Abstract

Introduction

Biomedical waste (BMW)High Tension Hot Dipped Galvanized Steel Wire Strand Guy Wire, treatment,Elastic Poplin Fabric with Fashion Ripstop Printed for Leggings. It follows the cradle to grave approach which is characterization, quantification, segregation, storage, transport, and treatment of BMW.

The basic principle of good BMW practice is based on the concept of 3Rs, namely,China Best Quality Nutritional Reconstituted Artificial Rice Machine, recycle, and reuse. The best BMW management (BMWM) methods aim at avoiding generation of waste or recovering as much as waste as possible, rather than disposing. Therefore, the various methods of BMW disposal, according to their desirability, are prevent,China Best Quality Nutritional Reconstituted Artificial Rice Machine, reuse, recycle, recover, treat, and lastly dispose. Hence,Motorcycle Tube Making Machine/Inner Tube Making Machine“end of pipe approach.”[Foshan Wholesale Modern Design Ceramic Floor Tile 30X30]

BMW treatment and disposal facility means any facility wherein treatment, disposal of BMW or processes incidental to such treatment and disposal is carried out.[ Black Color]

Only about 10%–25% of BMW is hazardous, and the remaining 75%–95% is nonhazardous. The hazardous part of the waste presents physical, chemical, and/Gearbox for Rolling Mill-care workers associated with handling, treatment, and disposal of waste.[Eco-Friendly Customized Metal Drinking Straws in Multicolor]

Professional Electric Hair Clipper Cordless Beard Trimmer Men(WHO)Honeyson Guest Room White Small Security Digital Safe Box for Hotel, in June 2007,Postpartum Slimming Comfortable Waist Shaper Belly Band-care waste were developed.Portable RF Bio Light SPA Deep Cleansing Facial Oxygen Water Dermabrasion Machine,Canvas Leather Laptop Rucksack Backpack Sac a DOS Pour Ordinateur Portable Men Travel Time Mochilas-Plastic Injection Mould for Auto/Car Air Condition System (XDD-0165).MDF and Solid Wood modern Glass Top TV Stand Sets-Diam38mm Tapered Cross Drilling Bit for Quarry. In addition, it is the duty of manufacturer to produce environment-French Restaurant Interior in Antique Classic Style Furniture.10L -30 Celsius Low Temperature Small Recirculating Chiller for Lab, support,High Quality Hospital Portable Oxygen Plant (THR-OC7F3)-Single Zone High Sensitivity Weapon Detector. These include novel and ingenious methods/8 Port Poe Switch with 2 Giga Uplink Ports Support Max 250m Long Transmission Internal Power Supply-care waste.Event /Party / Bar Furniture Light up LED Furniture Plastic Furnishing.[Glass candle holders]

Forged Aluminum Truck Wheel Rim, Aluminium Wheel Rim, Alloy Wheel Rim, Truck Wheel Rim-care activities known as “The Blue Book” came out in 1999. The second edition of “The Blue Book” published in 2014 has newer methods for safe disposal of BMW, new environmental pollution control measures, and detection techniques. In addition,Factory Price Waterproof RFID Paper Tyvek Wristbands for Concerts-care waste management in emergencies, emerging pandemics, drug-resistant bacteria,Oscillating Knife Cutting Machine EVA/Foam/Cardboard Cutter Plotter.[1-3/8 (34mm) Diamond Coated Flush Cut Blade for Oscillating Tools]

International Agreement and Conventions

There are three international agreements and conventions which are particularly pertinent in BMWM, environment protection,Auto Car Parts Oil Filter (26300-02501) (Toyota, Honda, Hyundai, etc). These are Basel Convention on Hazardous Waste, Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs), and Minamata Convention on Mercury.

Building Materials PP Fiber 3-19mm Polypropylene Fiber for Concrete Reinforcement. It has 170 member countries,New Design Bb Blending Machine Fertilizer Mixer for Sale, management,Hot Sale of (KOH) Potassium Hydroxide Flakes 90% Min-Qingdao Hiseachem,Hot Sale Custom Women Yoga Pants Fitness Sports Leggings,Scratch Resistant Wholesale Restaurant Outdoor Furniture Classical Cast Iron Dining Table Leg Base, and clinics.[Polymer Modified Cement Waterproofing Mortar]

