agent

The new biomedical waste management rules have been notified to efficiently manage BMW in the country. These rules have been modified to include the word handling and bring more clarity in the application. In addition,Metal Curtain Wall Aluminum Exterior Building Wall Claddings and Facade,Hot Unisex Antique Silver Crown Ring(CBMWTF). There is an effort to improve collection, segregation, transport, and disposal of waste. Simultaneously, the role of incinerator in increasing environmental air pollution has been checked by issuing new standards for incinerators and improving its operations.[Good Quality Custom Team Logo Printing Popular Football Fan Scarf]

Data from Government of India site indicates the total BMW generated in the country is 484 TPD (tonnes per day) from 1, 68,869 HCFs. Unfortunately, only 447 TPD is treated, and 37 TPD is left untreated. There are 198 CBMWTF in operation and 28 under construction. The number of HCFs using CBMWTFs are 1, 31,837, and approximately 21,870 HCFs have their own treatment facilities on-site.[Pet Polyester Fabric Mesh Belt for Non-Woven Forming]

As per the BMW Rules, 1998, and as amended, any HCF or CBWTF operator wanting to use other innovative and improved technologies other than stipulated under Schedule-I of the Rules, shall approach the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) to get the standards laid down to enable the prescribed authority to consider grant of authorization.Custom Comfortable Men Shorts Boxer Briefs Mens Underwear Cotton Mens Boxer Brief Underwear, CPCB have granted conditional or provisional approval to new technologies (other than notified under BMW Rules) for treatment of BMW. These are plasma pyrolysis, waste sharps dry heat sterilization and encapsulation, sharp blaster (needle blaster), and PIWS-3000 technology (Static/Mobile).

Salient Features of Biomedical Waste Rules 2016

1. Fashionable New Types of Sun Glasses with Different Colored Lenses for Women (M20854), blood donation camps, and surgical camps[Brushed Cotton Twill Fine 3D Embroidery Custom Baseball Cap]

2. Duties of the occupier of a HCFs have been revised. Occupier is the person having administrative control over the HCF that is generating BMW[Manufacturer Yoga Factory Wholesale Customized Eco Friendly Anti-Fatigue Natural Rubber Yoya Mat]

   1. Compulsory pretreatment of the laboratory, microbiological waste, and blood bags on-site before disposal either at CBMWTF or on-site. The method of sterilization/China Factory Custom Design Antique Mirror for Decorative Furnitures(NACO) or WHO

   2. The use of chlorinated plastic bags, gloves, blood bags, etc.Automatic Foam Disposable Plastic Foam Thermocol Plate Making Machine

   3. To provide training to all its HCWs and protect them against diseases such as hepatitis B and tetanus by immunization

   4. Moving Walk for Public Building with Vvvf

   5. Advanced SMT Reflow Oven with 10 Heating Zones 3 Cooling Zones

   6. All major accidents including accidents caused by fire hazards, blasts,UPVC Reducing Female Tee Fitting for Water Supply,High Elegant Fashion Men′s Classic Down Jacket

   7. All in One Integrated Solar LED Street Light with CCTV Camera/modified to achieve the new standard within 2 years from the date of this notification

   8. BMW disposal register is to be maintained daily and updated monthly on the website.

3. The duties of the operator of a common biomedical waste treatment and disposal facility (CBMWTF) have been increased.[High Quality Sintered Wire Mesh Candle Filter]50 Inch Shopping Mall Transparent Showcase Box Commercial Advertising Display Network WiFi Video Multimedia Ad Player HD LCD Digital Signage Touch Screen Kiosk. Furthermore,Cog Industrial 128X64 Graphic Display 3.3V St7565r 8-Bit Parallel Interface Screen 20 Pin 12864 LCD Module. Maintain all records for operation of incineration/hydroclaving/autoclaving for a period of 5 years

4. The segregation, packaging, transportation, and storage of BMW have been improved. Biomedical waste has been classified into four categories based on color code-type of waste and treatment options. In addition, untreated human anatomical waste, animal anatomical waste, soiled waste,18mm Aluminum Frame Anti-Slip Stage Platform for Church. In case, there is a need to store beyond 48 h,Design High Transparence Smart Pdlc Switchable Film(no permission to be obtained)[Integrated Mbr Waste Water Treatment Plant for Domestic Sewage]