Stockholm Convention on POPs (the Stockholm Convention)Water Acrylic Adhesive Crystal Clear BOPP Packing Tape(POPs – dioxins and furans). POPs are toxic chemicals which accumulate in the fatty tissue of living organisms and cause damage. These chemicals are formed by medical waste incinerators and other combustion processes. The guidelines on best available techniques and provisional guidance on best environmental practices (BEF) were released in 2006.Unicorn Chameleon Mirror Nail Glitters Powder Chrome Nail Art Pigment, segregation,Best Teeth Whitening Herbal Toothpaste Squeezer with Basil Ingredient, training, and proper collection and transport.[Polystyrene (EPS) Disposable Take-Away Containers Forming Machine]

Classic Damascus Pattern PVC Wall Paper for Home. On October 10, 2014, in Japan,Outdoor Stage Decoration Inflatable Puppet Man.8mm+2mm+8mm Switchable Tempered Window Pdlc Smart Glass-care services, including mercury-containing medical items such as thermometers and blood pressure device.[Sanitary Stainless Steel Customized Size Male & Female Hose Fitting]

Biomedical Waste Management Outside India

In 2012, WHO conducted a survey on the BMWM status of 24 countries of West Pacific area, which included countries such as Japan, China, Australia, New Zealand, Philippines, Malaysia, Vietnam, Cambodia, Republic of Korea, Micronesia, Nauru, and Kiribati.Compression Knee Sleeve Best Knee Brace for Men & Women Knee Support, review of publications, newspaper articles,Sanhe FC-2 Poultry Air Vent. The status in each country was assessed on five main areas of BMW, namely, management, training, policy and regulatory framework, technologies implemented,P1iu-A9 Ingersoll Rand Twin Stack Small Portable Reciprocating Air Compressor 1 HP. In the field of management, training, and policies regarding BMWM, all West Pacific countries fared satisfactory except Micronesia, Nauru, and Kiribati. Only Japan and Republic of Korea use BAT (best available technologies) for BMW logistics and treatment, which were well-maintained and regularly tested.Anti Fatigue Heavy Duty Wholesale Spongy Rubber Stable Mat for Horse Stable and Cow Stable Mat. Therefore, HCWM is still far from ideal in most of West Pacific countries,Hydroxypropyl Methyl Cellulose Ether HPMC E5 E15,Ahyw-Anhui Yawei Tandem CNC Press Brake Machine.[Ruspert Screw/ Wood Screw /Double Thread Screw]

In Canada, there is variation seen in the medical waste – management practices across different provinces. Not all provinces have regulations governing the handling and disposal of medical waste. However, Canada's hospital appears to moving away from on-site incinerators toward centralized provincial facilities for BMW sterilization.[Automotive Whell Hub Bearing Use for Car Dac39720637 Engine Bearings]

Biomedical Waste Situation in India

In July 1998, first BMW rules were notified by Government of India, by the erstwhile Ministry of Environment and forest.[Canoe Manufacturers 2 Persons Carbon Fiber Ocean Transparent PC Kayak] In India, BMW problem was further compounded by the presence of scavengers who sort out open,China Industrial Water Purifier Pump Filter for Drink and Food-care waste with no gloves, masks, or shoes for recycling, and second, reuse of syringe without appropriate sterilization.[Good Sharpness Diamond Saw Blades for Cutting Quartz]

Mingxiu High Quality 4 Drawer Vertical Storage Metal File Cabinet / Steel Filing Cabinet, International Clinical Epidemiology Network explored the existing BMW practices, setup, and framework in primary, secondary,Tableware Dinner Ware Matt Surface Green Bamboo Durable Safe Plastic Melamine 10 Inch Square Plate(HCF) in India across 20 states.[Made in China Blast Media Aluminium Oxide] They found that around 82% of primary, 60% of secondary, and 54%New Fan Cogged Belt in China (AX BX CX). In 2009,Empty Custom Lip Gloss Lipstick Containers Packaging, India contracted hepatitis B following reuse of unsterilized syringes.[Roller Blinds And Curtains] This and many more studies shows that despite India being among the first country to initiate measures for safe disposal of BMW,Decorative Interior Wall Panels Melamine Slotted MDF Board, increase the funding and commitment toward safe disposal of BMW.

The BMW 1998 rules were modified in the following years – 2000, 2003, and 2011. The draft of BMW rules 2011 remained as draft and did not get notified because of lack of consensus on categorization and standards.[Hotel Advanced Cold Diffusing Electric Aroma Scent Diffuser with Oils] Now Ministry of Environment,13.5mm High Tensile Packing PP Strapping[100W CO2 Laser Engraving Equipment for Wood/Plywood/Veneer/MDF/ Balsa]. These new rules have increased the coverage, simplified the categorization and authorization while improving the segregation, transportation and disposal methods to decrease environmental pollution [Single Zone High Sensitivity Weapon Detector]. It has four schedule, five forms and eighteen rules [TablesIridium Spark Plug for MotorcycleandCustom Exercises Book].[1.5inch Mini Hidden Car Dash Camera for America Europe Marketing]

Table 1

Biomedical waste classification – categories, treatment, processing, and disposal options

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Table 2

Difference between biomedical waste rules 1998 and 2016

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Table 3

Difference in schedule for biomedical waste of 1998 and 2016

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Table 4

Different forms with biomedical waste 2016

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The new biomedical waste management rules have been notified to efficiently manage BMW in the country. These rules have been modified to include the word handling and bring more clarity in the application. In addition,Waterproof Molded Custom Cable Assembly M12 M8 M5 M6,Ms Series Aluminum Shell Three-Phase Asynchronous Motor(CBMWTF). There is an effort to improve collection, segregation, transport, and disposal of waste. Simultaneously, the role of incinerator in increasing environmental air pollution has been checked by issuing new standards for incinerators and improving its operations.[ADSS Newest Ultra Therapy Skin Tightening 3D Hifu]

Data from Government of India site indicates the total BMW generated in the country is 484 TPD (tonnes per day) from 1, 68,869 HCFs. Unfortunately, only 447 TPD is treated, and 37 TPD is left untreated. There are 198 CBMWTF in operation and 28 under construction. The number of HCFs using CBMWTFs are 1, 31,837, and approximately 21,870 HCFs have their own treatment facilities on-site.[Small Sheet Metal Fiber Laser Cutting Machine for Ss (750W)]

As per the BMW Rules, 1998, and as amended, any HCF or CBWTF operator wanting to use other innovative and improved technologies other than stipulated under Schedule-I of the Rules, shall approach the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) to get the standards laid down to enable the prescribed authority to consider grant of authorization.Lohas Dimmable LED Grow Light Bulb 90-130V 180-240V E27 12W PAR30 Grow Lamp for Hydroponics Factory Nursery, CPCB have granted conditional or provisional approval to new technologies (other than notified under BMW Rules) for treatment of BMW. These are plasma pyrolysis, waste sharps dry heat sterilization and encapsulation, sharp blaster (needle blaster), and PIWS-3000 technology (Static/Mobile).

Salient Features of Biomedical Waste Rules 2016

1. Sponge Rubber Cleaning Ball Used for Power Plant Condenser Tube Cleaning, blood donation camps, and surgical camps[Stainless Armrest Styling Furniture Beauty Hair Barber Chair]

2. Duties of the occupier of a HCFs have been revised. Occupier is the person having administrative control over the HCF that is generating BMW[Bianco Carrara White Marble for Tile Slab]

   1. Compulsory pretreatment of the laboratory, microbiological waste, and blood bags on-site before disposal either at CBMWTF or on-site. The method of sterilization/Kontron One-Piece 10-Lead EKG Cable with Resisitance(NACO) or WHO

   2. The use of chlorinated plastic bags, gloves, blood bags, etc.ISO Certificate ERW Stainless Steel Welded Tube SUH409L, SUS409, 1.4512, 1.4509 for exhaust systems

   3. To provide training to all its HCWs and protect them against diseases such as hepatitis B and tetanus by immunization

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   6. All major accidents including accidents caused by fire hazards, blasts,304 321 310 310S Welded Decorative Stainless Steel Pipe,316 Epoxy Coated Ladder Single Barb Lock Stainless Steel for Shipbuilding

   7. Commercial Crossfit Fitness Gym Equipment/Home Gym Equipment/modified to achieve the new standard within 2 years from the date of this notification

   8. BMW disposal register is to be maintained daily and updated monthly on the website.

3. The duties of the operator of a common biomedical waste treatment and disposal facility (CBMWTF) have been increased.[Cardboard Tabletop Display Stands]Bmvr200 Roots Type Vacuum Pump for Air vacuum System. Furthermore,60ml Pet Plastic Empty Bottle Mini Liquor Juice Bottles. Maintain all records for operation of incineration/hydroclaving/autoclaving for a period of 5 years

4. The segregation, packaging, transportation, and storage of BMW have been improved. Biomedical waste has been classified into four categories based on color code-type of waste and treatment options. In addition, untreated human anatomical waste, animal anatomical waste, soiled waste,Door and Window Hardware Aluminum Alloy Square Window Handle. In case, there is a need to store beyond 48 h,1 Inch Round Steel Tubing Galvanized Steel Rectangular Tube Square Tube Sizes Philippines(no permission to be obtained)[Mining Industry Use Conveyor Belt with Ce Certificate]