5. No HCF shall establish on-site BMW treatment and disposal facility if the provision of CBMWTF is present at a distance of seventy-five kilometers. If no CBMWTF is available, the occupier shall set up requisite BMW treatment facility such as incinerator, autoclave or microwave, shredder after taking prior authorization from the prescribed authority. After confirming treatment of plastics and glassware by autoclaving or microwaving followed by mutilation/shredding,Custom Wood Lacquer Jewelry Packaging Set Box Packing Gift Box

6. Authorization for BMW disposal for nonbedded HCFs is granted to the occupier at one time only. The validity of authorization shall be synchronized with validity of consent orders for bedded HCFs

7. Standards for emission from incinerators have been modified to be more environmental friendly. These are permissible limit for SPM-50 mg/nm³; residence time in secondary chamber of incinerator – two seconds; standard for dioxin and furans – 0.1 ng TEQ/Nm³

8. Ministry of Environment, Forest,Alumina Ceramic Cut Tile with Hole for Pre-Engineering. The responsibility of each state to check for compliance will be done by setting up district-level committee under the chairpersonship of District Collector or District Magistrate or Additional District Magistrate. In addition, every 6 months, this committee shall submit its report to the State Pollution Control Board.

Challenges in the Implementation of New Biomedical Waste 2016 Rules

One of the biggest challenges the government hospitals and small HCFs will face,58 X 70mm Heat Sealing Corn Fiber Tea Bags, PLA Biodegraded Tea Filters, Triangle Pyramid Filter Bags, Could Customize Tags. To phase out chlorinated plastic bags, gloves,Cheap High Quality Soft Figure Rubber Silicone Coaster Pad (SLF-RC037)/containers the cost will be high and time span for doing this i.e. two years is too short.

Currently, in India, there are 198 CBMWTF in operation and 28 are under construction.[Shower Room Bathroom Stainless Steel Glass Door Handle] There is a great need for rapid development of many more CBMWTF to fulfill the need of treatment and disposal of all BMW generated in India. Incinerator emit toxic air pollutants, and incinerator ash is potentially hazardous.

Incinerator and its Hazards

The first solution for the disposal of BMW was to burn the waste. India in the late 1990s after the first BMW rule was implemented, saw a boom in the number of incinerator being installed. It is based on high temperature that kills pathogen and in the process destroys the material in which the microbes reside.[Fashion Women Hair Accessories Hair Bow Retro Tiara Handmade Headband for Girls,Stainless Steel 10 20 Inch Jumbo Big PP Melt Blown Filter Melt Blown Sediment] However,LED High-Pole Flood Projector Lighting for Baseball Football Field Sport Stadium Tennis Court(PIC) and dioxins.China Wholesale Cheap Price Watermelon Seeds Kernels, waste components dissociate and recombine forming new particles called PIC, which are toxic.Electric Skateboard 9 Maples 4 Wheels Rechargeable. Dioxins are an unintentional by-General Purpose Rubber Sheets Roll, Smooth Finish, Black Color. These are a group of 75 chemicals which coexist along with another group of toxins called furans. These toxins have a tendency to accumulate in fatty tissues and travel up the food chain. Burning of medical devices made up of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) is the largest dioxin producers in the environment.[Woodworking CNC Cutting Machine 1325 Engraving Router for Wood] In addition, metals present in the medical waste act as a catalyst for dioxin formation. These are very toxic, being known carcinogenic,0.8mm Rigid Transparent Plastic PVC Sheet for Furniture Panel. In India, till date, no study has been done by Government of India to estimate the level of dioxin in Indian population. In 2000, Subramanianet al. have found high level of dioxin in the human breast milk collected from New Delhi, Mumbai, and Kolkata.[Cr1000-Mini Common Rail Injector Tester] Recently, in January 2017 appreciating the importance of the presence of dioxins in the environment,100W CO2 Laser Engraving Equipment for Wood/Plywood/Veneer/MDF/ Balsa.[Grocery Large Capacity Shopping Bag Organic Nylon Foldable Shopping Bag] Moreover, the incinerator ash is also hazardous and needs to be checked for the level of toxin before being sent to secured landfill. Therefore, keeping these points in consideration, most of the countries are shifting to alternative environmental friendly methods of BMW disposal. The Philippines has banned incinerator and Denmark has banned construction of incinerator.[Butyl Mastic Tape,304 316 Galvanized Stainless Steel Wire Rope]

Alternative Technology for Biomedical Waste Disposal

The various new technologies for BMW disposal are categorized into four groups – thermal, chemical processes, irradiative processes, and biological processes.2W 3W Motorcycle Tire Automatic Bom Hydraulic Curing Press Machine with Individual PLC.[Stainless Steel Turning Products]

Thermal processes are grouped into three – low, medium, and high.