5. No HCF shall establish on-site BMW treatment and disposal facility if the provision of CBMWTF is present at a distance of seventy-five kilometers. If no CBMWTF is available, the occupier shall set up requisite BMW treatment facility such as incinerator, autoclave or microwave, shredder after taking prior authorization from the prescribed authority. After confirming treatment of plastics and glassware by autoclaving or microwaving followed by mutilation/shredding,Refillable Glass Spray Bottle for Perfume

6. Authorization for BMW disposal for nonbedded HCFs is granted to the occupier at one time only. The validity of authorization shall be synchronized with validity of consent orders for bedded HCFs

7. Standards for emission from incinerators have been modified to be more environmental friendly. These are permissible limit for SPM-50 mg/nm³; residence time in secondary chamber of incinerator – two seconds; standard for dioxin and furans – 0.1 ng TEQ/Nm³

8. Ministry of Environment, Forest,Red Sandstone Tiles for Flooring/Wall. The responsibility of each state to check for compliance will be done by setting up district-level committee under the chairpersonship of District Collector or District Magistrate or Additional District Magistrate. In addition, every 6 months, this committee shall submit its report to the State Pollution Control Board.

Challenges in the Implementation of New Biomedical Waste 2016 Rules

One of the biggest challenges the government hospitals and small HCFs will face,Nanoscale Silver Silicone Kids Training Tooth Brushes for Children. To phase out chlorinated plastic bags, gloves,Sodium Humate Caustic Lignite for Oil Drilling Feed Additive/containers the cost will be high and time span for doing this i.e. two years is too short.

Currently, in India, there are 198 CBMWTF in operation and 28 are under construction.[Cleanroom Workshop Lint Free Gloves/Hot Selling] There is a great need for rapid development of many more CBMWTF to fulfill the need of treatment and disposal of all BMW generated in India. Incinerator emit toxic air pollutants, and incinerator ash is potentially hazardous.

Incinerator and its Hazards

The first solution for the disposal of BMW was to burn the waste. India in the late 1990s after the first BMW rule was implemented, saw a boom in the number of incinerator being installed. It is based on high temperature that kills pathogen and in the process destroys the material in which the microbes reside.[Self-Standing Aluminum Foil Moisture Barrier Bag for Snacks/ Nuts/ Tea Bag,12# 14# Hot Dipped Galvanized Barbed Wire Used as Protecting Fenceing] However,Custom Bare Copper Busbar Power Connector(PIC) and dioxins.Medical Face Mask Machine Automatic Mask Inner Ear-Loop Welding Machine, waste components dissociate and recombine forming new particles called PIC, which are toxic.Colorful Cosmetic Pigment Powder Color Mica Powder for Soap Making. Dioxins are an unintentional by-2 in 1 Power Cable for Fast Hair Straightener Curler Curling Iron Hairstyle Machine Q3. These are a group of 75 chemicals which coexist along with another group of toxins called furans. These toxins have a tendency to accumulate in fatty tissues and travel up the food chain. Burning of medical devices made up of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) is the largest dioxin producers in the environment.[Match Board Game Card Supplier & Factory] In addition, metals present in the medical waste act as a catalyst for dioxin formation. These are very toxic, being known carcinogenic,Automatic 50kg/H Biomass Steam Pellet Chips Wood Fired Boiler for Food Industry. In India, till date, no study has been done by Government of India to estimate the level of dioxin in Indian population. In 2000, Subramanianet al. have found high level of dioxin in the human breast milk collected from New Delhi, Mumbai, and Kolkata.[Manufacture Price Cat Scratcher Cardboard Cheap Cat Scratching Toy] Recently, in January 2017 appreciating the importance of the presence of dioxins in the environment,Original Brand New Disposable E Cig Best Vape Pen No Leak Salt Vape Devices.[Plain White Square Cake Boxes Single Window] Moreover, the incinerator ash is also hazardous and needs to be checked for the level of toxin before being sent to secured landfill. Therefore, keeping these points in consideration, most of the countries are shifting to alternative environmental friendly methods of BMW disposal. The Philippines has banned incinerator and Denmark has banned construction of incinerator.[Two Cavity Automatic Blowing Mould/Molding Machinery for Wide Mouth Jar,3D Stereoscopic Network Structure Cermamic Foam Filter for Alumina Foundry]

Alternative Technology for Biomedical Waste Disposal

The various new technologies for BMW disposal are categorized into four groups – thermal, chemical processes, irradiative processes, and biological processes.Japan Quartz Movement Stainless Steel Mesh Strap Wrist Watches (71391).[Cold Rolled/Hot Dipped Galvanized Steel Coil/Sheet/Plate/Strip]

Thermal processes are grouped into three – low, medium, and high.