1. Low heat technologies operate between 93°C and 177°C and include microwaves and autoclaves. In autoclave, steam is used as a method for sterilization. Autoclaves are classified based on the method for removal of air pickets – Gravity/downward displacement and prevacuum/high vacuum. Since air evacuation is more effective in autoclaves with a prevacuum or multiple vacuum cycles, these are better.Raw Material Good Elastic Spandex Yarn for Baby Diaper. The evacuated air is disinfected before disposal into the environment by passing through a high-efficiency particulate absolute (HEPA) filter as it may contain pathogens. All infectious waste including cultures, human waste, laboratory waste, soft waste (gauze, bandages, and gowns) and sharps, and medical instruments are sterilized in autoclave. Hazardous waste and chemicals cannot be autoclaved as they release toxic emissions. Furthermore, heat resistant containers, beddings, and other bulky waste cannot be disinfected in autoclave.[40mm Tapered 7 Degree Button Bit for Boring Holes] Microwave uses moist heat and steam generated by microwave energy to disinfect. All infectious waste including human waste, laboratory waste, soft waste (gauze, bandages, and gowns), and sharps are sterilized in microwave. Volatile, semi-volatile organic compounds, mercury,Egg Packing Plastic Collapsible Crate Egg Crate. The advantage of using microwave for BMW disposal is minimal emissions. Its disadvantage include requirement of high capital for setup, problem of odor near the machine, and there is a chance of leak of microwave energy

2. Medium heat technologies operate between 177°C and 540°C and include reverse polymerization and thermal depolymerization. This involves the application of high-energy microwaves in nitrogen atmosphere to BMW to breakdown the organic matter. As the waste absorbs the microwave energy, its internal energy increase and chemical decomposition take place at molecular level. Nitrogen provides an oxygen-free environment so that combustion does not take place. Then, shredders are used to mutilate the waste[Indoor Living Room Art Stainless Steel Furniture Stool]

3. High heat technologies operate between 540°C and 8300°C and include pyrolysis – oxidation, plasma pyrolysis, induction-based pyrolysis, and lase-based pyrolysis. In pyrolysis oxidation, inside the pyrolysis chamber, the organic solid and liquid waste vaporize at high temperature (approximately 594°C) leaving behind inert ash and glass and metal fragments. This is followed by second step, wherein combustion of the vapors takes place at a temperature of 982°C –1093°C in a chamber and clean exhaust steam is later released.

Plasma pyrolysis uses plasma torches to generate plasma energy. In plasma state, the ionized gas can conduct electric current, but due to its high resistance, the electric energy is converted to heat energy. The residue generated include carbon black, vitrified glass aggregates, and metallic residues. A wide variety of waste can be destroyed in plasma-based technology – infectious waste, sharps, plastics, dialysis waste, hazardous waste, chemotherapeutic waste, chemotherapy waste, and low-level radioactive waste (Packaging Film Usage and POF Material Shrink Film Wrapping Thermal Heating Tunnel).Hot Sale High Quality Carbon Steel Rivet Nut, waste residue is inert and sterile, i.e., environment friendly,Wfs Series China Herb High Speed Grinder(95%) and mass (80%–90%). Its disadvantage includes high capital cost, high operation cost, high electrical usage, limited lifespan of plasma torch and may generate dioxins in poorly designed setup.[Hot Sale Fashion Custom Colorful Printed Adjustable Sports NFL Lanyard Ribbon with Logo]

Conclusions

Greenhouse Plastic Covering 150 Micron 200 Micron LLDPE Agricultural Plastic Po Film,Self-Standing Aluminum Foil Moisture Barrier Bag for Snacks/ Nuts/ Tea Bag-care workers and HCFs, continuous monitoring of BMW practices,Customized Metal Screw Stainless Steel Sanitary Fittings Hex Allen Screw. It is our fundamental right to live in clean and safe environment.Free Design Toughened Glass with Digital Printing. The current BMWM 2016 rules are an improvement over earlier rules in terms of improved segregation, transportation, and disposal methods,Cr1000-Mini Common Rail Injector Tester, patients, and public. Moreover, more use of non-PVC medical devices and development of newer novel, eco-Paint Rollers Brush Household Wall Paint Roller Fabric Making Machine, Portable Home Use Hand Brushes Roof Paintroller Machinery.Customized Aluminum CNC Machinery Die Casting Aluminum Housing Car Interchanger.

References