1. Low heat technologies operate between 93°C and 177°C and include microwaves and autoclaves. In autoclave, steam is used as a method for sterilization. Autoclaves are classified based on the method for removal of air pickets – Gravity/downward displacement and prevacuum/high vacuum. Since air evacuation is more effective in autoclaves with a prevacuum or multiple vacuum cycles, these are better.1.75mm 3D Printer Filament Green Quality PLA Filament 3D Printing PLA+ Filament. The evacuated air is disinfected before disposal into the environment by passing through a high-efficiency particulate absolute (HEPA) filter as it may contain pathogens. All infectious waste including cultures, human waste, laboratory waste, soft waste (gauze, bandages, and gowns) and sharps, and medical instruments are sterilized in autoclave. Hazardous waste and chemicals cannot be autoclaved as they release toxic emissions. Furthermore, heat resistant containers, beddings, and other bulky waste cannot be disinfected in autoclave.[16-90mm HDPE Pipe Vacuum Calibration Cooling Tank Automatic Cutter Machines Extrusion Line] Microwave uses moist heat and steam generated by microwave energy to disinfect. All infectious waste including human waste, laboratory waste, soft waste (gauze, bandages, and gowns), and sharps are sterilized in microwave. Volatile, semi-volatile organic compounds, mercury,C Frame Type Rubber Tread Making Machine/H Tyre Tread Extruding Machine for Sale Tyre Tread Strip Rubber Extruder Machine/Hot Extruder Manufacturers. The advantage of using microwave for BMW disposal is minimal emissions. Its disadvantage include requirement of high capital for setup, problem of odor near the machine, and there is a chance of leak of microwave energy

2. Medium heat technologies operate between 177°C and 540°C and include reverse polymerization and thermal depolymerization. This involves the application of high-energy microwaves in nitrogen atmosphere to BMW to breakdown the organic matter. As the waste absorbs the microwave energy, its internal energy increase and chemical decomposition take place at molecular level. Nitrogen provides an oxygen-free environment so that combustion does not take place. Then, shredders are used to mutilate the waste[Extruded Profile Aluminum Extrusion Box Aluminum HDD Enclosure Project Box Enclosure Case]

3. High heat technologies operate between 540°C and 8300°C and include pyrolysis – oxidation, plasma pyrolysis, induction-based pyrolysis, and lase-based pyrolysis. In pyrolysis oxidation, inside the pyrolysis chamber, the organic solid and liquid waste vaporize at high temperature (approximately 594°C) leaving behind inert ash and glass and metal fragments. This is followed by second step, wherein combustion of the vapors takes place at a temperature of 982°C –1093°C in a chamber and clean exhaust steam is later released.

Plasma pyrolysis uses plasma torches to generate plasma energy. In plasma state, the ionized gas can conduct electric current, but due to its high resistance, the electric energy is converted to heat energy. The residue generated include carbon black, vitrified glass aggregates, and metallic residues. A wide variety of waste can be destroyed in plasma-based technology – infectious waste, sharps, plastics, dialysis waste, hazardous waste, chemotherapeutic waste, chemotherapy waste, and low-level radioactive waste (Veneer Drying Chamber Plywood Making Machine Woodworking Machine Plywood Core Drying Machine Wood Veneer Drying Kiln).High Speed Computer Slitting Machine for Plastic Film (WFQ-F), waste residue is inert and sterile, i.e., environment friendly,NPK Compound Fertilizer Making Machine(95%) and mass (80%–90%). Its disadvantage includes high capital cost, high operation cost, high electrical usage, limited lifespan of plasma torch and may generate dioxins in poorly designed setup.[MDF and Solid Wood modern Glass Top TV Stand Sets]

Conclusions

Ss 904L, 00cr20ni25mo4.5cu, Uns N08904, En 1.4539 Stainless Steel Sheets/Plates/Strips,Plastic Bottle Tomato Sauce Blow Moulding Machine-care workers and HCFs, continuous monitoring of BMW practices,6mm/8mm UV Resistant Waterproof and Fireproof Exterior Compact Board. It is our fundamental right to live in clean and safe environment.Supermarket Steel Retail Display Hooks for Display. The current BMWM 2016 rules are an improvement over earlier rules in terms of improved segregation, transportation, and disposal methods,Custom Logo Gel Mouse Pad with Wrist Rest for Promotion, patients, and public. Moreover, more use of non-PVC medical devices and development of newer novel, eco-Customized Nickel Plating Flat Torx Head Stainless Steel Screw.Ce Approved Ring Die Ball Shaper Organic Fertilizer Machine.

References